Article(id=1228805361558287234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1749571200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899628294, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899628294, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899628294, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899628294, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805359561802007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='6', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1362', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899627819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901542852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1183, endPage=1189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805361772196739, articleId=1228805361558287234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Diagnosis of clamp loosening faults in aero engine accessory pipes, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively detect and localize vibration faults such as clamp loosening in aero engine accessory pipes, this paper proposes a novel diagnosis method based on dynamic responses of accessory pipes and transmissibility functions. The dynamic model and equation of the faulty pipe are established based on the principle of structural similarity and dynamic similarity, where the impact of the fault is simulated as an additional nonlinear load acting on related position of the pipe. Through the analysis of structural dynamic characteristics, the relationship between dynamic responses and fault occurrence and location is derived and analyzed, a fault diagnosis method based on transmissibility function is then proposed, and the operating process of the method is summarized as well. The accuracy and practicality of the proposed fault diagnosis method are verified through multiple experimental examples. Theoretical analysis and testing results show that the diagnostic method proposed in this paper can accurately detect and localize the existence and position of the clamp loosening fault. Meanwhile, this diagnostic method is suitable for single and multiple clamp loosening faults in aero engine accessory pipes.

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为有效识别和定位航空发动机附件管路中的卡箍松动等振动故障,本文提出了基于附件管路动力学响应和传递函数的诊断方法。根据结构相近和动力学相似原则建立了故障附件管路的动力学模型和方程,其中故障的影响通过作用于管路相应位置的附加非线性力模拟。通过结构动力学分析,推导并确定了动力学响应与故障出现及其位置的对应关系,提出了基于传递函数的故障诊断方法,并归纳了方法的具体操作流程。通过试验测试案例验证了所提故障诊断方法的有效性和实用性。理论分析和测试结果表明,所提故障诊断方法可以准确地识别和定位航空发动机中附件管路卡箍松动故障是否出现以及出现后的具体位置。同时,该诊断方法适用于附件管路中单个卡箍松动故障以及多个卡箍松动故障的情况。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
丁小飞(1987—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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李全坤(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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李全坤(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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Key parameters

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参数含义参数含义
M质量矩阵Ts,h(jΩ)传递函数
C阻尼矩阵Ω转速/角频率
K刚度矩阵βir(jΩ)参考特征
x ¨i(t)时域加速度向量βid(jΩ)诊断特征
x ˙i(t)时域速度向量ζi(jΩ)诊断因子
xi(t)时域位移向量Xi(jΩ)输出频谱
ui(t)时域激励向量Ui(jΩ)频域激励向量
li(t)时域故障向量Li(jΩ)频域故障向量
), ArticleFig(id=1228805368483082450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805361558287234, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数含义参数含义
M质量矩阵Ts,h(jΩ)传递函数
C阻尼矩阵Ω转速/角频率
K刚度矩阵βir(jΩ)参考特征
x ¨i(t)时域加速度向量βid(jΩ)诊断特征
x ˙i(t)时域速度向量ζi(jΩ)诊断因子
xi(t)时域位移向量Xi(jΩ)输出频谱
ui(t)时域激励向量Ui(jΩ)频域激励向量
li(t)时域故障向量Li(jΩ)频域故障向量
), ArticleFig(id=1228805368613105877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805361558287234, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of test equipments

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设备参数取值
加速度传感器测量范围/g±40
共振频率/kHz35±3
灵敏度/(mV·g−1)100
信号发生器采样率/(MSa·s−1)500
最大频率/MHz100
功率放大器频率范围/kHzDC-150
最大电压增益/dB17
模态激振器频率范围/HzDC-5000
最大载荷/N100
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测试设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备参数取值
加速度传感器测量范围/g±40
共振频率/kHz35±3
灵敏度/(mV·g−1)100
信号发生器采样率/(MSa·s−1)500
最大频率/MHz100
功率放大器频率范围/kHzDC-150
最大电压增益/dB17
模态激振器频率范围/HzDC-5000
最大载荷/N100
), ArticleFig(id=1228805368810238176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805361558287234, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of input excitation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激励幅值1/V相位1/(rad·s−1)幅值2/V相位2/(rad·s−1)
15.982.540.632.75
29.97−1.512.0884−1.48
), ArticleFig(id=1228805368902512871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805361558287234, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

输入激励参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激励幅值1/V相位1/(rad·s−1)幅值2/V相位2/(rad·s−1)
15.982.540.632.75
29.97−1.512.0884−1.48
), ArticleFig(id=1228805369003176175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805361558287234, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Features and factors of fault diagnosis

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案例特征质量点m2质量点m3质量点m4
1参考特征1.96155.39178.7926
2故障特征3.30795.69318.8833
诊断因子68.64%5.59%1.03%
3故障特征2.63245.22489.8477
诊断因子34.20%3.10%11.99%
), ArticleFig(id=1228805369103839478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805361558287234, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

故障诊断特征和因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例特征质量点m2质量点m3质量点m4
1参考特征1.96155.39178.7926
2故障特征3.30795.69318.8833
诊断因子68.64%5.59%1.03%
3故障特征2.63245.22489.8477
诊断因子34.20%3.10%11.99%
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航空发动机附件管路卡箍松动故障诊断方法
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李全坤 1, 2 , 武琛舒 1, 2 , 黄宇灵 1, 2 , 马瑞贤 1, 2 , 王四季 1, 2 , 丁小飞 1, 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(6): 1183-1189
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(6): 1183-1189
航空发动机附件管路卡箍松动故障诊断方法
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李全坤1, 2 , 武琛舒1, 2, 黄宇灵1, 2, 马瑞贤1, 2, 王四季1, 2, 丁小飞1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.西北工业大学动力与能源学院,陕西 西安 710129
  • 2.轻型涡轮动力全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 3.中国航发沈阳发动机研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110015
  • 李全坤(1988—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

丁小飞(1987—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
Diagnosis of clamp loosening faults in aero engine accessory pipes
Quankun LI1, 2 , Chenshu WU1, 2, Yuling HUANG1, 2, Ruixian MA1, 2, Siji WANG1, 2, Xiaofei DING1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Power and Energy,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710129,China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine,Beijing 100190,China
  • 3.Shenyang Aero Engine Research Institute,Aero Engine Research Institute of China,Shenyang 110015,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.006
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为有效识别和定位航空发动机附件管路中的卡箍松动等振动故障,本文提出了基于附件管路动力学响应和传递函数的诊断方法。根据结构相近和动力学相似原则建立了故障附件管路的动力学模型和方程,其中故障的影响通过作用于管路相应位置的附加非线性力模拟。通过结构动力学分析,推导并确定了动力学响应与故障出现及其位置的对应关系,提出了基于传递函数的故障诊断方法,并归纳了方法的具体操作流程。通过试验测试案例验证了所提故障诊断方法的有效性和实用性。理论分析和测试结果表明,所提故障诊断方法可以准确地识别和定位航空发动机中附件管路卡箍松动故障是否出现以及出现后的具体位置。同时,该诊断方法适用于附件管路中单个卡箍松动故障以及多个卡箍松动故障的情况。

航空发动机  /  附件管路  /  卡箍松动  /  传递函数  /  故障诊断

To effectively detect and localize vibration faults such as clamp loosening in aero engine accessory pipes, this paper proposes a novel diagnosis method based on dynamic responses of accessory pipes and transmissibility functions. The dynamic model and equation of the faulty pipe are established based on the principle of structural similarity and dynamic similarity, where the impact of the fault is simulated as an additional nonlinear load acting on related position of the pipe. Through the analysis of structural dynamic characteristics, the relationship between dynamic responses and fault occurrence and location is derived and analyzed, a fault diagnosis method based on transmissibility function is then proposed, and the operating process of the method is summarized as well. The accuracy and practicality of the proposed fault diagnosis method are verified through multiple experimental examples. Theoretical analysis and testing results show that the diagnostic method proposed in this paper can accurately detect and localize the existence and position of the clamp loosening fault. Meanwhile, this diagnostic method is suitable for single and multiple clamp loosening faults in aero engine accessory pipes.

aero engine  /  accessory pipe  /  clamp loosening  /  transmissibility function  /  fault diagnosis
李全坤, 武琛舒, 黄宇灵, 马瑞贤, 王四季, 丁小飞. 航空发动机附件管路卡箍松动故障诊断方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1183 -1189 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.006
Quankun LI, Chenshu WU, Yuling HUANG, Ruixian MA, Siji WANG, Xiaofei DING. Diagnosis of clamp loosening faults in aero engine accessory pipes[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1183 -1189 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.006
作为航空发动机的重要组成部分,附件管路主要用于空气、滑油和燃油等介质的输送,因此被称为航空发动机的“心血管”。附件管路与管路之间以及管路与机匣之间的固定主要通过带垫卡箍实现。由于航空发动机在工作过程中不可避免地存在转子振动、流体脉动、振荡燃烧和热流循环等复杂载荷,附件管路中卡箍松动等振动故障问题一直以来都十分突出和棘手[1-2]
卡箍松动故障会诱发管路疲劳裂纹和断裂失效,严重破坏附件管路系统的完整性,影响航空发动机整体结构的可靠性。因此,对航空发动机附件管路中的卡箍松动故障进行及时识别和精准定位,可在附件管路发生断裂失效之前消除安全隐患,保障发动机的稳定运行。
考虑航空发动机附件管路的结构形式、振动特性和卡箍位置,管路的动力学模型往往被简化为两端支承的梁状结构。因此,管路中卡箍松动故障的诊断相应地转化为梁状结构中松动连接的辨识[3]。基于振动特性的松动故障诊断方法的主要原理是故障会改变结构的几何和物理属性,进而影响整个结构的振动特性。因此,通过分析结构振动特性的变化可反向判断故障是否产生(故障识别)和故障发生位置(故障定位)[4]。常见的振动特性主要包括结构的模态参数(固有频率和模态振型)、频响函数和传递函数。相比于其他振动特性,传递函数(结构不同位置输出频谱的比值)具有明显的优越性[5]。例如,传递函数只由输出响应计算得到,从而避免了复杂的结构模态分析和输入激励测量;传递函数消去了结构极点,只依赖于结构零点,对故障引起的结构局部参数变化更加敏感。
1994年,英国谢菲尔德大学的学者们结合传递函数和人工神经网络算法训练了线性松动故障的识别模型[6]。之后,基于传递函数的诊断方法开始得到广泛的关注和应用。ZHU等[7]研制了移动激励和测量系统,通过对数化的传递函数相对变化量估计了梁状结构中的松动故障。为减少计算量,ZHOU等[8]运用主成分分析提取了基于传递函数的特征量,通过距离相似性判别法诊断了网状钢架结构中螺栓的连接状态。除了傅里叶变换频谱,LUO等[9]还运用小波变换频谱定义传递函数,通过约束性最小二乘算法辨识了钢架结构中连接松动位置。JOHNSON等[10]通过模拟连接松动故障为含有三次刚度非线性的内部力,定义了非线性传递函数,并判断了梁状多自由度结构中松动的连接位置。为消除外部激励和噪声对故障识别因子灵敏度的干扰,LI等[11]利用输出响应加权系数放大了松动结构和健康结构之间非线性传递函数的差异。为避免非线性输出频率响应函数的分解和计算,ZHAO等[12]直接利用高阶非线性输出频谱定义传递函数,提出了可区分故障数量的诊断方法。为有效提高故障识别因子的灵敏度和定位因子的准确度,学者们开展了大量的研究工作。文献[13]中,基于二阶输出谱的传递函数被用来识别卫星结构中的螺栓松动故障。LI等[14]考虑并消除了结构中固有材料和边界非线性的影响,提高了卫星结构中多个螺栓松动故障的识别灵敏度。结合基于二阶输出谱的传递函数和局部调整法,LI等[15]提出了可准确识别一维环形结构中螺栓松动故障的局部故障指示因子,并且提供了更加详细的故障位置信息。考虑复杂结构中可能存在不同程度的故障,LI等[16]提出了可同时准确辨识轻微故障和严重故障的系统性方法。最近,学者们以复杂机械结构中基本的I-type和T-type子结构为对象,通过理论分析和试验测试提出了基于子结构非线性传递函数的故障诊断特征[17]
上述基于传递函数的方法在诊断松动故障时大多只考虑单频的载荷激励,结构动力学行为相对简单,振动特性分析相对容易。但是,实际航空发动机为多转子系统,每个转子系统具有不同的转速,对应不同的激励频率[3]。因此,附件管路通过接头和带垫卡箍与机匣相连,往往承受多频载荷激励,并且各个频率下激励幅值和相位不同。在多频载荷激励下,管路结构非线性振动机理更加复杂,输出响应成分更加丰富且相互耦合,这些都会间接影响现有方法应用于管路故障诊断的准确性和有效性。
因此,本文以航空发动机附件管路为研究对象,分析多频载荷下故障管路的非线性动力学特性,推导基于附件管路动力学响应和传递函数的诊断新方法,为航空发动机附件管路的断裂失效预警和结构优化设计提供技术支撑。
根据航空发动机附件管路(见图1)的结构形式和振动特征,其力学模型往往被简化为考虑两端支承的梁状结构,管路故障的诊断相应地转化为梁状结构中松动故障的识别[3]
图2所示,航空发动机附件管路结构可被简化为包含多个质量-阻尼-弹簧单元的多自由度动力学模型[3]。结构两端同样为阻尼-弹簧单元,以模拟管路和航空发动机机匣的连接边界条件。假设所有的质量点具有水平方向振动,位移用坐标xi(1in)表示,单个多频激振力un(t)作用于结构右端质量点,以模拟管路所受到的载荷。图2中,miciki分别为第i个质量系数、阻尼系数和刚度系数。
运用拉格朗日方程法[16]图1中模型的动力学方程可表示为:
[m1000m2000mn]x¨i(t)+[c1+c2c20c2c2+c3000cn+cn+1]x˙i(t)+[k1+k2k20k2k2+k3000kn+kn+1]xi(t)=ui(t)+li(t)1in
或者:
Mx¨i(t)+Cx˙i(t)+Kxi(t)=ui(t)+li(t)1in
式中,MCK分别为结构的质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵;x¨i(t)x˙i(t)xi(t)分别为结构的加速度、速度和位移向量;ui(t)li(t)分别为结构的输入激励和故障所引起的非线性力向量。
由于结构输入激励只作用于右端质量点,所以输入激励向量ui(t)中,只有元素un(t)的值不为零,其余项均为零。同时,由于假设卡箍松动故障存在于结构中,非线性力向量li(t)中部分元素的值可能不为零,其余项为零。另外,卡箍松动故障通常对结构的阻尼和刚度影响较大,非线性力向量li(t)中元素一般可以表示为对应速度和位移的多项式函数[16]
li(t)=g=2G[nci,g(x˙ix˙i1)g+nki,g(xixi1)g]g=2G[nci+1,g(x˙ix˙i+1)g+nki+1,g(xixi+1)g],1in
式中,G为非线性项的最大阶次;nci,gnci+1,gnki,gnki+1,g分别为故障引起的非线性阻尼和刚度系数。
式(3)中非线性力li(t)可以模拟绝大多数故障对管路结构阻尼和刚度的影响。当某个质量点附近无故障存在时,对应的非线性阻尼和刚度系数为零,非线性力li(t)自然也为零。
在航空发动机中,高低压转子系统具有不同的转速,对应不同频率的不平衡简谐激励[3]。因此,假设机匣上管路所受到的多频输入激励为:
u(t)=v=12Avcos(ωvt+φv)A1A2ω2=2ω1φ1φ2
式中,Avωvφv分别为第v个输入激励的幅值、角频率和相位。
将式(4)代入式(2)并做傅里叶变换,相应的频域动力学方程可表示为:
(Ω2M+jΩC+K)Xi(jΩ)={Ui(jΩ)+Li(jΩ)Li(jΩ)a=0,b=1a=1,b=0Ω=aω1+bω2
式中,Ω为角频率;Xi(jΩ)为输出频谱向量;Ui(jΩ)为频域输入激励向量;Li(jΩ)为频域故障所引起的非线性力向量;ab为频率系数,值为零或正整数。
定义频响函数矩阵H(jΩ)为系数矩阵A(jΩ)的逆矩阵:
H(jΩ)=A1(jΩ)=(Ω2M+jΩC+K)1
因此,输出频谱可由式(4)和(5)计算得到:
Xi(jΩ)=H(jΩ){Ui(jΩ)+Li(jΩ)Li(jΩ)a=0,b=1;a=1,b=0Ω=aω1+bω2
式(7)表明,结构输出频谱是结构线性参数(质量、阻尼和刚度系数)、输入载荷和故障引起的非线性力的函数。如果结构处于健康状态,非线性力向量为零,结构只存在线性的输出频谱。如果结构处于故障状态,非线性力向量使得结构产生非线性输出频谱(高倍频的输出频谱)。因此,应用不同质量点位置的非线性输出频谱,非线性传递函数可定义为[16]
Ts,h(jΩ)=Xs(jΩ)Xh(jΩ)1s,hn,Ω=aω1+bω2
式中,Xs为质量点ms处的输出频谱;Xh为质量点mh处的输出频谱。
图3所示,仅考虑图2中与松动故障位置相关的子模型,其非线性动力学方程可从式(5)中提取并表示为:
[Ω2mi+jΩ(ci+ci+1)+(ki+ki+1)]Xi(jΩ)(jΩci+ki)Xi1(jΩ)(jΩci+1+ki+1)Xi+1(jΩ)=Li(jΩ)2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
结合式(8)中传递函数的定义,式(9)可进一步改写为:
[Ω2mi+jΩ(ci+ci+1)+(ki+ki+1)](jΩci+ki)Xi1(jΩ)Xi(jΩ)(jΩci+1+ki+1)Xi+1(jΩ)Xi(jΩ)=Li(jΩ)Xi(jΩ);2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
或者:
[Ω2mi+jΩ(ci+ci+1)+(ki+ki+1)](jΩci+ki)Ti1,i(jΩ)(jΩci+1+ki+1)Ti+1,i(jΩ)=Li(jΩ)Xi(jΩ);2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
式中,Ti−1,i(jΩ)和Ti+1,i(jΩ)为传递函数。因为只考虑结构非线性输出响应,式(10)中只包含松动故障相关的非线性力向量Li(jΩ)。现改变式(4)中输入激励的幅值和相位:
u(t)=v=12Bvcos(ωvt+φv)B1B2ω2=2ω1φ1φ2
结构的振动响应将发生变化,可得到与式(10b)相似的方程为:
[Ω2mi+jΩ(ci+ci+1)+(ki+ki+1)](jΩci+ki)Ti1,iB(jΩ)(jΩci+1+ki+1)Ti+1,iB(jΩ)=LiB(jΩ)XiB(jΩ)2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
式中,上标“B”表示第二次输入激励。
对比分析式(10)和(12)发现,结构的线性参数(质量、阻尼和刚度系数)保持不变,但故障引起的非线性力、传递函数和输出频谱发生了变化。通过式(10)减去式(12),可得:
(jΩci+ki)[Ti1,i(jΩ)Ti1,iB(jΩ)](jΩci+1+ki+1)[Ti+1,i(jΩ)Ti+1,iB(jΩ)]=[Li(jΩ)Xi(jΩ)LiB(jΩ)XiB(jΩ)]2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
通过式(13),新的故障特征量βi(jΩ)可以定义为:
βi(jΩ)=Li(jΩ)Xi(jΩ)LiB(jΩ)XiB(jΩ)[Ti+1,i(jΩ)Ti+1,iB(jΩ)](jΩci+ki)(jΩci+1+ki+1)(jΩci+ki)=Ti1,i(jΩ)Ti1,iB(jΩ)Ti+1,i(jΩ)Ti+1,iB(jΩ)2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
如果结构处于健康状态(无松动故障),非线性力向量(Li(jΩ)LiB(jΩ))为零,式(14)变为:
βir(jΩ)=jΩci+1+ki+1jΩci+ki2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
式中,上标“r”表示健康结构。
如果结构处于故障状态(有松动故障),非线性力向量(Li(jΩ)LiB(jΩ))不为零,式(14)变为:
βid(jΩ)=Li(jΩ)Xi(jΩ)LiB(jΩ)XiB(jΩ)[Ti+1,i(jΩ)Ti+1,iB(jΩ)](jΩci+ki)jΩci+1+ki+1jΩci+ki2in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
式中,上标“d”表示故障结构。
对比分析式(15)和(16)发现,故障结构中特征量明显不同于健康结构中特征量。因此,新的故障诊断因子ζi(jΩ)可以定义为相应故障特征量的相对变化量:
ζi(jΩ)=|βid(jΩ)βir(jΩ)βir(jΩ)|×1002in1,Ω=aω1+bω2
对于实际的附件管路结构,由于固有非线性或数据误差的影响,非线性力的值在结构处于健康状态(无松动故障)时可能不会为零,而是趋近于零的小量。因此,将结构处于健康状态(无松动故障)对应的故障诊断因子作为参考值。如果某次测量和计算得出的新故障诊断因子值为趋近于零或相对较小的量,说明此时结构处于健康状态。与之相反,如果新故障诊断因子值明显偏大,说明此时结构处于故障状态。
另外,从式(14)中同样可以看出,相应的特征量可由传递函数计算得出。因此,式(17)中的故障诊断因子只依赖于测试数据,这在实际故障诊断过程中非常方便。特征量推导过程中的重要参数如表1所示。
根据故障诊断的一般流程[3],本文提出的基于传递函数的诊断方法的操作流程如图4所示。
图4可知,方法主要包括4个步骤。在步骤1中,确定好待测量的附件管路和卡箍位置后安装振动传感器和激振器。在步骤2中,采集传感器振动信号。在这个步骤中,结构需要被不同幅值和相位的激振力激励两次。在步骤3中,通过预处理和后处理计算两次激励试验的输出频谱和对应的传递函数。在步骤4中,计算相应的故障特征量和故障诊断因子,并通过其数值判断故障出现的具体情况和位置。
本节通过多个试验测试案例验证所提故障诊断方法的准确性和有效性。
参考文献[17]中梁状结构、测试对象和试验设置介绍如图5所示。
图5中可以看出,两端简支梁状结构由钢条和螺栓连接而成,螺栓连接状态模拟管路中卡箍松动故障。共有5个质量点分别用于安装加速度传感器。激振力由模态激振器提供并作用于最右端质量点。梁两端分别连接于固定的试验台,模拟管路两端的边界条件。测试过程中所使用的加速度传感器、信号发生器、功率放大器和模态激振器的具体参数取值如表2所示。
卡箍松动故障主要通过拧松梁状结构中钢条连接处的螺栓来模拟,对应的螺栓拧紧力矩从大约3 N·m下降到大约 1 N·m。总共考虑3组试验案例,具体的案例设置如图6所示。在案例1中,梁状结构处于健康状态,不存在卡箍松动故障,对应的故障特征量会作为参考值;在案例2中,梁状结构处于故障状态,单个卡箍松动故障位于梁状结构中质量点m1和m2之间;在案例3中,梁状结构同样处于故障状态,一个卡箍松动故障位于梁状结构中质量点m1和m2之间,另外一个卡箍松动故障位于梁状结构中质量点m4和m5之间。
在测试过程中,原始时域振动信号的采样频率和采样时间分别为8192 Hz和14 s。平均后的数据通过软件中傅里叶变换算法转化为频域数据以计算传递函数、故障特征量和故障诊断因子。
试验中,结构需要被激励两次,每次使用的余弦输入激励的频率相同(ω2=2ω1 = 32 Hz),但幅值和相位不同,分别对应式(4)和(11)。输入激励具体的幅值和相位如表3所示。
以案例1中激励1和质量点m1的输出响应为例,对应的时域和频域数据如图7所示。
图7中可以看出,输出响应除了在激励频率(16和32 Hz)处具有明显峰值外,在其他高倍频(48、64和 80 Hz)处也具有明显的峰值。这个结果说明,结构即使处于健康状态(无松动故障),结构中的非线性边界条件也使得结构处于非线性状态。
按照图4所示的故障诊断方法操作流程,测试案例的结果如表4图8所示。因为案例1中特征量将作为参考值,所以图8只呈现案例2和3的故障诊断结果。
在案例2中,诊断因子在质量点m2处取得相对较大值,而在质量点m3和m4处都取得趋近于零的小量,说明案例2中松动故障最可能位于质量点m2附近,其他位置无故障。在案例3中,诊断因子在质量点m2和质量点m4处取得相对较大值,只在质量点m3处取得趋近于零的小量,说明案例3中松动故障可能同时位于质量点m2和m4附近,而质量点m3附近无故障。
对比诊断结果和图6中的案例设置情况后发现,所提诊断方法准确地识别和定位了管路结构中的单个松动故障和多个松动故障。因此,试验测试案例充分地验证了本文所提诊断方法的正确性和有效性。
为有效诊断航空发动机附件管路中的卡箍松动故障,本文提出了基于附件管路动力学响应和传递函数的诊断方法。主要结论和展望总结如下:
(1)通过将故障的影响模拟为作用于管路边界位置的附加非线性力,可建立故障管路的简化动力学模型和方程。
(2)通过两次激励,可得到两个基于传递函数的故障特征量,其相对值可作为判断故障是否出现以及故障位置的诊断因子。
(3)三个测试案例的结果表明,所提诊断方法可以有效诊断航空发动机附件管路中单个卡箍松动故障和多个卡箍松动故障情况。
(4)本文为航空发动机附件管路的断裂失效预警和结构优化设计提供了一定程度的技术支撑。在后续研究中,如何扩展本方法并用于其他更复杂的附件管路(L型或U型)还有待进一步探索。另外,本文所提方法以局部结构为对象,每个子模型需要三个传感器。对于实际结构存在多个子模型的情况,需要的传感器数量较多,增加了测试成本和工作量。在后续研究中,如何优化传感器的布局和数量以简化测试过程也还需进一步考虑。
  • 陕西自然基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBQN-0561)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52472456)
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2025年第38卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.006
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-06-11
基金
陕西自然基础研究计划项目(2024JC-YBQN-0561)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52472456)
作者信息
    1.西北工业大学动力与能源学院,陕西 西安 710129
    2.轻型涡轮动力全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    3.中国航发沈阳发动机研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110015

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丁小飞(1987—),男,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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