Article(id=1228805360824287517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1748188800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899628120, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899628120, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899628120, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899628120, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805359561802007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='6', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1362', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899627819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901542852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1354, endPage=1362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805361117888807, articleId=1228805360824287517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A non-contact torsional vibration measurement and residue analysis method for compound fault diagnosis of planetary gearing train, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Planetary gear transmission systems are extensively used in industrial applications. Due to their compact and complex configurations, mechanical components are prone to failure during long-term operation. Compared to fixed-axis gear systems, planetary gear systems exhibit multiple excitation sources and time-varying signal transmission paths stemming from their intricate structural and kinematic characteristics. Consequently, condition monitoring techniques based on fixed vibration measurement points face significant challenges in compound fault diagnosis, especially when a planet gear fault is coupled with a bearing fault. To address these issues, this study proposes a non-contact torsional vibration monitoring and residual vibration analysis method utilizing laser doppler vibrometry (LDV). The laser beam is positioned on the low-speed shaft surface to directly acquire torsional vibration information from the gear system. To mitigate the impact of measurement noise on fault feature extraction, a hybrid denoising strategy combining cepstrum-based soft-threshold editing and median filtering is developed to suppress pseudo-vibration artifacts and random impulse noise, respectively. For different types of compound faults, a progressive residual vibration decomposition framework is established. This framework systematically peels off residual broadband response and residual meshing sideband components from the torsional vibration signal. Specifically, optimized filtering is applied to the broadband response obtained via cepstrum short-pass to extract the second-order cyclostationary features of bearing faults. Concurrently, a phase self-demodulation-based order domain resampling method is proposed to highlight gear fault features by reconstructing meshing sideband residual signals of different orders. Experiments involving tooth spalling on planetary gears and raceway spalling on the sun gear bearing demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively achieve non-contact compound fault diagnosis for planetary gear systems. Compared to conventional flexible synchronous averaging and accelerometer-based methods, the proposed approach exhibits superior performance in early-stage planet gear fault detection under varying speeds.

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行星齿轮传动系统广泛应用于工业领域, 由于其结构紧凑、复杂,长期服役时机械部件易发生故障。行星轮系结构与运动形式远比定轴轮系复杂,基于固定测点的振动状态监测技术面临多激励源并存和传递路径时变的挑战,难以满足复合故障诊断需求,特别是行星轮早期故障与轴承故障耦合时。为解决此问题,提出了利用激光多普勒测振技术的非接触扭振监测与残余振动分析方法。将激光入射点设置在低速轴表面,直接获取轮系扭振信息。为减轻测量噪声对故障特征提取的影响,提出了基于倒谱分析的软阈值编辑和中值滤波方法,分别抑制伪振动和随机性脉冲噪声。针对复合故障的不同特点,逐步剥离扭振信号中的残余宽带响应与残余啮合边带分量,一方面,对倒谱短通得到的宽带响应进行优化滤波,以提取轴承故障的二阶循环平稳特征;另一方面,提出了基于相位自解调的阶次域重采样方法,通过重构不同阶的啮合边带残余信号,以凸显齿轮故障特征。通过行星轮齿面剥落与太阳轮轴承滚道剥落故障注入试验,证明了所提方法可有效实现行星轮系复合故障的非接触诊断,与经典柔性同步平均法和箱体振动信号的分析结果相比,所提方法在不同转速下对行星轮早期故障的识别效果更优。

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林京(1971—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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刘翰扬(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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刘翰扬(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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ZHANG B, journalName=Journal of Dynamics, Monitoring and Diagnostics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG R Y, XIA J Y, ZHANG B, et al.Compound fault diagnosis for rotating machinery: state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities[J]. 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面向行星轮系复合故障诊断的非接触扭振测量与残余振动分析方法
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刘翰扬 1, 2 , 姬鼎丞 1, 2 , 林京 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(6): 1354-1362
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(6): 1354-1362
面向行星轮系复合故障诊断的非接触扭振测量与残余振动分析方法
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刘翰扬1, 2 , 姬鼎丞1, 2, 林京1
作者信息
  • 1.北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院,北京 100191
  • 2.北京航空航天大学宁波创新研究院,浙江 宁波 315832
  • 刘翰扬(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

林京(1971—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
A non-contact torsional vibration measurement and residue analysis method for compound fault diagnosis of planetary gearing train
Hanyang LIU1, 2 , Dingcheng JI1, 2, Jing LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Reliability and System Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 2.Ningbo Institute of Technology,Beihang University,Ningbo 315832,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.024
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行星齿轮传动系统广泛应用于工业领域, 由于其结构紧凑、复杂,长期服役时机械部件易发生故障。行星轮系结构与运动形式远比定轴轮系复杂,基于固定测点的振动状态监测技术面临多激励源并存和传递路径时变的挑战,难以满足复合故障诊断需求,特别是行星轮早期故障与轴承故障耦合时。为解决此问题,提出了利用激光多普勒测振技术的非接触扭振监测与残余振动分析方法。将激光入射点设置在低速轴表面,直接获取轮系扭振信息。为减轻测量噪声对故障特征提取的影响,提出了基于倒谱分析的软阈值编辑和中值滤波方法,分别抑制伪振动和随机性脉冲噪声。针对复合故障的不同特点,逐步剥离扭振信号中的残余宽带响应与残余啮合边带分量,一方面,对倒谱短通得到的宽带响应进行优化滤波,以提取轴承故障的二阶循环平稳特征;另一方面,提出了基于相位自解调的阶次域重采样方法,通过重构不同阶的啮合边带残余信号,以凸显齿轮故障特征。通过行星轮齿面剥落与太阳轮轴承滚道剥落故障注入试验,证明了所提方法可有效实现行星轮系复合故障的非接触诊断,与经典柔性同步平均法和箱体振动信号的分析结果相比,所提方法在不同转速下对行星轮早期故障的识别效果更优。

行星齿轮系  /  复合故障  /  故障诊断  /  瞬时角速度  /  非接触测量

Planetary gear transmission systems are extensively used in industrial applications. Due to their compact and complex configurations, mechanical components are prone to failure during long-term operation. Compared to fixed-axis gear systems, planetary gear systems exhibit multiple excitation sources and time-varying signal transmission paths stemming from their intricate structural and kinematic characteristics. Consequently, condition monitoring techniques based on fixed vibration measurement points face significant challenges in compound fault diagnosis, especially when a planet gear fault is coupled with a bearing fault. To address these issues, this study proposes a non-contact torsional vibration monitoring and residual vibration analysis method utilizing laser doppler vibrometry (LDV). The laser beam is positioned on the low-speed shaft surface to directly acquire torsional vibration information from the gear system. To mitigate the impact of measurement noise on fault feature extraction, a hybrid denoising strategy combining cepstrum-based soft-threshold editing and median filtering is developed to suppress pseudo-vibration artifacts and random impulse noise, respectively. For different types of compound faults, a progressive residual vibration decomposition framework is established. This framework systematically peels off residual broadband response and residual meshing sideband components from the torsional vibration signal. Specifically, optimized filtering is applied to the broadband response obtained via cepstrum short-pass to extract the second-order cyclostationary features of bearing faults. Concurrently, a phase self-demodulation-based order domain resampling method is proposed to highlight gear fault features by reconstructing meshing sideband residual signals of different orders. Experiments involving tooth spalling on planetary gears and raceway spalling on the sun gear bearing demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively achieve non-contact compound fault diagnosis for planetary gear systems. Compared to conventional flexible synchronous averaging and accelerometer-based methods, the proposed approach exhibits superior performance in early-stage planet gear fault detection under varying speeds.

planetary gearing train  /  compound fault  /  fault diagnosis  /  instantaneous angular velocity  /  non-contact measurement
刘翰扬, 姬鼎丞, 林京. 面向行星轮系复合故障诊断的非接触扭振测量与残余振动分析方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1354 -1362 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.024
Hanyang LIU, Dingcheng JI, Jing LIN. A non-contact torsional vibration measurement and residue analysis method for compound fault diagnosis of planetary gearing train[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1354 -1362 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.024
行星齿轮系结构紧凑,具有刚度高、转矩波动小的优势,被广泛应用于风力机、水泵等功率传递场景和数控机床、机械臂等制造装备的运动控制系统,在重载等复杂多变工况下,其齿轮、轴承等不同机械部件失效之间存在关联,易发生复合故障[1]。准确识别故障激励源是实现故障隔离,提高维护水平,减少计划外停机的基础[2]
行星轮系复合故障诊断属于动力学反问题范畴,其基本思想是借助故障先验知识,构建适当的信号处理算法,从实测振动响应中识别不同来源的周期性故障激励。文献[1]针对旋转机械复合故障的机理建模和模式识别研究进行了回顾,指出振动监测技术面临的主要挑战是多源故障激励与复杂传递路径引起的诊断信息量不足,对信号测试与处理技术提出了更高的要求。
近年来,在信号处理技术方面取得的研究进展多针对箱体振动加速度信号,利用旋转机械故障响应具有的稀疏性、非高斯性、循环平稳性等特点,采用时频分析、自适应分解和盲源分离等算法[3-5],以实现齿轮箱不同部件故障特征解耦。然而,前述诊断范式很难彻底解决箱体振动信号固有的时变传递路径问题,在行星轮齿早期损伤与轴承故障响应耦合时尤为突出:当行星轮齿发生早期损伤时,固定在箱体的振动传感器拾取的响应会呈现显著的复杂调制模式,使得故障响应被其他分量所掩盖。这一问题在结构紧凑、组成复杂的多级行星传动系统中普遍存在,易导致复合故障的误诊、漏诊。
轮系/轴系某一截面相对于参考截面的扭矩、转速和角位移波动可以统称为扭转振动,简称扭振。与箱体振动相比,扭振信号传递路径可近似视为时不变,其组成相对简单,因此在故障诊断领域引起了广泛关注,其对齿轮、轴承故障的敏感性得到了机理模型和试验研究的支撑[6-10]。为获得足够高的扭振分辨率,研究者多使用安装在旋转轴上的高精度角位移传感器,但除了数控机床等伺服运动设备能自然满足这一测试条件外,对于风力发电、水泵、港口机械等大型装备或集群设备而言,其扭转振动的测量,特别是低速轴的高精度扭振测量仍很困难,这限制了扭振分析技术的进一步推广。
激光多普勒测振技术(laser Doppler vibrometry,LDV)以其高分辨率、高精度和宽频响范围,已逐渐成为基于振动分析的故障诊断的强大工具,并可作为旋转编码器的非接触替代方案[11]。通过LDV测量旋转轴振动可以视为一种在准圆柱表面上的特殊连续扫描过程,虽然其振动信号的传递路径更为简单,且不受表面形貌的影响,但由于“交叉灵敏度”效应,其测量值是轴平移和旋转振动之和。此外,随着轴的旋转,其表面散射形成的散斑图案会发生平移和变形,在解调信号中引入散斑噪声。具体而言,该噪声一方面表现为时域波形中由于多普勒信号相位不连续引起的广泛分布瞬态尖峰[12],另一方面表现为整个测量频带内由于散斑模式伪周期性变化引起的多阶转频谐波族,又可称为“伪振动”[13]。在此背景下,测量噪声抑制成为了基于LDV的故障诊断的关键,因为散斑噪声可能会与具有相似瞬态特征/宽带特征的故障脉冲事件混淆。尤其在转速升高时,低速轴旋转导致的宽带内伪振动分量和附加平移振动干扰项表现为频域内广泛分布的谐波族,将导致基于谱分析的特征提取受到干扰。
综上所述,本文针对行星轮系中行星轮故障与轴承故障耦合时存在的诊断难题,提出一种非接触扭振测量与残余信号分析方法。该方法采用LDV直接获得低速轴振动信息,显著减少传递路径对诊断信息的影响,考虑信号中各分量特性,采用倒谱编辑和时域平滑方法抑制噪声,并基于循环平稳理论实现残余信号中的故障特征提取。在工业级试验台架上进行了验证与对比分析,证明了方法的有效性。
本节首先介绍行星轮系复合故障的扭振响应模型,确立了工作前提;其次分析了激光多普勒测振法在旋转轴振动测量中的信号模型与测量噪声来源,明确降噪需求;据此引入倒谱分析方法,提出两类散斑噪声的抑制方法;最后介绍了用于复合故障不同循环平稳特征的提取方法。
本文针对行星轮系部件的局部故障展开研究,不考虑以滚动轴承广义粗糙度故障和齿面均匀磨损为代表的非局部故障。以图1所示的2K-H行星齿轮传动系统为例,在运动学和动力学角度给出以下假设作为分析前提:
(1)齿轮满足正确啮合条件,不考虑装配误差和齿隙带来的影响。
(2)齿轮副时变啮合力激发轮系振动,其时变幅值远小于其平均值。
(3)轴承滚动副由于表面损伤产生接触冲击力,一方面激发其本体零件振动,另一方面又导致输入轴转速/扭矩发生波动,进而激发轮系振动。
当仅考虑传感器简单传递路径时,可以得到如图1所示的复合故障响应模型,包括齿面剥落和太阳轮轴承滚道损伤两种典型故障模式。
图1可知,考虑旋转运动固有的时间(角度)周期性,运动副接触面损伤将引入额外的周期性激励,其振动响应表现为一系列以对应运动副刚度激励周期ΔT为间隔的脉冲事件。在旋转机械故障诊断领域,也常使用故障循环频率(fault cyclic frequency,FCF)描述局部故障的周期性特征,它是故障事件周期的倒数。
在此基础上,由于传感器传递函数可以近似视为时不变的,而轮系扭振的传递函数相对于基座/箱体振动也较为简单,因此,故障响应可视为线性时不变卷积混合模型。
s(t)=h(t)iFi(t)
式中,h(t)为轮系等效传递函数;Fi(t)为第i个复合故障激励;“*”为卷积符号。由于诊断任务并不需要获得真实的振动值,因此可通过因果/非因果处理方法实现噪声抑制、分量解耦或信道补偿,增强故障事件相关特征,以实现故障判别。
LDV是一种非接触式的振动测量技术,它基于多普勒效应原理来测量物体表面的离面振动速度。按照入射位置的受控情况,可分为单点测量、步进扫描和连续扫描三种模式。
本文采用的是应用较广泛且更易实现的单点测量模式,基于假设1和此前研究工作[11],将入射光约束在转轴截面所在平面内并且相对旋转中心偏置,可建立如图2所示的xoy坐标系,约定入射点到旋转中心的连线与y方向的夹角为θ,再将被测表面展开,即可视为一种特殊的连续扫描测量,由于入射角度与被测表面不垂直,要求轴表面具有一定的漫反射能力以保障信号质量。
文献[14-16]建立了激光以任意方向入射、具有6个自由度的旋转轴表面一点的LDV测量模型。虽然其不受被测表面形状变化影响,但被测轴复杂的空间运动仍会导致激光测量的速度矢量为多自由度分量之和。根据前述假设,仅讨论被测点横截面内的平移/扭转振动分量,认为轴向窜动、俯仰和偏斜运动引起的高阶交叉分量可以忽略[12],则图2中实测速度信号组成为:
vm=vx+(Ω+ωz)(y0Δy)
式中,vx表示被测轴平移速度矢量在x轴的投影分量; Ω表示名义自转角速度;ωz表示绕z轴的瞬时转速波动量;y0表示入射点到旋转中心的初始偏置量;Δy表示旋转中心在y方向的振动位移分量。根据1.1节中介绍的轮系模型可知,扭转振动故障信息主要包含在ωzy0中,vxΩΔy是取决于平移振动的干扰项,其主要成分是以被测轴转频为基频的多阶谐波。Ωy0是不考虑振动的名义线速度,ωzΔy是扭转振动与平移振动的交叉项,可视为小量。
在前述旋转轴测量条件下,激光多普勒信号是多束相干散射光的矢量和,其复振幅取决于随机干涉模式,在接收端形成散斑图案。由于被测表面连续旋转,导致这一图案发生平移、变形,在解调后的LDV速度信号中引起散斑噪声。其包括两种主要表现形式:由于被测表面连续周期性运动引起的伪振动分量,表现为以轴转频为基频,分布在整个测量带宽内的多阶谐波;由于漫反射信号强度不足引起的非周期局部信号丢失,其时域幅值分布具有非高斯性,频域为平坦宽带分布[17]
倒谱(cepstrum)是信号对数幅值谱的逆傅里叶变换,特别适合在频域中增强/抑制周期性谱结构、分离宽带响应中应用[18]。将傅里叶变换记作F,则时间序列v(t)的幅值谱和相位估计为:
{|Vm(f)|=|F(vm(t))|ϕ(f)=tan1(Im(Vm(f))Re(Vm(f)))
根据倒谱的定义,可得:
C(τ)=F1(ln|Vm(f)|)
式中,Re和Im分别表示取实部和虚部;τ为倒频率(quefrency),定义在具有和时间相同量纲的倒频域。
经过式(4)计算,在频域内等间隔分布的低频谐波族将被转换为倒频域中的长间隔周期性峰值,可通过输出轴转速估计值获取对应的倒频率间隔,进一步通过峰值搜索得到待编辑的K个峰值点,通过软阈值门限编辑以消除其影响,具体方法如下式:
C~(τ)=C(τ)k=1Kmk(τ)
式(5)中的软阈值门限定义为:
mk(τ)={wthre(τ),τ[τkΔτ,τk+Δτ]1,τ[τkΔτ,τk+Δτ]
式中,待编辑的第k阶倒谱峰值的位置为τk=kΩ1wthre(τ)为由eατ定义的软阈值函数,α为阈值衰减率参数;被编辑区域宽度为2Δτ。在幅值编辑时,需注意保持倒频域对称性。
由于轴承元件之间存在随机相对滑动,因此其故障响应是分布在一定范围的频带内的准循环平稳分量。因此,具有宽带特性的非周期性脉冲噪声使得特征提取难度显著增加,对于此类噪声,本文采用如下的时域离群点识别与平滑策略:首先,通过短通指数窗在倒频域提取以脉冲噪声为主的宽带分量,再经傅里叶逆变换取实部,即可恢复噪声时间序列:
N(f)=Re{F[C~(τ)w(τ)]}+jϕ(f)n(t)=Re{F1{exp[N(f)]}}
式中,w(τ)为由eβτ定义的双边短通指数窗函数,平滑参数β决定了提取分量的倒频率范围。进一步,对噪声序列采用中位数法搜寻离群峰值,并记录其出现的时刻tn。最后,对原始时间序列中对应离群值所在的宽为2Δt的区间[tnΔt,tn+Δt]进行中值平滑,以消除局部相位不连续和信号丢失的影响。
首先,对于包含N个采样点的信号,先进行较宽窗口的中值滤波,以获得实测速度的平滑序列v~m,t,再利用低精度的输入轴转速Ωin,t得到偏置y0的近似:
y01Nt=0N1v~m,trzΩin,trin
式中,Ωin,t为输入轴的角速度;rinrz分别为根据几何关系获得的输入轴、输出轴等效回转半径。进一步,所需要的参考相位ψr(t)可由输出轴角速度对时间积分计算。根据控制系统带宽约束,忽略高阶转速波动,可得参考相位的估计值:
ψr(t)=tv~m,ty0dt
其次,利用前述降噪方法进行降噪,根据信号模型与基本假设,去噪后的信号包括以正常齿轮啮合谐波为主的确定性分量,以及齿轮、轴承故障引入的随机性分量,其中齿轮故障响应可近似视为角度域的一阶循环平稳(1st order cyclo-stationary,CS1)分量,轴承故障响应可视为角度域的准二阶循环平稳分量(2nd order cyclo-stationary,CS2)。残余信号分析通过剥离啮合分量与宽带响应,减轻了齿轮啮合分量对轴承故障特征提取的影响[19],同时可减轻宽带噪声对齿轮故障边带分析的影响,具体可通过前述倒谱平滑方法实现[20]。在此基础上,本文采用BUZZONI等[21]提出的最大化二阶循环平稳指标(index of 2nd order cyclo-stationary,ICS2)的FIR滤波器设计方法提取轴承故障特征,此过程可抽象为优化问题:
h0=argmaxhICS2
其中,ICS2的计算方法为:
ICS2=hHRXWXhhHRXXh
式中,h为待求的滤波器向量;RXX为由原信号及其时延构成的嵌入矩阵的自相关矩阵;RXWX为加权的自相关矩阵,其结构由故障循环频率决定,可表征信号隐含的周期性。
最后,针对齿轮啮合分量中的故障特征提取,在此前采用角域同步平均(sychronous average, SA)算法的工作基础之上,引入自解调和残余边带信号重构策略。
设齿轮啮合谐波族的信号模型为以多阶啮合谐波为载波的调频调幅信号:
x(t)=mAm(t)ψm(t)
式中,m为代表啮合谐波阶次的正整数;A为调幅项;ψ为以复指数函数表示的瞬时相位。已知转轴的瞬时相位ψr(t),可通过解调运算将原信号频谱搬移到以第m阶啮合谐波频率为0的位置,即
xm(t)=rmψr(t)x(t)
式中,rm表示轴自转频率与第m阶啮合频率的比值。此时得到的信号为复值,需要通过保留正频率和翻转操作,恢复为实值信号,由此,第m阶谐波的故障边频就转化为在频域均匀间隔分布的一系列峰值。接下来,即可进行如下阶次域重采样[22],并删除啮合阶次处的峰值,得到第m阶残余振动谱:
Xm(kfcf)=n=1NTxm(n)ejkΔfnΔf=2πkfcf/fs
式中,k为要保留的故障阶次数,取40~80即可满足需要;且kfcfmfmesh,即删除啮合阶次fmesh的整数倍谱峰值;NT表示待分析信号包含的总周期数;Δf表示由故障循环阶次fcf和阶次域采样率fs决定的频域重采样间隔。最后,通过傅里叶逆变换,即可重构第m阶残余啮合振动信号的时域估计值。
基于前述理论,本文提出了面向行星轮系复合故障诊断的非接触振动测量、降噪与故障特征提取方法,具体流程参见图3
首先,优选偏置量,对低速轴进行非接触振动测量,获得解调后的LDV速度信号。
其次,提取包含低阶转频、趋势项和直流分量的主分量,结合低精度转速参考信号,估计输出轴的名义角速度,为后续分析建立参考相位。
接下来,针对含噪声的振动分量,利用前述倒谱编辑、基于离群值检测的中值滤波方法进行散斑噪声抑制,再利用短通滤波,分别得到降噪后的宽带残余分量和以啮合谐波及边带为主的啮合分量。
进一步,针对含轴承故障信息的宽带残余分量,使用基于二阶循环平稳特性的滤波器设计方法增强故障特征,并对滤波信号取包络进行阶次谱分析,以识别归一化故障循环频率处的峰值。
同时,针对含齿轮故障信息的谐波边带分量,利用估计的瞬时角速度进行频率解调,再对各阶谐波的频移信号做阶次域重采样,最终通过重构的残余扭振信号识别啮合边带中的故障信息。
为验证所提方法的有效性,在行星传动试验台架开展复合故障注入试验研究,台架与测振仪布置如图4所示,试验台具体结构可参考文献[11],采用Polytec PSV-500激光多普勒测振仪采集行星架输出轴振动信号,被测轴直径为50 mm,被测表面与测量平面相交部分使用漫反射带进行了全覆盖处理,入射偏置经优选约为21.67 mm,平均信号质量在75%以上。测振仪的实时跟踪滤波器类型设为“Medium”,采样频率设置为25.6 kHz。
被测行星齿轮箱结构与图1所示的轮系类似,齿圈固定,太阳轮输入,行星架输出,各轮均为直齿圆柱齿轮,太阳轮、行星轮和齿圈齿数分别为21、31和84。在太阳轮轴支承轴承和行星轮上分别注入如图5所示的故障:深沟球轴承型号为6212,使用电火花线切割在外圈滚道上切割宽1.5 mm的区域,以模拟故障引起的转矩波动,根据轴承实测几何参数计算可得轴承归一化故障特征频率(阶次)为4.16。另使用角磨机在行星轮的某一齿节线附近制作深度不超过0.1 mm的擦伤,以模拟轮齿早期点蚀剥落故障,由齿数计算得到的齿轮归一化故障特征频率为0.5419。
为保证测试条件满足前述假设中的齿轮正确啮合条件,且覆盖较宽的运行范围,设定摩擦制动力矩名义值为150 N·m,输入转速名义值分别为5.13、7.69、10.26和12.82 Hz。在采集LDV信号的同时,以键相同步触发获得齿轮箱体振动加速度信号,采样频率设置为25.6 kHz,与LDV相同。
首先,对4种不同工况下测量得到的LDV信号去除趋势分量,再进行噪声抑制。设置采样频率fs为25.6 kHz,输出轴的名义转速为1.03~2.57 Hz之间。局部截断的软阈值窗特性由窗宽和参数α共同决定,而短通滤波作用于全倒频域,因此所要保留的倒频率范围仅取决于β。为保持滤波参数一致性,衰减速率参数的取值方法见下式,以与实际工作转速相关联。
α=β=y0v¯m,tfs
式中,v¯m,t表示被测轴转速的均值。相应地,局部倒谱编辑软阈值窗口宽度参数Δτ可设在1~2 ms的倒频率区间内,以抑制低频谐波族产生的区域性峰值。
对于识别的散斑噪声脉冲,根据采样频率,可使用长度为5~9的中值滤波窗口,以平衡滤波效果和高频特征保留效果,其对应的Δt取值范围在0.19~0.35 ms之间。由于噪声水平的真值不可测,在图6中给出工况1和4下,信号降噪前、后的时域波形及其FFT的对数幅值谱,以对比分析降噪效果。
图6(a)和(b)可知,多普勒信号丢失引起的高幅值脉冲被平滑,此外,图6(b)说明了在高转速下,面内运动速度增加导致散斑噪声的幅值和出现频次都有所增加,在此背景下,降噪效果更为明显。图6(c)和(d)显示了所提方法在宽频带范围内的降噪效果:在较低转速下,图6(c)中500~1100 Hz之间的啮合谐波及其边带得以凸显,带内噪声被抑制,类似地,图6(d)中300~2500 Hz范围的带内噪声被显著抑制,尤其是图中所示的第5~8阶齿轮啮合谐波附近,这将为后续的边带分析提供重要支持。需要说明的是,图6(c)和(d)给出的FFT幅值谱包含的啮合谐波阶次数是相近的,以保持对于齿轮啮合振动的对照性,在此前提下,由于实际转速不同,因此实际频率取值范围也存在差异。
在4个工况下,采用所提方法获得降噪信号的包络阶次谱,滤波器优化算法中,考虑的故障特征阶次为1到30阶,循环次数为50次,终止条件参数为0.001。与仅通过中值滤波而未经倒谱编辑处理的结果进行对比,结果如图7所示。
图中横坐标以归一化轴承外圈通过频率(ball pass frequency of outer race,BPFO)为单位。可知,在较低转速下,由于噪声水平相对较低,未经倒谱编辑(左)和编辑后(右)的降噪信号包络阶次谱诊断效果相当。在10.26和12.82 Hz两个工况下,由未编辑降噪信号得到的阶次谱中,2阶及以上的故障谐波谱峰都受到宽带噪声影响不再清晰,无法作为故障判定依据,这说明了采取倒谱编辑的噪声抑制算法的必要性。
在4个工况下,以1~12阶啮合频率为基准,获得降噪信号阶次域重采样的时域波形,再对各阶分量的平方包络取均值,得到最终结果。将该结果与箱体加速度计的同步平均包络、经典柔性同步平均获得的平方包络进行对比,如图8所示。图中重构残余扭振的平方包络均值在第16至17个行星轮啮合循环处可见清晰的故障脉冲事件。而采用振动传感器获得的包络信号受时变传递路径影响,在低转速下无法提取微弱故障特征,仅在特定工况(如10.26 Hz输入)提取了单脉冲事件,其原因可能在于该转速恰好在轮系的某一共振点附近[23],使得箱体振动响应足够强烈。但故障事件发生位置仍与此前试验中获得的规律不一致[11],难以作为可靠的故障判定依据。
将本方法与经典柔性平均方法对比,结果如图8所示,可知在低速下,二者效果相当,但随着转速上升,经典方法的包络信号中出现了显著的拖尾现象,尤其在12.82 Hz输入时,故障脉冲事件难以被辨识。
为进一步分析本方法对性能提升的原因,图9给出了5.13和12.82 Hz工况下,以各阶啮合谐波为参考的角度域波形重构结果。可知,当转速较低时,故障特征主要表现为第1阶重构残余信号的局部相位扰动和6~10阶残余信号(约在517~862 Hz范围)的局部幅值扰动,原因是低速下的故障激励较弱,被低频区其他干扰分量掩盖。转速较高时,故障事件表现为1~6阶残余信号的局部幅值扰动(约在215~1300 Hz范围),但更高阶次中的特征不显著,这是由于高转速下的高阶啮合谐波将衰减得更迅速,使得其边带中包含的诊断信息量减少,这与工程经验是一致的。
基于上述结果可以知道,与仅使用柔性同步平均算法的诊断策略[11]相比,本方法对各阶边带的重构残余信号分别先取包络,再求均值,可自然地凸显其故障特征,从而避免对宽带信号求包络引入的失真问题。
本文面向行星轮系复合故障诊断难题,提出了基于LDV和残余信号分析的解决途径,通过故障注入试验证明了方法的有效性,为难以安装角位移传感器的大功率传动设备扭振状态监测提供了思路。主要贡献总结如下:
(1)采用LDV测量得到的低速轴振动信号即可规避复杂时变传递路径效应,实现行星轮微弱故障与太阳轮轴承故障的解耦,特别是对行星轮早期故障具有良好效果。
(2)采用倒谱编辑和基于倒谱短通重构信号离群值识别的中值滤波方法,分别解决了非接触测量中的转频谐波族干扰和随机脉冲噪声干扰。
(3)提出基于相位自解调的阶次域重采样方法,通过对不同阶啮合谐波边带的提取和重构,可有效识别轮系故障,在啮合基频为86~215 Hz的4个工况下进行了试验验证,诊断效果良好且具有一致性。
当前工作主要面向稳态运行的传动轮系,由于LDV频率响应很宽,因此其在变转速、变负载下的应用潜力还有待进一步研究发掘。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52235002)
  • 北航宁波创新研究院宁波专项科研项目(NBD202407002)
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2025年第38卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.024
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-05-26
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52235002)
北航宁波创新研究院宁波专项科研项目(NBD202407002)
作者信息
    1.北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院,北京 100191
    2.北京航空航天大学宁波创新研究院,浙江 宁波 315832

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林京(1971—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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