Article(id=1228805282994779111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679414400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-22, revisedDate=1687795200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899609564, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899609564, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899609564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899609564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1120, endPage=1132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805283250631671, articleId=1228805282994779111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Full-scale test for seismic performance of a lightweight frame structure for rural houses, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To upgrade the level of rural housing to meet the increasing demand for comfort, safety, environmental protection and energy saving, a light frame structure system housing was proposed and designed. The light frame structure system takes a steel frame as the main structural body and ALC wall panel as the filling wall. A full-scale shaking table test has been carried out to verify its seismic performance and to study the seismic behavior and seismic response law of the light frame structure system under earthquake action on beam-column joints, wall-slab joints, and the building structure. The test results show that the wall panel has not fallen off, the joint connection is intact, and the structure has not collapsed. With the increase of input seismic intensity, both the acceleration amplification factor and relative displacement increase, while the natural frequency of the structure decreases gradually. Throughout the test, the main structural members remain elastic, and the inter-story displacement angle of the structure under a fortification earthquake of 6-degree is less than 1/250. Under the action of rare earthquakes of 7th intensity and 8th intensity, the inter-story displacement angle of the structure exceeds 1/250, but the structural deformation can be reduced by tensioning reinforcement support. The light frame structure system exhibited excellent seismic performance and can be used to improve the level of rural housing in the 6th intensity seismic fortification area. For seismic fortification areas above 6th intensity, the seismic performance can be enhanced by increasing the tension of tie bars.

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为升级农村住房水平以满足人们日益增长的对舒适、安全、环保、节能的需求,提出并设计了一种轻型框架结构体系住宅,该结构体系以钢框架作为结构主体,外挂ALC墙板作为填充墙体。通过振动台试验检验其抗震性能,获得该轻型框架结构在地震作用下梁柱节点和房屋整体的抗震性能和地震响应规律。设计足尺结构模型,输入El Centro、Taft、北京人工波进行振动台试验,通过布设传感器测量结构的地震响应。试验过程中,墙板未脱落,节点连接完好,结构未倒塌;随着输入地震作用强度的增大,结构的加速度放大系数、相对位移随之增大,但结构自振频率逐渐降低;试验过程中主体结构构件保持弹性,6度设防地震作用下结构层间位移角均小于1/250;7度罕遇、8度罕遇地震作用下,结构的层间位移角超过1/250,但通过拉紧拉杆支撑可减小结构变形。试验结果表明,该轻型框架结构体系具有较好的抗震性能,可达到6度抗震设防水准,对于6度以上抗震设防区可通过增大拉杆拉力等措施增强其抗震性能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李立云(1973—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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倪泽阳(1988—),男,学士,工程师。E-mail:

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倪泽阳(1988—),男,学士,工程师。E-mail:

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倪泽阳(1988—),男,学士,工程师。E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=孟祥君, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孟祥君. 蒸压加气混凝土砌块隔墙板受力性能研究[D]. 沈阳:沈阳建筑大学,2018., articleTitle=蒸压加气混凝土砌块隔墙板受力性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228805294298428135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=MENG Xiangjun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG Xiangjun. 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Beijing:Standards Press of China,2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228805287428157774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228805287432352079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, companyId=1228805287428157774, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Beijing New Building Materials Group (BNBMG),Beijing 100048,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228805287436546384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, companyId=1228805287428157774, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北新建材集团有限公司,北京 100048)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228805287507849559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, 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articleId=1228805282994779111, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Material parameters of structural components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件材质截面/mmfy/MPaft/fc/MPa
框架柱Q235B钢100×100×4235215/215
框架梁Q235B钢HN200×100×5.5×8235215/215
次梁Q235B钢HN150×75×5×7235215/215
屋架Q235B钢50×100×3235215/215
檩条Q235B钢50×100×3235215/215
门框Q235B钢50×100×3235215/215
窗框Q235B钢 50×100×3235215/215
拉杆支撑Q235B钢φ14235215/215
高强螺栓10.9级钢M12430/430
花篮螺栓M16430/430
外墙ALC1800×600×100—/3.5
屋盖ALC1800×600×100—/3.5
楼板ALC1800×600×100—/3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228805293501510341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结构构件材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件材质截面/mmfy/MPaft/fc/MPa
框架柱Q235B钢100×100×4235215/215
框架梁Q235B钢HN200×100×5.5×8235215/215
次梁Q235B钢HN150×75×5×7235215/215
屋架Q235B钢50×100×3235215/215
檩条Q235B钢50×100×3235215/215
门框Q235B钢50×100×3235215/215
窗框Q235B钢 50×100×3235215/215
拉杆支撑Q235B钢φ14235215/215
高强螺栓10.9级钢M12430/430
花篮螺栓M16430/430
外墙ALC1800×600×100—/3.5
屋盖ALC1800×600×100—/3.5
楼板ALC1800×600×100—/3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228805293597979336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Test loading conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号工况编号水准烈度地震激励主振方向加速度峰值/g备注
XY
1WN1白噪声0.050.05双向
2B6EX6度设防El CentroX0.05
3B6TXTaftX0.05
4B6RX人工X0.05
5B6EYEl CentroY0.05
6B6TYTaftY0.05
7B6RY人工Y0.05
8B6TXYTaftXY0.050.0425
9WN2白噪声0.050.05双向
10R6EX6度罕遇El CentroX0.12
11R6TXTaftX0.12
12R6RX人工X0.12
13R6EYEl CentroY0.12
14R6TYTaftY0.12
15R6RY人工Y0.12
16R6TXYTaftXY0.120.102
17WN3白噪声0.050.05双向
拧紧柱间拉杆支撑,提高结构整体刚度
18WN4白噪声0.050.05双向
19R7TXY7度罕遇TaftXY0.220.187
20WN5白噪声0.050.05双向
拧紧柱间拉杆支撑,提高结构整体刚度
21WN6白噪声0.050.05双向
22R8TXY8度罕遇TaftXY0.400.34
23WN7白噪声0.050.05双向
), ArticleFig(id=1228805293715419853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验加载工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号工况编号水准烈度地震激励主振方向加速度峰值/g备注
XY
1WN1白噪声0.050.05双向
2B6EX6度设防El CentroX0.05
3B6TXTaftX0.05
4B6RX人工X0.05
5B6EYEl CentroY0.05
6B6TYTaftY0.05
7B6RY人工Y0.05
8B6TXYTaftXY0.050.0425
9WN2白噪声0.050.05双向
10R6EX6度罕遇El CentroX0.12
11R6TXTaftX0.12
12R6RX人工X0.12
13R6EYEl CentroY0.12
14R6TYTaftY0.12
15R6RY人工Y0.12
16R6TXYTaftXY0.120.102
17WN3白噪声0.050.05双向
拧紧柱间拉杆支撑,提高结构整体刚度
18WN4白噪声0.050.05双向
19R7TXY7度罕遇TaftXY0.220.187
20WN5白噪声0.050.05双向
拧紧柱间拉杆支撑,提高结构整体刚度
21WN6白噪声0.050.05双向
22R8TXY8度罕遇TaftXY0.400.34
23WN7白噪声0.050.05双向
), ArticleFig(id=1228805293799305937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Natural frequency and damping ratio of model structure

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工况X向水平Y向水平
自振频率/Hz自振频率降幅/%阻尼比/%自振频率/Hz自振频率降幅/%阻尼比/%
试验前3.2702.13.1403.6
6度设防地震作用后3.056.732.13.023.823.8
6度罕遇地震作用后2.5117.70(23.24)2.42.6113.58(16.88)3.8
第一次拉紧拉杆后3.98−58.57(−21.71)2.64.01−54.02(−27.71)3.6
7度罕遇地震作用后2.7530.90(15.90)2.73.2618.70(−3.82)3.6
第二次拉紧拉杆后3.91−42.18(−19.57)3.03.95−21.17(−25.80)3.0
8度罕遇地震作用后1.5859.59(51.68)3.61.8154.18(42.36)3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1228805293887386325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型结构自振频率与阻尼比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况X向水平Y向水平
自振频率/Hz自振频率降幅/%阻尼比/%自振频率/Hz自振频率降幅/%阻尼比/%
试验前3.2702.13.1403.6
6度设防地震作用后3.056.732.13.023.823.8
6度罕遇地震作用后2.5117.70(23.24)2.42.6113.58(16.88)3.8
第一次拉紧拉杆后3.98−58.57(−21.71)2.64.01−54.02(−27.71)3.6
7度罕遇地震作用后2.7530.90(15.90)2.73.2618.70(−3.82)3.6
第二次拉紧拉杆后3.91−42.18(−19.57)3.03.95−21.17(−25.80)3.0
8度罕遇地震作用后1.5859.59(51.68)3.61.8154.18(42.36)3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1228805293988049625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Natural frequency of the structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率阶数数值结果/Hz试验结果/Hz
钢框架ALC墙板-钢框架
13.083.133.14
23.103.493.27
33.925.11
), ArticleFig(id=1228805294076130011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282994779111, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

结构自振频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率阶数数值结果/Hz试验结果/Hz
钢框架ALC墙板-钢框架
13.083.133.14
23.103.493.27
33.925.11
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一种用于农村住房的轻型框架结构抗震性能足尺试验
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倪泽阳 1 , 生安香 2 , 王成波 1 , 李建赢 3 , 李立云 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 1120-1132
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 1120-1132
一种用于农村住房的轻型框架结构抗震性能足尺试验
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倪泽阳1 , 生安香2, 王成波1, 李建赢3, 李立云2
作者信息
  • 1.北新建材集团有限公司,北京 100048
  • 2.北京工业大学城市建设学部,北京 100124
  • 3.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100013
  • 倪泽阳(1988—),男,学士,工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李立云(1973—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Full-scale test for seismic performance of a lightweight frame structure for rural houses
Zeyang NI1 , Anxiang SHENG2, Chengbo WANG1, Jianying LI3, Liyun LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing New Building Materials Group (BNBMG),Beijing 100048,China
  • 2.Faculty of Architecture,Civil and Transportation Engineering,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124,China
  • 3.China Academy of Building Research,Beijing 100013,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.023
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为升级农村住房水平以满足人们日益增长的对舒适、安全、环保、节能的需求,提出并设计了一种轻型框架结构体系住宅,该结构体系以钢框架作为结构主体,外挂ALC墙板作为填充墙体。通过振动台试验检验其抗震性能,获得该轻型框架结构在地震作用下梁柱节点和房屋整体的抗震性能和地震响应规律。设计足尺结构模型,输入El Centro、Taft、北京人工波进行振动台试验,通过布设传感器测量结构的地震响应。试验过程中,墙板未脱落,节点连接完好,结构未倒塌;随着输入地震作用强度的增大,结构的加速度放大系数、相对位移随之增大,但结构自振频率逐渐降低;试验过程中主体结构构件保持弹性,6度设防地震作用下结构层间位移角均小于1/250;7度罕遇、8度罕遇地震作用下,结构的层间位移角超过1/250,但通过拉紧拉杆支撑可减小结构变形。试验结果表明,该轻型框架结构体系具有较好的抗震性能,可达到6度抗震设防水准,对于6度以上抗震设防区可通过增大拉杆拉力等措施增强其抗震性能。

轻钢框架  /  ALC墙板  /  足尺模型  /  振动台试验

To upgrade the level of rural housing to meet the increasing demand for comfort, safety, environmental protection and energy saving, a light frame structure system housing was proposed and designed. The light frame structure system takes a steel frame as the main structural body and ALC wall panel as the filling wall. A full-scale shaking table test has been carried out to verify its seismic performance and to study the seismic behavior and seismic response law of the light frame structure system under earthquake action on beam-column joints, wall-slab joints, and the building structure. The test results show that the wall panel has not fallen off, the joint connection is intact, and the structure has not collapsed. With the increase of input seismic intensity, both the acceleration amplification factor and relative displacement increase, while the natural frequency of the structure decreases gradually. Throughout the test, the main structural members remain elastic, and the inter-story displacement angle of the structure under a fortification earthquake of 6-degree is less than 1/250. Under the action of rare earthquakes of 7th intensity and 8th intensity, the inter-story displacement angle of the structure exceeds 1/250, but the structural deformation can be reduced by tensioning reinforcement support. The light frame structure system exhibited excellent seismic performance and can be used to improve the level of rural housing in the 6th intensity seismic fortification area. For seismic fortification areas above 6th intensity, the seismic performance can be enhanced by increasing the tension of tie bars.

light steel frame  /  ALC wall panel  /  full-scale model  /  shaking table test
倪泽阳, 生安香, 王成波, 李建赢, 李立云. 一种用于农村住房的轻型框架结构抗震性能足尺试验. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1120 -1132 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.023
Zeyang NI, Anxiang SHENG, Chengbo WANG, Jianying LI, Liyun LI. Full-scale test for seismic performance of a lightweight frame structure for rural houses[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1120 -1132 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.023
随着中国新农村建设的迅速发展,农村住房正在不断升级改善,新型农村住房以安全可靠、经济适用、耐久性好等为建设目标。钢结构建筑体系具有可装配、施工速度快、质量易保证的优点,而蒸压轻质加气混凝土(简称ALC)板具有轻质高强、保温、隔热、隔声性能良好的特点,界面黏结强度和抗压强度都很高,且造价低、施工方便、可加工性强、环保利废、生产规模大、生产设备成熟,满足现行住宅节能设计标准提出的节能50%的要求[1-2]。徐怡婷[3]试验证实了装配式轻质ALC复合条板的破坏荷载可达到《建筑隔墙用轻质条板通用技术要求》JG/T 169—2016[4]的要求。因此,以ALC做围护结构的钢结构建筑体系可以满足人们对舒适、安全、节能、环保等多功能的需求。同时,该类结构体系使用标准化的梁、柱构件和标准节点,外围围护系统同样采用工厂化的产品,可实现规模化量产,亦可有效缓解钢铁产能过剩,具有无可比拟的成本优势。为此,针对新型农村建设住房需求,本文研发设计了一种以钢框架为结构主体、外挂ALC墙板作为填充墙体的适用于农村住房的轻型钢框架结构体系(简称轻框结构体系)。与现有装配式轻型钢结构房屋相比,本文研究的轻型钢框架结构体系具有以下优势:(1)结构与墙体均采用全螺栓装配连接,现场无焊接,施工速度快,大幅提高加工精度和安装效率,并保证了连接的可靠性。(2)采用轻型外围护、轻型内墙与轻型楼板,减小恒载并保证无空洞和震颤感,减小了房屋自重且节约了房屋结构的造价。(3)采用较小的梁柱尺寸及特殊的构造,保证结构藏于墙内,室内藏梁藏柱、空间整齐、便于布置家具、不浪费空间。(4)结构柱间、门窗框和柱间设置X形拉杆,增强结构刚度,且在地震作用下,拉杆首先耗能屈服,保证主体结构安全、稳定。拉杆破坏后可替换,实现轻框结构可持续使用。(5)基础与墙板、墙板与墙板间采用弹性条连接构造,起到防水密封效果的同时,减小侧向力对墙板的破坏。
中国是一个地震多发的国家,建筑结构的抗震问题一直被社会各界所关心。已有针对钢结构抗震问题的研究多聚焦于节点的抗震性能[5-10],以钢结构整体抗震性能为对象时或采用数值方法[11]、或利用拟静力试验和振动台试验开展几何缩尺试验研究[12-14]。在ALC墙板与钢框架协同受力和抗震性能方面,刘玉姝等[15]、赵滇生等[16]、KARADUMAN等[17]、TEEUWEN等[18]研究发现内嵌ALC板墙体在破坏前对钢框架可提供较大的刚度和承载力;戴绍斌等[19]研究发现,加气混凝土填充墙与钢框架协同工作可以改善钢框架结构的受力和抗震性能;胡精武等[20]试验发现,内嵌ALC墙板钢框架结构的层间侧向刚度较纯钢框架提高了111%;王雪芹等[21]认为外挂 ALC墙板对结构的承载力、延性和刚度影响很小,但王波等[22-23]对带ALC墙板的钢管混凝土框架结构进行低周反复荷载试验后认为,采用U 形钢卡、钩头螺栓和拉结筋等构造措施的ALC条板与钢管混凝土框架可协同抗震、共同受力,内嵌或外挂ALC墙板的框架结构均表现出良好的抗震性能和变形能力。田海等[24]试验发现拼合界面的黏结性能、墙板和灌浆的材性影响墙板自身的剪切性能。李国强等[25]建议墙板外挂时钢结构住宅层间允许变形取值为1/200,墙板内嵌时,层间允许变形取值为1/300。
上述研究表明,内嵌式墙板抗震性能优于外挂墙板,但外挂ALC墙板可以节省出很多空间,且填充墙板与钢框架的连接方式、连接所采用的材料性能等对其抗震能力有很大的影响,通过改进节点连接方式可以使外挂ALC墙板与钢框架共同工作。本文聚焦外挂ALC墙板钢框架结构的整体抗震性能,设计并开展了一个轻型钢框架结构足尺模型振动台试验,揭示地震作用下梁柱节点和房屋结构整体的地震响应规律,探讨该轻框结构在抗震设防地区新农村建设中的适用性。
振动台试验在中国建筑科学研究院建筑安全与环境国家重点实验室完成。考虑农村住房需求以及振动台台面尺寸和承载能力,试验对象为一外挂ALC墙板钢框架结构足尺模型,结构钢材依据《钢结构设计标准》(GB 50017—2017)[26]选取,ALC墙板根据《蒸压加气混凝土板》(GB/T 15762—2020)[27]加工。轻框结构的柱截面尺寸设计较小,梁柱连接均为半刚性连接节点,柱构件仅考虑竖向荷载及少量水平地震荷载作用,大部分水平荷载由支撑及窗框承担。采用容重不超过650 kN/m³的轻质混凝土材料作为外围护及楼板。如图1所示,试验模型为两层两跨框架结构,结构平面尺寸为6 m×4.2 m,结构底层层高3.2 m,第二层层高2.8 m,屋架高度为0.822 m。框架柱(GZ1)采用方钢管柱,钢管截面尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×4 mm;框架梁(GL1)采用HN200 mm×100 mm×5.5 mm×8 mm轧制钢梁,次梁(GL2)采用HN150 mm×75 mm×5 mm×7 mm轧制钢梁;屋架呈三角形,屋架、檩条及门框(MK1、MK2)、窗框(CK1、CK2)材料均采用矩形钢管,钢管截面尺寸为50 mm×100 mm×3 mm。如图2所示,梁柱连接采用半刚性连接(梁端焊端板,钢柱侧壁开螺栓孔自带丝扣,采用高强螺栓连接),主梁和次梁之间采用铰接方式,通过M12高强螺栓连接;柱脚与钢筋混凝土基座通过锚固在基础内的螺栓连接;为保证结构的稳定,在各层顶板位置、框架柱之间以及门窗框架之间架设φ14拉杆支撑(ZC1),支撑拉力通过旋紧M16花篮螺栓施加。
外挂ALC墙板厚100 mm,一侧边呈凹槽、另一侧呈凸起(如图3(a)所示),在墙板接缝处填充水泥砂浆。墙板底部采用钢板和螺栓固定(如图3(b)所示)。楼板亦采用预制ALC板,板厚100 mm。结构节点连接详图如图3(c)所示,整体模型如图3(d)所示。考虑试验过程的安全性,屋盖通过绑扎普通彩钢板铺设,利用施加负重块模拟真实条件下的屋顶自重(如图3(e)所示)。表1列出了该轻框结构构件材料的力学参数,由生产厂家提供。
根据《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)[28],考虑本文轻框结构的自振频率和适用场地类别,选取El Centro地震记录(1940年取自Imperial山谷)和Taft地震记录(1952年取自Lincoln School)作为天然地震进行输入;同时,合成了一条北京人工地震时程用于本试验地震输入。通过调整各条地震记录的加速度幅值,测试该轻框结构在6度设防地震、6度罕遇地震、7度罕遇地震、8度罕遇地震等工况下的动力响应。图4为试验输入地震动的加速度时程曲线及对应的功率密度。
试验布设了10个加速度传感器监测地震作用下结构的加速度响应和层间位移,其中,钢框架与基础相交位置放置2个,第一层柱顶放置4个,第二层柱顶放置4个。设置14个电阻应变片测量梁柱的应变响应,应变片布置在一层边柱和中柱的柱顶、柱脚处及一层梁的下表面。测点布设如图5所示,其中,s1、s3、s5、s7、s9、s11、s13、s14按X水平方向(东西方向)布设,s2、s4、s6、s8、s10、s12按Y水平方向(南北方向)布设。
依据《建筑幕墙抗震性能振动台试验方法》 (GB/T 18575—2017)[29],试验加载按6度设防地震、6度罕遇地震、7度罕遇地震、和8度罕遇地震的顺序分3个阶段进行,第一阶段包含6度设防地震作用和6度罕遇地震作用工况,依次输入El Centro地震记录、Taft地震记录和北京人工地震记录,激振方向依次为X水平方向、Y水平方向和XY水平双方向,该阶段试验中完全放开柱间拉杆支撑,只考察梁柱体系的抗震性能;第二阶段和第三阶段分别为7度罕遇地震作用和8度罕遇地震作用工况,水平双向输入Taft地震记录,考虑到前一阶段试验对梁柱构件可能已造成损伤,试验开始前拉紧柱间拉筋斜撑,增强结构的整体刚度,若拉筋已断则予以替换。在不同水准地震动输入前后均利用白噪声扫频测量结构体系的自振频率。试验加载工况列于表2
当输入地震加速度峰值为0.05g(即6度设防地震)时,各种工况下结构均没有裂缝出现;在6度罕遇地震作用下,单向依次输入El Centro地震记录、Taft地震记录、人工地震记录,结构均没有裂缝出现;当输入XY双向Taft地震记录后,北面底层墙板外侧出现一条细小的弧形裂缝(图6(a)),宽约0.2 mm,长约360 mm,从墙板接缝延伸出来,与墙板侧边、底边形成三角形;东面洞口之间偏南方向连接缝之间出现一条细裂缝(图6(b)),宽约0.2 mm,长约580 mm,从墙板连接节点延伸出来,呈弧形;在拐角处也出现一条细裂缝(图6(c)),宽约0.2 mm,长约480 mm,沿着墙板拐角接缝延伸至墙底洞口处。墙板无严重破坏,节点连接完好。
在进行7度罕遇地震和8度罕遇地震试验之前,通过拧紧连接柱间拉筋斜撑的花篮螺栓增加了结构的稳定性和刚度。在XY双向输入Taft地震模拟7度罕遇地震过程中,模型结构晃动明显,结构底部出现两条裂缝(图6(d)、(e)),两裂缝宽约0.5 mm,裂缝1长约130 mm,裂缝2长约280 mm,都从墙板接缝延伸至墙内连接螺栓处,与墙板侧边、底边形成三角形;南面一层中间处的柱间拉杆被拉断(图6(f)),墙板没有过大的损害,节点连接完好。
8度罕遇地震作用下,结构底面出现连续长裂缝(图6(g)),宽约1 mm,长约520 mm,沿着墙底边呈弧形延伸至拐角;且出现了小块墙体剥离现象(图6(h)),原有裂缝加宽(图6(i)),宽约2 mm,新裂缝围绕着连接螺栓;在二层发现垂直于窗框的竖向裂缝(图6(j)),宽约0.2 mm,从窗框延伸至外侧;柱间拉杆多数被拉断(图6(k))。柱间拉杆破坏耗散掉大部分能量,尽管结构晃动剧烈,但整体结构没有出现螺栓脱落现象,ALC墙板没有倒塌、脱落,主体结构构件亦未显现塑性铰,表明该轻框结构体系能够满足8度罕遇地震设防水准要求。
在不同水准地震作用试验前后对试验模型进行了白噪声扫频,以了解地震作用对结构力学性能的影响。通过对模型结构各测点的加速度记录和频谱特性进行分析,得到不同强度地震作用前后模型结构X向和Y向的自振频率和阻尼比。表3列出了不同试验阶段模型结构的自振频率和阻尼比,图7给出了结构自振频率和阻尼比的变化曲线。
表3图7可知,由于结构在两个方向的尺寸存在明显差异,结构体系的一阶自振频率为3.14 Hz(Y向水平),对应的自振周期为0.318 s,阻尼比为3.6%;地震作用导致结构刚度出现退化,6度设防水准地震作用后,结构自振频率未出现明显降低,阻尼比表现为略有升高,试验中结构处于弹性变形阶段;6度罕遇地震作用后,结构的自振频率出现了明显退化,降低幅度分别约为初始自振频率的23.24%(X向水平)和16.88%(Y向水平),阻尼比分别增加了14.2%(X向水平)和0(Y向水平),表明结构刚度出现退化,可能已局部进入了塑性阶段。但检查发现结构主体仍保持完好,只是连接螺栓有所松动。此后,通过拧紧螺栓和对柱间拉杆施加拉力以提高结构整体刚度。由图7可以看出,第4次白噪声扫频测得的结构自振频率得到了大幅提升,达到了4.0 Hz左右,分别为初始自振频率的121.71%(X向水平)和127.71%(Y向水平)。经过7度罕遇双向地震作用后,结构自振频率出现了更为明显的降低,降低幅度分别为加固后的30.9%(X向水平)和18.7%(Y向水平);但阻尼比变化不大,表现为X方向增大3.8%,而Y方向不变,表明7度罕遇双向地震对本模型结构的损伤不大。通过再次拧紧螺栓和对柱间拉杆施加拉力,结构的自振频率再次得到大幅提升。之后,经过8度罕遇地震作用后,结构的自振频率再次出现大幅下降,下降幅度分别达到第二次加固后频率值的59.59%(X向水平)和54.18%(Y向水平);阻尼比则大幅增加,增加量分别为20%(X向水平)和26.67%(Y向水平)。试验结束后测得的结构自振频率只有结构初始自振频率的51.68%(X向水平)和42.36%(Y向水平),表明结构主体刚度出现大幅降低,但宏观表现上除了柱间拉杆大量断开外,并未发现塑性铰出现,说明结构主体刚度退化的主要原因在于螺栓松动和柱间拉杆断开,结构构件本身并未受到明显损伤。
试验测得各工况下加速度响应和应变响应,图8给出了2Y1测点以及测点s12在工况序号8、16、19、22下的加速度时程曲线和应变时程曲线。图9绘出了图8(a)对应的功率密度分布曲线。
图8可以看出,随着地震强度的增加,加速度、应变均逐渐增大;R8TXY工况下加速度时程曲线和应变时程曲线较其他工况出现了较大变化,除了幅值远大于其他工况外,10 s之后的加速度响应和应变响应基本呈正负对称,其原因为柱间拉杆被大量拉断,结构刚度急剧减小,结构反应剧烈;在B6TXY、R6TXY、R7TXY工况下,一层中柱柱顶Y向以受拉应变为主;在B6TXY和R6TXY工况下残余应变很小,基本处于弹性阶段;在R7TXY工况下s12点的残余应变可达到2.5×10−5 με;R8TXY工况下s12点的残余应变更大,约为9.0×10−5 με;表明在7度罕遇地震和8度罕遇地震作用下结构出现了较大损伤,且损伤程度随地震强度的增加而增大。
图9可以看出,随着地震强度的增加,功率密度曲线的幅值越来越大,其频谱成分逐渐集中,高能量频率成分出现了转移。6度设防地震和6度罕遇地震作用下能量较大的前三阶频率成分依次为1.163、0.598和0.889 Hz,7度罕遇地震作用下则变为1.163、0.889和1.0 Hz,8度罕遇地震作用下为1.34、1.39和1.163 Hz。
图10给出了各工况下模型结构各层加速度放大系数(B6EX工况数据出现异常,数据分析时予以剔除)。由图10可知,模型结构在X向、双向地震激励下结构X向加速度放大系数峰值出现在结构顶层,在Y向、双向地震激励下结构Y向加速度放大系数峰值出现在结构第一层顶板处;Y向地震激励下结构Y向加速度放大系数比X向地震激励下结构X向加速度放大系数大,这是由于结构在X向的刚度较Y向大,抵抗地震作用的能力更强。从图10还可以看出,随着地震强度的增大,各层的加速度放大系数在增加,这是由于结构处于弹性阶段,加速度放大系数随输入能量的增加而增大。图10(c)和(d)中,在工况R6TXY到工况R7TXY时加速度放大系数突减,其原因是拧紧了柱间斜杆支撑,结构刚度变大。
图10(a)和(b)可以看出,在相同烈度水准的加速度输入下,地震动的频谱成分对结构加速度反应有较为显著的影响。鉴于本文研究中所采用北京人工地震的频带宽度远大于El Centro地震记录和Taft地震记录,El Centro地震记录和Taft地震记录的能量主要集中在0~3 Hz之间,北京人工地震记录的频谱成分较El Centro地震记录和Taft地震记录要丰富许多,在0~15 Hz之间能量均较突出;而试验模型两个方向的自振频率为3.27 Hz(X向水平)和3.14 Hz(Y向水平),北京人工地震记录中与结构自振频率相近成分可使模型结构产生共振,导致北京人工地震作用下的结构反应较El Centro地震和Taft地震更大。
对加速度时程曲线进行二次积分,可得到结构各楼层顶板处的位移时程,进而得到模型结构各楼层的相对位移。图11给出了各工况下模型结构最大相对位移随楼层的变化。图11表明,由于该轻框结构体系X向侧向刚度大于Y向侧向刚度,在相同的地震激励下结构X向的相对位移总是小于Y向的相对位移;随着地震作用的增大,各层的相对位移随之增加,由于地震能量由一些非承重构件耗散掉,钢框架始终保持弹性状态,随输入能量的增加变形逐渐增加。由于模型结构的北侧开有窗口,在结构X向的刚度呈不均匀分布,故在不同地震作用下X向相对位移呈现出不一致,且在单向地震输入下结构出现了扭转变形。
用层间相对位移除以各层的层高即得到层间位移角,由于各个工况下X向相对位移均小于Y向相对位移,本文只统计了各个工况下结构Y向最大的层间位移角的变化,如图12所示。由图12可知,本试验模型结构的地震反应与输入地震动特性有关,输入El Centro地震时反应最小,输入Taft地震时反应最大,输入北京人工地震时的反应居中。整体来看,随着地震作用的增强,模型结构的层间位移角呈上升的趋势。由于实施R7TXY工况前通过拉紧柱间拉杆提高了结构刚度,结构变形减少,该工况下各层的层间位移角小于R6TXY工况。在R8TXY工况下,柱间拉杆支撑大量断开,各层位移角明显增加。在6度罕遇Taft地震、7度罕遇Taft地震、8度罕遇Taft地震作用下,结构的层间位移角超过了1/250,但试验中结构未出现倒塌。
图13给出了R8TXY工况下模型结构各个测点的应变响应的最大值和最小值。其中,s1~s6、s13分别对应柱脚的位置,s7~s12分别对应一层柱顶的位置,s14为模型结构一层梁下表面位置。
图13可知,由于门洞开口减弱了结构刚度,边柱一层柱顶Y向(测点s10)应变最大;由于试验过程中柱间拉杆支撑发生断裂,结构刚度降低,柱顶处的应变大于柱脚处的应变;s14的应变均为负值,表明该点处梁仅受压,应变值小于柱上各点的应变值,说明本试验模型中梁的承载能力有较大冗余。
为了验证本次振动台模型试验结果的可靠性,并为后续深入研究奠定基础,针对本次振动台试验进行了有限元数值模拟。
根据试验情况建立同等尺寸的有限元模型,在柱底施加约束,如图14所示。钢框架采用三维有限应变梁单元beam188模拟,ALC墙板采用壳单元shell181模拟,楼板、屋顶质量采用mass21质量单元模拟。在各层顶板位置、钢屋架之间设置直径14 mm的拉杆支撑,来提高结构整体刚度。ALC墙板固定在钢框架四周设置的螺栓上,不考虑相邻墙板之间的连接。梁柱连接采用节点融合,试验中梁柱为半刚性连接,但需要注意的是,这种处理会使数值结果偏小。数值模型采用如下假定:①假定螺栓连接牢固,不发生破坏;②梁柱连接可靠;③钢框架与ALC墙板位移协调。
钢构件采用理想弹塑性本构模拟,材料参数根据表1取值,泊松比取值为0.28,弹性模量取值为2.06×105 MPa。ALC墙板采用混凝土模型模拟,抗压强度取值为3.5 MPa,泊松比取值为0.2,密度取值为491 kg/m3,弹性模量取值为2.2×104 MPa。
对所建立的数值模型进行模态计算,得到框架结构的自振频率,如表4所示,第1、2阶为结构水平方向频率,第3阶为扭转频率。由表4可知,本文所建有限元模型的频率与试验的频率基本吻合。
由于数值模型没有建立基础混凝土台座,因此,直接输入振动台试验中测得的R6RX工况柱脚位置处的X向加速度记录,进行数值计算后,提取对应监测点处的加速度响应,将其与振动台试验结果一起绘于图15。可以看出,有限元模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,计算得到的加速度时程略低于试验数据,主要原因为:有限元模型中梁柱、墙板连接较振动台试验更加理想,整体刚度较好。
图16给出了数值计算得到的结构应力云图。由图16(a)可知,梁柱节点处,应力最大值出现在节点下方的钢柱上,钢梁应力较小,且主要分布在翼缘部分。故在实际工程中可对钢梁进行优化,使轻框结构满足“强柱弱梁”的抗震设计要求。由图16(b)可以看出,ALC墙板应力值较小,应力集中在墙板接缝、连接螺栓处,且在墙底部,应力沿着连接螺栓、连接缝呈三角形分布,在二层楼底板处,墙板应力在连接螺栓处沿着接缝呈半圆形分布。
通过有限元计算结果与振动台试验结果的对比,说明本次振动台试验模型的构件连接可靠,试验结果合理。同时,亦验证了数值模型的合理性,为后续轻框结构体系抗震性能深入研究奠定了基础。
针对新农村建设设计了一种以钢框架作为结构主体外挂ALC墙板的轻框结构体系住宅,利用振动台试验对其抗震性能进行了检验,并得到如下结论:
(1)在本文试验工况中,随着输入地震强度增加,相同位置高度处轻框架结构的加速度放大系数、相对位移逐渐增大,结构主体构件一直保持弹性状态。
(2)设置于柱间的拉杆支撑,大大地提高了结构的刚度,有效地减小了结构的地震响应。
(3)试验模型的节点连接可靠,梁柱节点、柱脚连接节点、墙板连接完好,未出现螺栓、墙板脱落现象。
(4)在8度罕遇地震作用下,该轻框结构体系没有倒塌,构件无脱落,满足“大震不倒”的抗震设防要求。
(5)该轻框结构体系可用于6度抗震设防区农村住房建设,对于6度以上抗震设防区亦可利用增大斜杆拉力等措施增强其抗震性能,拉杆布设于钢框架柱之间,便于更换。
(6)在实际工程实施中需对门窗开洞处进行加固处理,增强结构刚度,消除扭转变形。
(7)建立的轻框结构有限元模型合理,为后续深入研究奠定了基础。
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.023
  • 接收时间:2023-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-22
  • 修回日期:2023-06-27
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    1.北新建材集团有限公司,北京 100048
    2.北京工业大学城市建设学部,北京 100124
    3.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司,北京 100013

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李立云(1973—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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