Article(id=1228805282617291729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=1730649600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899609473, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899609473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899609473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899609473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=950, endPage=962, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805282889921503, articleId=1228805282617291729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Structural design and dynamic modeling of a bulk acoustic wave-driven microsphere manipulation device, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the thermonuclear fuel container in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the surface quality of the target capsule directly affects the success of ICF experiments. Therefore, it is crucial to inspect the morphology of ICF microspheres before fabrication. To address the issue of secondary damage to the surface of ICF microspheres during manipulation by current detection equipment, a bulk acoustic wave-driven microsphere manipulation device is proposed. This device excites an out-of-plane bending vibration mode in a vibrator composed of a piezoelectric ceramic and a metal substrate, creating an acoustic field within the liquid. The ICF microspheres are then driven by non-contact acoustic radiation forces, enabling non-destructive manipulation during ICF microsphere inspection. To analyze the relationship between the vibration of the manipulation device and the generated acoustic field, we developed an electromechanical coupling dynamics model of the vibrator using the transfer matrix method. This model comprehensively considers factors such as the size, material, boundary conditions, arrangement of piezoelectric ceramic sheets, excitation voltage, and additional load from water of the vibrator. Using this model, we calculated the vibration modes of a non-resonant traveling wave and two resonant standing waves, along with three corresponding acoustic fields. Based on calculation results, we fabricated and assembled the prototype. Vibration characteristics and manipulation performance of the prototype were studied through experiments. The results indicate a good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental tests regarding the vibration characteristics of the acoustic manipulation device, validating the correctness of the established dynamics model. Both non-resonant traveling waves and resonant standing waves can effectively manipulate ICF microspheres, with the resonant standing wave achieving faster microsphere movement. This confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed acoustic manipulation method. Furthermore, based on the modal switching measurement and control method, the device can classify ICF microspheres by diameter without the need for a microscope.

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靶丸作为惯性约束核聚变(inertial confinement fusion, ICF)的热核燃料容器,其表面质量直接影响ICF打靶试验的成败。因此制靶前针对靶壳(ICF微球)在ICF微球操控过程中二次损伤微球表面的问题,提出了一种体声波驱动的微球声操控装置,通过激励由压电陶瓷片和金属基体构成的振子的面外弯振模态,在液体内部建立声场并以非接触的声辐射力驱动ICF微球运动,进而实现ICF微球检测时的无损操控。为了分析声操控装置的振动和其产生的声场之间的关系,利用传递矩阵法建立了振子的机电耦合动力学模型。模型综合考虑了振子的尺寸、材料、边界、压电陶瓷片的布置方式、激励电压、水质量引起的额外负载等因素,通过该模型分别计算了振子的两个共振驻波、一个非共振行波的振型和上述振动所建立的三个声场。根据计算结果加工并装配了原理样机,通过试验对原理样机进行了振动特性测试和操控性能研究。结果表明,理论计算和试验测试得到的声操控装置的振动特性一致性较好,验证了所建立动力学模型的正确性;所提出的非共振行波和共振驻波均可实现ICF微球的有效操控,其中共振驻波驱动下微球的运动速度更快,验证了所提出的声操控的可行性和有效性。此外,该装置基于模态切换测控方法,无需显微镜即可实现ICF微球直径分类。

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王亮(1990—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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冯浩人(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

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冯浩人(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

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冯浩人(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

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caption=Movement distance of microspheres of different diameters in a specified time, figureFileSmall=D7cq1pLnmoXuFRVqvE4apg==, figureFileBig=VGKjnf7UqPUwpuEbcQdkIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805295254729478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282617291729, language=CN, label=图23, caption=不同直径的微球在指定时间内的运动距离, figureFileSmall=D7cq1pLnmoXuFRVqvE4apg==, figureFileBig=VGKjnf7UqPUwpuEbcQdkIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805295347004170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282617291729, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Geometric parameters of the vibrator

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参数尺寸/mm
l132
l216
l34
la10
lc2
le14
lf2
b110
b217
b32
b413
ha3
hf6
Ra1
), ArticleFig(id=1228805295430890252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282617291729, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

振子的几何参数

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参数尺寸/mm
l132
l216
l34
la10
lc2
le14
lf2
b110
b217
b32
b413
ha3
hf6
Ra1
), ArticleFig(id=1228805295497999120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282617291729, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of calculated and measured resonance frequencies between the simulation and experiments

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振型TMM/ Hz试验/ Hz差值/ Hz差值比/%
一阶-不含水548530183.4
二阶-不含水17401706342.0
三阶-不含水35993511882.5
一阶-含水545523224.2
二阶-含水17311680513.0
三阶-含水358434711133.3
), ArticleFig(id=1228805295552525075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282617291729, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真计算和试验测试得到的谐振频率之间的比较

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振型TMM/ Hz试验/ Hz差值/ Hz差值比/%
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体声波驱动的微球声操控装置结构设计与动力学建模
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冯浩人 , 王亮 , 闫旭冉 , 金家楣 , 赵淳生
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 950-962
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 950-962
体声波驱动的微球声操控装置结构设计与动力学建模
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冯浩人 , 王亮 , 闫旭冉, 金家楣, 赵淳生
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016
  • 冯浩人(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

王亮(1990—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Structural design and dynamic modeling of a bulk acoustic wave-driven microsphere manipulation device
Haoren FENG , Liang WANG , Xuran YAN, Jiamei JIN, Chunsheng ZHAO
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.007
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靶丸作为惯性约束核聚变(inertial confinement fusion, ICF)的热核燃料容器,其表面质量直接影响ICF打靶试验的成败。因此制靶前针对靶壳(ICF微球)在ICF微球操控过程中二次损伤微球表面的问题,提出了一种体声波驱动的微球声操控装置,通过激励由压电陶瓷片和金属基体构成的振子的面外弯振模态,在液体内部建立声场并以非接触的声辐射力驱动ICF微球运动,进而实现ICF微球检测时的无损操控。为了分析声操控装置的振动和其产生的声场之间的关系,利用传递矩阵法建立了振子的机电耦合动力学模型。模型综合考虑了振子的尺寸、材料、边界、压电陶瓷片的布置方式、激励电压、水质量引起的额外负载等因素,通过该模型分别计算了振子的两个共振驻波、一个非共振行波的振型和上述振动所建立的三个声场。根据计算结果加工并装配了原理样机,通过试验对原理样机进行了振动特性测试和操控性能研究。结果表明,理论计算和试验测试得到的声操控装置的振动特性一致性较好,验证了所建立动力学模型的正确性;所提出的非共振行波和共振驻波均可实现ICF微球的有效操控,其中共振驻波驱动下微球的运动速度更快,验证了所提出的声操控的可行性和有效性。此外,该装置基于模态切换测控方法,无需显微镜即可实现ICF微球直径分类。

声操控  /  机电耦合动力学模型  /  ICF微球  /  振动模态  /  体声波

As the thermonuclear fuel container in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the surface quality of the target capsule directly affects the success of ICF experiments. Therefore, it is crucial to inspect the morphology of ICF microspheres before fabrication. To address the issue of secondary damage to the surface of ICF microspheres during manipulation by current detection equipment, a bulk acoustic wave-driven microsphere manipulation device is proposed. This device excites an out-of-plane bending vibration mode in a vibrator composed of a piezoelectric ceramic and a metal substrate, creating an acoustic field within the liquid. The ICF microspheres are then driven by non-contact acoustic radiation forces, enabling non-destructive manipulation during ICF microsphere inspection. To analyze the relationship between the vibration of the manipulation device and the generated acoustic field, we developed an electromechanical coupling dynamics model of the vibrator using the transfer matrix method. This model comprehensively considers factors such as the size, material, boundary conditions, arrangement of piezoelectric ceramic sheets, excitation voltage, and additional load from water of the vibrator. Using this model, we calculated the vibration modes of a non-resonant traveling wave and two resonant standing waves, along with three corresponding acoustic fields. Based on calculation results, we fabricated and assembled the prototype. Vibration characteristics and manipulation performance of the prototype were studied through experiments. The results indicate a good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental tests regarding the vibration characteristics of the acoustic manipulation device, validating the correctness of the established dynamics model. Both non-resonant traveling waves and resonant standing waves can effectively manipulate ICF microspheres, with the resonant standing wave achieving faster microsphere movement. This confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed acoustic manipulation method. Furthermore, based on the modal switching measurement and control method, the device can classify ICF microspheres by diameter without the need for a microscope.

acoustic manipulation  /  electromechanical coupling dynamics model  /  ICF microspheres  /  vibration mode  /  bulk acoustic waves
冯浩人, 王亮, 闫旭冉, 金家楣, 赵淳生. 体声波驱动的微球声操控装置结构设计与动力学建模. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 950 -962 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.007
Haoren FENG, Liang WANG, Xuran YAN, Jiamei JIN, Chunsheng ZHAO. Structural design and dynamic modeling of a bulk acoustic wave-driven microsphere manipulation device[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 950 -962 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.007
随着美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室成功实现了世界首次的ICF能量产额大于能量输入,利用ICF获得可持续的清洁能源已成为可能[1]。ICF通过高功率和高能量密度的激光均匀照射装满热核燃料的靶丸表面。靶丸表面吸收能量并向心压缩,使内部氘、氚燃料的密度和温度不断升高,最终达到聚变反应的点火条件[2-3]。靶壳(ICF空心微球)作为热核燃料的容器,其表面形貌特征对ICF点火试验的成败至关重要。研究表明,ICF微球表面微小的缺陷和扰动都会在点火试验的过程中产生Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性,进而降低热核聚变反应的效率,导致点火试验的失败[4-6]。基于对称压缩、流体界面不稳定性和试验诊断的考虑,ICF试验对微球在直径、球形度、壁厚均匀性、表面粗糙度和掺杂水平等方面的品质提出了严格的要求。因此,在靶丸被制作之前,检测并优选ICF微球至关重要。
然而,ICF微球的产量大(单批次可达4000个),粒径分布范围广(100~2000 μm),合格率低(0%~60%)[7-8],导致检测任务繁重。同时,ICF微球结构具有脆弱、黏度高、易团聚等特点,增加了对ICF微球的检测难度。目前ICF微球主要依靠人工通过显微视觉技术进行检测,常用的设备包括:测量显微镜[9],扫描电子显微镜[10]、原子力显微镜[11]、干涉显微镜[12]等,通过不同设备之间的协同检测完成ICF微球表面的完整表征。在自动检测方面,美国通用原子公司设计了一种基于机械臂、测量显微镜和原子力显微镜的ICF微球自动检测系统[13-14],通过机器视觉和机器学习算法判断微球的质量,然后控制机械臂以真空吸附的方式将通过本次检测的微球拾取到下一个检测设备的视场中心,对ICF微球的检测效率和准确性具有不错的提升。尽管上述两种方式均可实现ICF微球的优选工作,但是仍然存在检测效率低和检测破坏率高的问题。目前ICF微球的操控均采用硬接触式方式,以具有破坏性的摩擦力或者吸附力操控微球运动,这种硬接触方式极易在操控微球时对其表面造成二次损伤,导致优选ICF微球的工作量增大,检测合格率下降。因此,提出一种无损、高效的ICF微球操控方法对于ICF微球的优选具有重要且紧迫的现实意义。
自1991年声操控技术被提出以来[15],其已被广泛应用于生物医学和细胞检测与分析领域[16]。声操控技术利用声波在声场中操控颗粒运动,具有非接触、非侵入、高生物相容性和无标签等优势。目前声操控技术已被用于实现细胞传输[17]、分类[18]、捕获[19]、粒子排序[20]、液滴提取[21]和液滴融合[22]等。因此,利用声操控技术实现ICF微球的空间位置操控是实现微球无损检测可能途径之一。目前较为成熟的声操控装置分为声表面波操控器件[23]和换能器阵列声操控器件[24]。前者借助叉指换能器在器件表面产生声表面波来操控目标物运动,被操控目标物的尺寸一般在微纳级别,同时叉指换能器的指间距与被操控目标物的尺寸相关,对于ICF微球这种直径跨度较大的颗粒并不适用;另外,声表面波器件通常设置为封闭的流道,这种形式的流道会给显微视觉的检测带来误差。换能器阵列声操控器件通过控制换能器之间的时间和空间相位差建立可调体声波,进而操控颗粒在3D空间任意位置聚集和移动。然而,这种器件控制策略复杂,对于高产量的ICF微球来说,也不是最优的选择。
针对上述问题,本文基于压电激励方法,提出了一种体声波驱动的微球声操控装置,以实现ICF微球的长距离迁移、短距离迁移和直径分选操控。本装置将多片矩形压电陶瓷片按照特定的极化方向组合成“三明治”结构,并通过楔形块嵌入到金属振子的底面,以实现压电陶瓷组的预紧和安装。此外,金属振子的上表面加工了可放置ICF微球和水的凹槽,且凹槽呈开放式结构,以适应ICF微球漂浮在水面的特性和显微镜检测的需求。通过对不同的压电陶瓷组施加特定的电信号,可分别激励出金属振子的非共振行波模态和共振驻波模态,进而在液体内部分别建立行波声场和驻波声场,以非接触的声辐射力操控ICF微球实现定位、迁移的操控,从而满足ICF微球检测时的无损操控。该方法与现有操控技术相比,具有控制策略简单、无损、高效等特点。
体声波驱动的微球声操控装置由底板和振子组成,振子通过螺栓固定在底板上,水和微球放在振子内部的凹槽中,如图1所示。其中振子由金属基体和4个压电陶瓷元件组组成,金属基体在结构上分为两侧的夹持段和中间的声源段。声源段的下表面设置有均匀布置的矩形槽,用来布置压电陶瓷元件组。4片矩形压电陶瓷片和2个楔形块构成一个压电陶瓷元件组,其中每相邻两片的压电陶瓷片的极化方向相反,如图2所示,图中U(ωt)表示简谐电信号。各压电陶瓷片之间布置柔性导电薄膜进行电信号的传输。为了简化声操控装置的控制电路,对不同压电陶瓷元件组的极化方向进行调整:压电陶瓷元件组①和②中的压电陶瓷片按照图2中洋红色箭头指示的极化方向布置,压电陶瓷元件组③和④中的压电陶瓷片按照图2中红色箭头指示的极化方向布置。
所提出的声操控装置中,水域内部的声场是通过振子振动产生的。当振子被压电陶瓷元件组激励出面外弯振模态时,振子与水之间的固-液交界面为声源边界,水与空气的液-气交界面为反射边界,该反射边界在声学上被称为极软声场边界,如图3(a)所示。声源发出的入射行波经极软声场边界后向水中发出反射行波,入射行波和反射行波经过叠加在水介质中建立体声波声场。声场的分布特性和被操控微粒的属性共同决定了微粒在水中的运动方向。对于正声对比系数的微球,其聚集位置为声压波节区域;对于负声对比系数的微球,其聚集位置为声压波腹区域,如图3(b)所示。本研究中的ICF微球为中空玻璃微球,其声对比系数为正值,因此其在声场的驱动下向声压波节区域移动。
为了分析声操控装置的动力学行为并验证体声波声场建立方式的正确性,基于传递矩阵法(transfer matrix method, TMM)对振子的机电耦合动力学模型进行建模,以同时求解振子的振动特性和振动所产生的声场的分布特性。
基于TMM的离散思想,将振子划分为11个离散单元,如图4所示。其中,单元1和单元11为夹持单元,单元2至单元10为声源单元。上述11个单元包含三种弯振传递模型,分别为夹持梁的弯振传递模型、弹性梁的弯振传递模型和夹心式压电复合梁的弯振传递模型,如图5所示,图中,b1表示夹持梁左端矩形截面的宽度,b2表示夹持梁右端矩形截面的宽度,b3表示U型截面弹性梁突起部分的宽度,b4表示U型截面弹性梁下凹部分的宽度;l1l2l3分别表示夹持梁、弹性梁和夹心式压电复合梁的长度。其中,弹性梁的弯振传递方程为:
Ze,r=TeB1Ze,l 
式中,Ze,l=[we,lψ˙e,lMe,lQe,l]T为弹性梁弯振的输入状态向量;Ze,r=[we,rψ˙e,rMe,rQe,r]T为弹性梁弯振的输出状态向量,其中,weψ˙eMeQe分别为弹性梁的剪切速度、截面旋转角速度、弯矩和剪切力;TeB表示弹性梁的弯振传递矩阵,可见参考文献[25]。
夹心式压电复合梁的传递方程为:
Zep,r=TepBZep,l 
式中,Zep,l=[wep,lψ˙ep,lMep,lQep,lUep,B]TZep,r=[wep,rψ˙ep,rMep,rQep,rIep,B]T分别为夹心式压电复合梁弯振的输入和输出状态向量,其中,剪切速度wep、截面旋转角速度ψ˙ep、弯矩Mep和剪切力Qep为力学参数,电压Uep,B和电流Iep,B为电学参数;TepB为夹心式压电复合梁的弯振传递矩阵,可见参考文献[26],由于文献中的TepB基于压电陶瓷片的d31常数建立,而本研究则是利用压电陶瓷片的d33常数,因此传递矩阵TepB中向量表达式的参数需要修正为:
{g2=ε33Td332/s33Eαep=Wpd33/s33ECep=4WpHpg2/Lpσep=μeff,epω2Lp2/(GA)eff,epτep=(ρI)eff,epω2Lp2/(EI)eff,epβep4=μeff,epω2Lp2/(EI)eff,ep 
式中,ε33Ts33E分别为压电陶瓷片的介电常数和柔量参数;αepCep分别为压电陶瓷元件组的机电转换系数和电容;μeff,ep(GA)eff,ep(EI)eff,ep(ρI)eff,ep分别为夹心式压电复合梁单位长度下的等效质量、等效剪切刚度、等效弯曲刚度和等效惯性矩;LpWpHp分别为压电陶瓷元件组的长度、宽度和高度;ω为角频率。
夹持单元1可根据其形状被进一步离散为6个离散单元,如图6所示,图中,hala分别表示夹持单元中第一个离散单元的高度和长度,Ra表示直圆柔铰梁的圆角半径,lcle分别表示夹持单元中第三个和第五个离散单元的长度,lfhf分别表示夹持单元中第六个离散单元的长度和高度。该离散模型中,4个等截面弹性梁单元的弯振传递矩阵TaTcTeTf可通过传递矩阵TeB表示。对于两个直圆柔铰梁单元,则基于step-reduction对其传递矩阵进行推导。将直圆柔铰梁划分为n个不同截面积的等截面弹性梁单元,如图7所示。则任意一根等截面弹性梁的长度可以表示为:
l=Ra/n 
k根弹性梁的高度可以表示为:
hk=ha2hr 
其中,
{hr=Ra2lr,k2lr,k=|Ralt,k|lt,k=l(n1) 
因此,第k根等截面弹性梁的弯振传递矩阵基于传递方程TeB可以得到:
TeBk=TeB(l) 
在传递矩阵TeBk中,弹性梁的长度和宽度分别用方程(4)和(5)表示。
故,整个直圆柔铰梁的弯振传递矩阵可以表示为:
Tb=Td=k=n1TeBk 
因此,夹持单元1和夹持单元11的弯振传递矩阵分别表示为:
{T1=TfTeTdTcTbTaT11=TaTbTcTdTeTf 
由于夹持单元1和夹持单元11均为矩形截面,如图8(a)所示,因此其传递矩阵中截面惯性矩为:
IR=BRHR3/12 
式中,HRBR分别表示矩形截面弹性梁单元的高度和宽度。
振子的弹性梁单元2、4、6、8、10均为U形截面,如图8(b)所示,根据移轴公式,此类单元的截面中性轴可表示为:
{Q1=12BUHU2Q2=bRhR(HU12hR)HZ=(Q1+Q2)/(BUHUbRhR) 
故其截面惯性矩可以表示为:
{I1=112BUHU3+BUHU(12HUHZ)I2=112bRhR3+bRhR(HU12hRHZ)IU=I1I2 
式中,HUBU分别表示U型截面弹性梁单元的高度和宽度;hRbR分别表示U型截面弹性梁单元下凹部分的高度和宽度。则根据方程(2)和(12)可获得U形截面弹性梁单元的弯振传递矩阵。
振子的夹心式压电复合梁单元3、5、7、9亦为U形截面,如图8(c)所示,可根据方程(11)和(12)对其截面惯性矩求解,图中HPBP分别表示U型截面压电复合梁单元中压电陶瓷片的高度和宽度。由于该截面包含两种材料,求解惯性矩前需要根据相当截面法对压电陶瓷的相当宽度进行计算:
BP=BPEPEU 
式中,EPEU分别表示金属基体和压电陶瓷的杨氏模量。求得U形截面夹心式压电复合梁单元的截面惯性矩后,根据方程(2)和方程(3)可求解其弯振传递矩阵。
推导出振子11个离散单元的传递矩阵后,建立各离散单元的传递条件。从图4可以看出,各离散单元的状态向量为串联传递,因此传递条件可分为两类,第一类为弹性梁单元之间的弯振传递条件,以第1个和第2个离散单元为例,此类传递条件可以表示为:
C1Z1oC1Z2i=0 
式中,C1为维度为4×4的单位矩阵;Z1oZ2i分别为离散单元1和2的输出和输入状态向量。
第二类为弹性梁单元和夹心式压电复合梁单元之间的弯振传递条件,以2个和第3个离散单元为例,此类传递条件可以表示为:
C1Z2oC2Z3i=0 
式中,C2=[C104×1]Z2oZ3i分别为离散单元2和3的输出和输入状态向量。
本研究所提出的声操控装置的结构方案中,振子两端为固定约束,因此振子离散模型的机械边界条件为:
{B1Z1i=0B1Z11o=0 
式中,B1=[00100001]Z1iZ11o分别为离散单元1的输入状态向量和离散单元11的输出状态向量。
振子离散模型的电学边界条件为:
B2Z3,5,7,9i=Uep,B 
式中,B2=[00001]Z3,5,7,9i表示离散单元3、5、7、9的输入状态向量。
通过组合各个离散单元的传递方程、相邻两个离散单元之间的传递条件以及振子的边界条件,所建立的振子的机电耦合动力学模型可以表示为:
[T11T21T101T111C1C1C1C2C2C1C1C1B1B1B2][Z1iZ1oZ2iZ2oZ3iZ3oZ9iZ9oZ10iZ10oZ11iZ11o]=[0000000000000UeB,p]
方程(18)可以表示为:
TsysZsys=Bsys 
式中,Tsys为维度为96×96的系统总传递矩阵,包含总物理传递矩阵Tptol、总传递条件矩阵Tctol和总边界条件矩阵TbtolZsys为维度为96×1的系统总状态向量矩阵;Bsys为维度为96×1的系统总条件向量矩阵。
方程(19)可直接求解对压电陶瓷元件组施加电压后振子的振动特性。然而,在振子内部添加水后,水的质量作为额外负载施加在振子表面,导致振子的共振频率偏移。由于水作为一种液体介质,对系统的振动不提供刚度,无需考虑水的添加所引起的振子刚度的变化。因此,再次通过等效质量的方法将水的质量等效到弹性振动系统中,使用等效密度对单位长度的质量μe¯进行计算,同时使用振子自身的密度对振子弯曲刚度进行计算。本研究中振子基体采用铝合金7075材料制作,其密度为2810 kg/m3,其等效密度可表示为:
ρ¯=(MAl+Ml)/VAl 
式中,MAlMl分别表示铝合金基体和水的质量;VAl表示铝合金基体的体积,上述三个参数均可通过3D建模软件SolidWorks获得。计算可得振子基体的等效密度为2854.5 kg/m3
根据方程(19)和(20)可得到振子内部添加水后的共振频率以及振子声源面不同位置的振速矩阵,记为ua(x,y),x、y表示振子声源段的x方向和y方向划分的网格节点。所有的网格节点将声源面划分成 (xmax–1)(ymax–1) 个振动面元。则位于(x,y)处面元的振动在水域的观测点(xm,ym,zm)处产生的声压可以表示为:
{dp=dpi+dprdpi=jkρ0c0eαηuadSvej(ωtkhi)/(2πhi)dpr=jkρ0c0eαηuadSvej(ωtkhr+π)/(2πhr) 
式中,dpidpr分别表示入射行波和反射行波在观测点处产生的声压;k表示波数;ρ0c0分别表示水的密度和声速;αη为声波在黏性流体中的吸收系数;hihr分别表示入射行波和反射行波传播到观测点的距离;dSv为面元的面积。
因为所有的面元振动都会在观测点产生声压,将所有面元在观测点的声压叠加,即可得到振子工作时在观测点产生的总声压:
p=(jkρ0c02πhiej(ωtkhi)+jkρ0c02πhrej(ωtkhr+π))uaeαηdSv 
根据表1所示的振子的几何尺寸,计算得到了振子添加水前后的幅频曲线如图9所示。添加水之前,振子前三阶的共振频率分别是548、1740和3599 Hz;振子内部含水时,其前三阶的共振频率分别是545、1731和3584 Hz,可以确定水的质量会导致振子的谐振频率下降。
基于添加水后振子的共振频率,开展了谐响应计算和声场计算。本研究的ICF微球操控利用了振子的二阶弯振模态和三阶弯振模态,计算得到的上述两个模态下声源段的振型如图10所示。可以看出,声源段的振型标准,证明了所提出的夹心式压电陶瓷元件组可以有效激励出所需要的振动模态。
振子上述两个振动模态在水域中产生的声场的计算结果如图11所示。可以看出,两个弯振模态下水域x方向上分别有1和2个声压波节,水域y方向上声压均匀。从该结果可以明确:水域x方向和y方向上声压波节的数量和分布位置与振子声源段振动位移节点的数量和分布位置一致。
此外,计算结果表明,声压沿水域的高度方向逐渐减小,并在液-气交界面减小至零。声源面与液-气交界面之间并无其余波节存在,这是因为水域的高度小于行波波长的3/4,不满足额外波节的存在条件。
弹性体产生共振行波的前提是:弹性体有两个同频、同形的共振模态(驻波)在空间和时间上相差π/2[27]。然而,对于有限长度的弹性体,某一阶自然模态的振型是不变的,不存在两个同阶振型在空间上相差π/2,即有限长度的弹性体是无法通过驻波叠加出纯粹的行波。为了在所提的振子上构造出行波,提出了非共振行波的激励方式:利用压电陶瓷元件组的振动使振子发生变形,并通过控制4组压电陶瓷元件组振动的时间相位差,实现后置位压电陶瓷元件组下一时刻的振动方向与前置位压电陶瓷元件组此时刻的振动方向一致。以400 Hz作为激励频率,并调整4组压电陶瓷元件组中两两之间的时间相位差为π/2,计算所得到的一个周期内振子的行波振型和水域的行波声场如图12所示。从图12中可以看出,一个振动周期内,振子的位移节点和声场的声压波节均沿着振子的x方向前进,当波节在振子最右侧消失之后,一个新的波节在振子的左侧出现,并沿着波前进的方向继续向右移动。上述振型和声场的计算结果证明了所提出的激励方式可以有效激励出振子的驻波/行波模态,并在水中建立相应的驻波/行波声场。
根据理论计算得到的振子的结构尺寸,加工了声操控装置的原理样机,如图13所示。在样机的装配过程中,采用测力装置来实时监测楔块的压入力,以保证所有压电陶瓷元件组被施加的预紧力一致,减少装配引起的误差。
为了测试所提出的声操控装置的振动特性,基于多普勒三维激光测振仪(PSV500,Ploytec company, Germany)、信号发生器、示波器、功率放大器和气浮台搭建了振动测试平台,如图14所示。
声操控装置原理样机被平放在气浮台上,以便于在振子内部添加水。激光头被布置在原理样机的正上方,由于水具有极好的透光性,此种布置方式可对声操控装置不含水和含水两种状态下的振动特性进行测量。
在扫频测试试验中,上位机设置的扫频范围为200~5000 Hz,振子的槽底为测振表面,测试结果如图15所示。结果表明,当振子内部不添加水时,其一阶、二阶及三阶弯振的共振频率分别为530、1706和3511 Hz;而在振子内部添加水后,其一阶、二阶及三阶弯振模态的共振频率则分别降低为523、1680和3471 Hz。该变化趋势与理论模型的结论一致。
理论计算和试验测试得到的声操控装置共振频率的对比结果如表2所示。结果表明,动力学模型的求解频率均略高于测振频率,且声操控装置不含水的情况下,理论计算相较于测振试验的频率差值比分别为3.4%、2.0%和2.5%。在声操控装置内部添加水后,理论计算相较于测振试验的频率差值比分别为4.2%、3.0%和3.3%。造成这种频率差异的主要原因是理论建模时忽略了导电薄膜对结构整体的影响。由于导电薄膜的厚度较小且材料参数复杂,难以有效纳入理论模型。在对声操控装置进行离散化时,将导电薄膜按照弹性体单元进行计算,相当于理论计算过程中提高了导电薄膜部分的杨氏模量。对于梁的弯曲振动而言,杨氏模量的升高会引起其抗弯刚度的增大,进而使共振频率上升[28]。因此,在动力学模型中忽略导电薄膜,并将其简化为弹性梁的一部分,是导致理论模型计算频率高于试验测试的共振频率的关键原因。
根据得到的共振频率进行了定频测试试验,得到的振型如图16所示。所测得的振子的二阶和三阶弯振振型标准,分别具有一个和两个位移节点,如图16(a)和(b)所示。此外,从振型云图的图例可知,在声操控装置内添加水后,振子二阶弯振模态和三阶弯振模态的振幅分别从7和4 µm降低到了6 和3 µm,均减少了1 µm。这一结果表明,水的添加不仅会影响到振动系统的共振频率,其添加引起的额外阻尼也会使能量损失增大,导致系统振动幅值降低。根据测振得到的幅频曲线,同时为了对应理论计算的结果,选择400 Hz作为非共振行波的激励频率,结果如图16(c)所示。可以看出,一个振动周期内,振动位移节点随着时间向右移动。
整体来看,所建立的理论模型的计算结果与测振试验结果具有较好的一致性。声操控装置前三阶弯振模态的共振频率差值较小、振型吻合度较高,证明了所建立的机电耦合动力学模型及样机装配的正确性。
为了评估并验证所提出的声操控装置的操控特性,基于电子显微镜搭建了操控特性测试平台,如图17所示。ICF微球和去离子水放置在振子的槽内,将声操控正对显微镜视场中心放置。镜头拍摄的画面经一个CCD相机实时传递给显示屏,其中镜头的放大倍数为24~150倍,CCD相机的分辨率为1920×1080,帧率为60 帧/s。镜头、CCD相机和显示器组成的观测系统不仅可以对ICF微球的直径进行测量,也可以记录并保存ICF微球的运动过程,最后基于保存的视频对微球的运动特性进行分析。
ICF微球漂浮在液面时,微球浸入水面的部分受到了液体黏性力和声场声辐射力的作用,而露出水面的部分仅受到了空气黏性力的作用。因此,ICF微球在声波驱动时,其在平行于液面的方向受力不平衡,导致微球在水平运动的同时围绕球心作旋转运动,这种旋转运动正是ICF检测时姿态调整所需要的。由于ICF微球为透明玻璃材质,无法通过显微镜观测到不同时刻的姿态调整角度。因此,选择微球的直线运动速度作为评价所提出的操控平台操控性能的指标。为了减少手动分析试验数据时人为主观性带来的误差,首先基于MATLAB编写了针对ICF运动的图像识别算法。算法主要包括视频分帧处理、灰度处理、形态学处理等。然后,通过Hough变换对每一帧中的ICF微球进行识别和球心坐标的计算。最后,将不同帧下球心坐标汇总,即可得到ICF微球在所提出的声操控装置中的运动特性。
激励电压为500 Vpp时,振子非共振行波驱动的ICF微球的远距离迁移运动如图18所示。图18(a)为ICF微球从被释放到停止运动的整个过程中被CCD相机记录的视频帧,每两张图片之间的时间间隔为71.1 s。图18(b)为图像识别算法形态学处理完成后生成的图片,其中白色圆点即为ICF微球,说明所编写的图像识别算法可以有效计算出ICF微球的运动轨迹。从图中可以看出,相同的时间间隔内,微球的运动距离不等,表明所激励的行波声场并不是完美的正弦行波场。根据图像识别结果可知,ICF微球在所建立的行波声场中的平均运动速度为0.328 mm/s,这种高激励电压下的低运动速度说明所建立声场的声压较弱。造成这种情况的原因是非共振行波下振子的变形仅来自于压电陶瓷元件组的振动,导致声场振源表面的振动速度较低。
振子在不同共振状态所建立的驻波声场的操控效果一致,都是从波腹向波节移动。图19为振子二阶弯振模态所驱动的ICF微球的运动,其中激励电压为100 Vpp。微球的停止位置为振子二阶弯振模态的一个位移节点。对比图1819可知,振子共振驻波驱动下ICF微球的运动性能优于非共振行波,这是因为共振状态下,振子的变形是振子自身的简谐振动和压电陶瓷元件组振动所导致的变形的叠加,此时声场的声源表面具有更大的振动速度,振动所建立的声场更强,而在声场中,ICF微球的运动方程可以描述为[29]
43πR3kPA2Φsin(2kx)/(2ρ0c02)=mdupdt 
式中,R为微球半径;PA为声压幅值;Φ为声对比系数;x为声波作用方向的位置矢量;m为微球质量;up为微球的速度矢量。因此,微球所处的声场越强,其运动速度越快。
为进一步分析声操控装置的操控性能,进行了驻波驱动下的单因素试验。每次试验重复三次,借助图像识别算法求得每次试验中ICF微球的平均运动速度,最后对三次平均速度求均值。试验得到的微球平均运动速度与直径和激励电压之间的关系如图20所示。从图中可以看出,微球的直径越大,驱动其运动的声辐射力就越大,其运动速度越快。同样的试验参数下,相比三阶弯振模态,二阶弯振模态驱动下微球具有更大的平均运动速度,这是因为振子的二阶弯振模态具有更大的振动幅值(见图16)。激励电压单因素试验中,最大激励电压为150 Vpp,其原因在于:电压过高时,振子振动速度过大,会引起液体内部的空化效应。而空化效应的高温、高压和微射流会破坏流场,不仅会影响ICF微球的运动速度,甚至会打飞或者击碎ICF微球。试验结果表明,微球的平均运动速度随着激励电压的增大而增大;同样的,相较于三阶弯振模态,振子二阶弯振模态驱动下微球的运动速度更大。
上述试验结果表明,所提出的声操控装置可以实现ICF微球在显微镜检测时的定位和迁移需求。另外,由于ICF微球直径差异化所导致的运动速度差异化显著,因此本研究又提出了一种通过模态切换实现ICF微球直径的分类的操控方法,以在不借助显微检测设备的情况下实现ICF微球直径的分类。该试验中,作为分类阈值的ICF微球的直径为634 μm,激励电压为110 Vpp,直径分类试验的具体操控策略如下:
(1)激励出振子的二阶弯振模态,在其波腹右侧释放微球,微球向右侧波节移动并聚集在该波节上;
(2)切换到振子的三阶弯振模态,同时开始计时,控制信号发生器工作5 s后断电,此时ICF微球向左运动到图21中黄色虚线处并停下,将该黄色虚线所在位置作为评价标准(即以5 s内直径为634 μm的微球的运动距离为标准距离);
(3)释放其余4颗ICF微球,重复上述步骤。
5 s后4颗微球的位置如图22所示,通过图像识别算法计算4颗微球的运动距离,结果如图23所示。其中,微球1和微球2的运动距离未超过标准距离,则说明这两颗ICF微球的直径小于634 μm。同样地,微球3和微球4的运动距离超过了标准距离,则说明这两颗ICF微球的直径大于634 μm。另外,根据4颗微球的运动距离可以推测,这4颗ICF微球中微球4的直径最大。
为了验证上述分类结果的正确性,激励出振子的二阶弯振模态将上述ICF微球捕获在节点中,并通过显微镜测量微球的直径。图22中(a)~(d)所示微球的直径分别为:572、610、670和772 μm,测量结果和上述分类结果一致,验证了所提出分类方案的正确性和可行性。值得注意的是,虽然该分类方案中ICF微球运动距离的差异化是由振子三阶弯振模态驱动的,但是振子的二阶弯振模态在该方案中也是至关重要的。通过振子的二阶弯振模态驱动实现了颗粒运动初始位置的一致,是保证分类结果正确性的基础。
本文提出了一种体声波驱动的微球声操控装置,通过夹心式布置的压电陶瓷片激励振子的振动模态并在水中建立体声波声场,利用非接触的声辐射力操控ICF微球定位及迁移。基于传递矩阵法建立了振子的机电耦合动力学模型,分析了不同电信号激励下振子的振动特性和声场的分布特性。最后通过试验研究详细分析了所提出的声操控装置样机的振动性能和操控性能。本文主要结论如下:
(1)通过组装振子各离散单元的弯振传递模型、传递条件、机械边界条件和电学边界条件,可建立振子的机电耦合动力学模型,利用该模型可直接求解振子面外弯振模态的共振频率、共振振型和非共振弯振振型。
(2)液体的添加会引起振子共振频率的下降,将水的质量等效到金属基体后,可利用所建立的动力学模型求解添加水后振子的共振频率。
(3)体声波声场中,声压波节的数量和分布位置与声源振动位移节点的数量和分布位置一致,可通过规划声源的振动模态设计体声波声场。
(4)相对于非共振行波驱动的ICF运动,共振驻波驱动下声场声源具有更大的振动速度,声压更大,ICF微球运动速度更高。在500 Vpp的电压激励的非共振行波驱动下,ICF微球的平均运动速度为0.328 mm/s;在150 Vpp的电压激励的共振驻波驱动下,ICF微球的平均运动速度为1.92 mm/s。
(5)所提出的ICF微球直径分类方案可以不借助显微镜检测设备实现两个直径范围的ICF微球的分类,ICF微球的直径分类阈值可调。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52275022)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175015)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20222011)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20230093)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.007
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
  • 修回日期:2024-11-04
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52275022)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175015)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20222011)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20230093)
作者信息
    南京航空航天大学航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016

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王亮(1990—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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