Article(id=1228805282034283438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1719244800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899609335, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899609335, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899609335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899609335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1036, endPage=1045, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805282399187907, articleId=1228805282034283438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Comparative analysis of adaptive decomposition and reconstruction methods for bridge monitoring signals, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Adaptive decomposition, reconstruction, and denoising of bridge structure monitoring signals are critical parts in the research field of bridge health monitoring. To provide efficient and effective time-frequency domain denoising methods for these signals, an Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition and Reconstruction (AVMDR) method was proposed for signal denoising, which can overcome the disadvantage of VMD (Variational Mode Decomposition) type methods that the number of decomposition components needs to be determined inadvance. The Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method was introduced to adaptively determine the number of decomposition components, and then the Multi-scale Principal Component Analysis (MSPCA) was used to denoise each component and reconstruct the signal. The denoising performance of the proposed AVMDR method was validated and compared using both simulated signals—linear stationary and nonlinear non-stationary signals with varying noise levels—and real signals obtained from two cable-stayed model bridges. The results indicate that the AVMDR method outperforms other commonly used methods in terms of denoising performance, achieving optimal scores across all denoising performance evaluation metrics. Moreover, the AVMDR method can effectively retain more structural information while eliminating noise.

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桥梁结构监测信号的自适应分解重构与降噪是桥梁健康监测领域的重要研究内容。为提供快捷有效的信号时频域降噪方法,针对VMD(variational mode decomposition)类处理方法存在的分解成分数量需预先确定的缺点,提出了一种自适应变分模态分解重构(adaptive variational mode decomposition and reconstruction, AVMDR)方法来执行信号降噪。通过引入EMD(empirical mode decomposition)来自适应确定分解成分数量,然后利用多尺度主成分分析对各阶成分进行降噪并重构。利用带有不同噪声水平的线性平稳、非线性非平稳模拟信号以及2座斜拉桥模型实测信号对所提方法的降噪性能进行了验证和对比分析。研究结果表明:AVMDR方法的降噪性能优于其他常用方法,各个降噪性能评价指标均为最优,且AVMDR方法在剔除噪声的同时能够更多地保留结构信息。

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余忠儒(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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单德山(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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单德山(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805289651139078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=图10, caption=降噪前、后信号的稳定图, figureFileSmall=6svNRxadDIEg+abbPFTn3g==, figureFileBig=v+mY/fk94nTusGAF2nFg2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805289743413771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Comparison of different adaptive signal decomposition methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法适用范围不适用范围待解决问题
EMD类瞬时频率具有足够的区分度相邻瞬时频率之比小于0.75(1) 计算效率;
(2) 分解稳定性;
(3) 剔除有色噪声;
(4) 有用信号成分的表征。
EWT类傅里叶谱具有足够的区分度不同分解成分的傅里叶频谱存在重叠(1) 频带分割策略;
(2) 剔除有色噪声;
(3) 有用信号成分的表征。
VMD类傅里叶谱具有足够的区分度不同分解成分的傅里叶频谱存在重叠(1) 确定信号分解成分数量等参数;
(2) 剔除有色噪声;
(3) 有用信号成分的表征。
), ArticleFig(id=1228805289823105550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同信号自适应分解方法的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法适用范围不适用范围待解决问题
EMD类瞬时频率具有足够的区分度相邻瞬时频率之比小于0.75(1) 计算效率;
(2) 分解稳定性;
(3) 剔除有色噪声;
(4) 有用信号成分的表征。
EWT类傅里叶谱具有足够的区分度不同分解成分的傅里叶频谱存在重叠(1) 频带分割策略;
(2) 剔除有色噪声;
(3) 有用信号成分的表征。
VMD类傅里叶谱具有足够的区分度不同分解成分的傅里叶频谱存在重叠(1) 确定信号分解成分数量等参数;
(2) 剔除有色噪声;
(3) 有用信号成分的表征。
), ArticleFig(id=1228805289936351765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Noise reduction performance evaluation index statistics of each method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法MSE/%MAE/%SNRPSNRCCCMI
EMD15.963.0312.0618.560.970.97
EEMD22.773.8010.5217.020.960.96
AEMD19.643.6611.1617.660.960.96
EWT13.882.8112.6719.170.970.98
AVMDR2.041.1420.9927.491.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290028626460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各方法降噪性能评估指标统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法MSE/%MAE/%SNRPSNRCCCMI
EMD15.963.0312.0618.560.970.97
EEMD22.773.8010.5217.020.960.96
AEMD19.643.6611.1617.660.960.96
EWT13.882.8112.6719.170.970.98
AVMDR2.041.1420.9927.491.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290120901152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Comparison of noise reduction performance index of each method of analog signal 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法MSE/%MAE/%SNRPSNRCCCMI
EMD27.174.276.259.180.890.89
EEMD27.924.316.139.060.890.89
AEMD30.944.445.688.620.870.88
EWT28.043.846.119.040.880.90
AVMDR6.592.0512.4015.340.970.96
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290242535974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟信号2的各方法降噪性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法MSE/%MAE/%SNRPSNRCCCMI
EMD27.174.276.259.180.890.89
EEMD27.924.316.139.060.890.89
AEMD30.944.445.688.620.870.88
EWT28.043.846.119.040.880.90
AVMDR6.592.0512.4015.340.970.96
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290343199276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Comparison of noise reduction performance index of each method of analog signal 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法MSE/%MAE/%SNRPSNRCCCMI
EMD117.558.833.748.840.860.87
EEMD116.948.893.768.860.870.88
AEMD104.518.314.259.350.890.89
EWT127.559.253.398.490.840.86
AVMDR53.916.397.1312.230.970.97
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290435473970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模拟信号3的各方法降噪性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法MSE/%MAE/%SNRPSNRCCCMI
EMD117.558.833.748.840.860.87
EEMD116.948.893.768.860.870.88
AEMD104.518.314.259.350.890.89
EWT127.559.253.398.490.840.86
AVMDR53.916.397.1312.230.970.97
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290548720182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of vertical frequency recognition results of curved cable-stayed bridge models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次模态频率/Hz
理论值原始数据EMDEEMDAEMDEWTAVMDR
Fr-12.142.13762.13812.13812.13892.13822.1391
Fr-22.682.6794
Fr-33.443.45383.45353.45143.44953.45093.4488
Fr-43.96
Fr-54.654.64974.6484
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290628411963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

曲线斜拉桥模型竖向频率识别结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次模态频率/Hz
理论值原始数据EMDEEMDAEMDEWTAVMDR
Fr-12.142.13762.13812.13812.13892.13822.1391
Fr-22.682.6794
Fr-33.443.45383.45353.45143.44953.45093.4488
Fr-43.96
Fr-54.654.64974.6484
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290733269567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Comparison of transverse frequency recognition results of shaking table model bridge tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次模态频率/Hz
理论值原始数据EMDEEMDAEMDEWTAVMDR
Fr-12.632.69152.68632.66932.62092.63232.6190
Fr-24.094.11704.11134.10984.10934.10514.1071
Fr-38.728.66028.66988.68758.70928.70238.7236
Fr-410.12
Fr-513.0713.142113.116313.1361
), ArticleFig(id=1228805290850710084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805282034283438, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

振动台模型桥塔横向频率识别结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次模态频率/Hz
理论值原始数据EMDEEMDAEMDEWTAVMDR
Fr-12.632.69152.68632.66932.62092.63232.6190
Fr-24.094.11704.11134.10984.10934.10514.1071
Fr-38.728.66028.66988.68758.70928.70238.7236
Fr-410.12
Fr-513.0713.142113.116313.1361
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桥梁监测信号自适应分解重构方法对比分析
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单德山 1 , 余忠儒 1 , 孙榕徽 1 , 张二华 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 1036-1045
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 1036-1045
桥梁监测信号自适应分解重构方法对比分析
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单德山1 , 余忠儒1 , 孙榕徽1, 张二华2
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610031
  • 单德山(1968—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

余忠儒(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
Comparative analysis of adaptive decomposition and reconstruction methods for bridge monitoring signals
Deshan SHAN1 , Zhongru YU1 , Ronghui SUN1, Erhua ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
  • 2.Sichuan Highway Planning,Survey,Design and Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Chengdu 610031,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.015
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桥梁结构监测信号的自适应分解重构与降噪是桥梁健康监测领域的重要研究内容。为提供快捷有效的信号时频域降噪方法,针对VMD(variational mode decomposition)类处理方法存在的分解成分数量需预先确定的缺点,提出了一种自适应变分模态分解重构(adaptive variational mode decomposition and reconstruction, AVMDR)方法来执行信号降噪。通过引入EMD(empirical mode decomposition)来自适应确定分解成分数量,然后利用多尺度主成分分析对各阶成分进行降噪并重构。利用带有不同噪声水平的线性平稳、非线性非平稳模拟信号以及2座斜拉桥模型实测信号对所提方法的降噪性能进行了验证和对比分析。研究结果表明:AVMDR方法的降噪性能优于其他常用方法,各个降噪性能评价指标均为最优,且AVMDR方法在剔除噪声的同时能够更多地保留结构信息。

监测信号  /  分解重构  /  自适应  /  降噪  /  评价指标

Adaptive decomposition, reconstruction, and denoising of bridge structure monitoring signals are critical parts in the research field of bridge health monitoring. To provide efficient and effective time-frequency domain denoising methods for these signals, an Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition and Reconstruction (AVMDR) method was proposed for signal denoising, which can overcome the disadvantage of VMD (Variational Mode Decomposition) type methods that the number of decomposition components needs to be determined inadvance. The Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method was introduced to adaptively determine the number of decomposition components, and then the Multi-scale Principal Component Analysis (MSPCA) was used to denoise each component and reconstruct the signal. The denoising performance of the proposed AVMDR method was validated and compared using both simulated signals—linear stationary and nonlinear non-stationary signals with varying noise levels—and real signals obtained from two cable-stayed model bridges. The results indicate that the AVMDR method outperforms other commonly used methods in terms of denoising performance, achieving optimal scores across all denoising performance evaluation metrics. Moreover, the AVMDR method can effectively retain more structural information while eliminating noise.

monitoring signal  /  decomposition and reconstruction  /  adaptive  /  noise reduction  /  evaluation index
单德山, 余忠儒, 孙榕徽, 张二华. 桥梁监测信号自适应分解重构方法对比分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1036 -1045 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.015
Deshan SHAN, Zhongru YU, Ronghui SUN, Erhua ZHANG. Comparative analysis of adaptive decomposition and reconstruction methods for bridge monitoring signals[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1036 -1045 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.015
在桥梁工程领域,实际桥梁结构的监测信号具有较强的非线性与非平稳特性[1],而信号自适应分解方法基于信号本身的特征尺度,可自适应地将非线性、非平稳信号分解为有限带宽的信号分量[2]。如何实现快捷有效的桥梁监测信号自适应分解与重构,进而深度挖掘桥梁结构信息,一直是桥梁健康监测领域的研究重点。
HUANG等[3]提出经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)方法,该方法及其改进方法已广泛应用于桥梁结构监测信号预处理[4-5]、损伤识别[6-7]等方面。受监测信号截断、缺失以及相互干扰等因素的影响,EMD方法不可避免地存在端点效应和模态混叠现象[8]。尽管国内外学者对该问题进行了深入的研究与探讨,但还是未能彻底解决[9]
为弥补EMD方法的缺陷,GILLES[10]基于小波变换理论框架,结合信号傅里叶谱的先验分割,提出了基于经验小波变换(empirical wavelet transform, EWT)的信号自适应分解和重构方法。该方法具有坚实的理论基础,在处理非线性、非平稳信号方面具有很强的自适应能力,在桥梁结构损伤识别[11-12]、模态参数识别[13-14]等方面被广泛应用。
DRAGOMIRETSKIY等[15]将信号递归分解问题转化为变分优化问题,在重新定义固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF)后,提出了一种完全非递归、自适应的非线性、非平稳信号分解方法—VMD(variational mode decomposition)。该方法能有效解决端点效应和模态混叠问题,被广泛应用于桥梁车致应变分离[16]、模态参数识别[17]、结构损伤识别[18]等领域。值得注意的是,EWT类方法利用频谱分割的边界频率来构造小波滤波器,而VMD类方法以信号分量的中心分量来构造Wiener滤波器,两种方法均需要预先确定IMF的分解数量[19]
目前,针对桥梁结构监测信号的自适应分解方法主要包括经验模态分解、小波变换和变分模态分解三大类。LIU等[20]和CIVERA等[21]分别对机械信号处理和结构健康监测领域的常用信号分解方法进行了对比分析,明确了各类方法的优缺点。本文在既有研究的基础上,汇总了EMD及其改进方法、EWT方法、VMD方法的适用范围和亟需进一步解决的问题,如表1所示。
VMD方法[20-21]具有坚实的数学理论基础,同时摆脱了递归筛分剥离信号的分解束缚。VMD方法不仅具有较高的运算效率和鲁棒性,还能有效缓解或避免EMD类方法带来的模态混叠、端点效应等一系列问题。为此,本文以VMD方法为基础进行自适应改进,提出一种自适应变分模态分解重构(AVMDR)的信号降噪手段。将该方法和EMD、EEMD(ensembleempirical mode decomposition)、AEMD(adaptive empiricalmode decomposition)、EWT等方法用于信号的分解重构与降噪,并基于6种不同的指标对不同方法的降噪性能进行评价。
基于变分凸优化数学框架,VMD将模态分解的约束变分问题表述为[15]
min{uk},{ωk}{kt[(δ(t)+jπt)uk(t)]ejωkt2}s.t.kuk=f(t) 
式中,uk(t)(k=1,2,,K)为分解的限带本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF);ωkuk(t)的中心频率;K为预先确定的IMF分解成分的数量;f(t)为待分解信号;(δ(t)+jπt)uk(t)uk(t)的希尔伯特变换,用于获得uk(t)的解析信号;ejωkt用于将希尔伯特变换结果转移到其基带[15]t表示计算梯度;j表示虚数单位。
引入二次惩罚因子α和拉格朗日乘法算子λ(t),将约束变分问题转化为如下式所示的无约束变分问题[20-21]
L({uk},{ωk},λ)=αkt[(δ(t)+jπt)uk(t)]ejωkt2+f(t)kuk(t)22+λ(t),f(t)kuk(t) 
采用乘法算子交替方向法(alternate directionmethod of multipliers, ADMM)[20-21]求解式(2),得到无约束变分优化的“鞍点”,即为式(1)的模态分解结果。
实现VMD算法需确定两个关键参数,即二次惩罚因子α和IMF的分解数量K[15]α定义为与测试信号噪声水平相关的特定超参数,可由贝叶斯先验得到[15],其用于平衡分解模态带宽和原信号的重构误差。较大的α表明分解模态的带宽较窄,而较小的α则对应较宽的带宽[20]。在正常运营情况下,桥梁振动幅度通常较小,而桥梁所处的环境噪声十分复杂,可能淹没结构的动态信号。这表明正常运营条件下,桥梁结构实测动态信号属于典型的微弱信号[1,21]。此外,桥梁结构属于模态密集结构[21],这表明α可取较大的值,一般α1000,在减少重构误差的同时,还能提高求解的收敛速度[20-21]。此外,式(1)和(2)中的K由测试信号Fourier谱的主频数量以及桥梁结构物理先验信息共同决定,这在一定程度上降低了VMD方法的适应能力[20-21]
基于数据驱动的EMD类方法尽管存在诸多不足,但其自适应的特点使得该类方法广泛应用于桥梁、机械的信号的处理中[22-23]。本文将EMD的自适应性与奇异值分解相结合,用于确定VMD中IMF的分解数量K。算法流程如下:
(1) 基于EMD方法分解信号f(t)并中心化,获得数据集X={IMF(1),IMF(2),,IMF(n)},其中:
IMF(i)=IMF(i)1nj=1nIMF(j) 
式中,IMF(i)(i=1,2,,n)为EMD方法得到的n个初始分解成分样本集;j表示索引变量;
(2) 计算X的协方差XXT并进行奇异值分解,得到前n个奇异值λ1λ2λn。设定主成分累计贡献率t(0,1],则VMD分解数量K由公式i=1Kλi/i=1nλit确定;
(3) 待分解信号f(t)经VMD,获得K个分解成分集合{uk(t)k=1,2,,K}
利用VMD方法获得的各阶成分不仅包含结构信息,还包含测试噪声。本文引入多尺度主成分分析(multi-scale principle component analysis, MPCA)方法对每一阶分量进行降噪处理[22]
(1) 对uk(t)k=1,2,,K进行多尺度小波分析;
(2) 在每一阶小波尺度下进行主成分分析,计算各自小波系数协方差矩阵、主成分分量;
(3) 确定主成分数量并计算阈值,提取大于或等于阈值的小波系数;
(4) 对检测到的显著事件在对应尺度下进行组合,由所选分值和阈值重构信号,获得降噪后的本征模态函数ukd(t),并计算主成分分量;
(5) 对降噪后ukd(t)进行相关性检验,合并相同动态模式,采用PCA选择最终分解分量后,将各分量叠加,获得重构后的降噪测试信号。
将前述信号分解重构流程进行组合,形成桥梁监测信号自适应变分模态分解重构(AVMDR)方法,信号处理流程如图1所示。
分别采用模拟信号和实测信号验证本文所提的AVMDR的有效性。
在已知的真实信号中添加不同水平的噪声,形成模拟信号。本文分别用EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT和AVMDR对信号进行降噪处理,基于下式所示的6个评价指标[24]对不同方法的降噪性能进行描述:
均方误差MSE(mean square error):
MSE=1Nt=1N[x(t)x~(t)]2 
平均绝对误差MAE(mean absolute error):
MAE=1Nt=1N|x(t)x~(t)| 
信噪比SNR(signal to noise ratio):
SNR=10lg(σx2σxx~2) 
峰值信噪比PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio):
PSNR=20lg(max(x(t))MSE) 
互相关系数CCC(cross correlation coefficient):
CCC=cov[x(t),x~(t)]σxσx~ 
互信息MI(mutual information):
MI(x~,x)=x~ix~xixp(x~i,xi)log(p(x~i,xi)p(x~i)p(xi)) 
式中,x(t)x~(t)分别表示降噪前、后的信号;N为信号长度;cov[x(t),x~(t)]为两信号协方差;σx~σx分别为信号x~(t)x(t)的标准差;p(x~,x)x~(t)x(t)的联合概率分布函数;p(x~)p(x)分别为x~(t)x(t)的边缘概率分布函数。
由式(4)~(9)可知,MSEMAE的值越小,表明方法对实际信号的还原越好;SNRPSNR的值越大,表明方法具有更好的信息提取能力;越大的CCC值表明降噪后的信号与理想信号的线性相关性越强;MI值越大,表明降噪后信号所包含的有用信息越多。
首先采用线性平稳模拟信号验证所提方法在保留有用信息方面的能力,接着利用低、高噪声水平的非线性非平稳模拟信号对其降噪性能进行评价与分析。
建立含噪声的线性平稳模拟信号[3],如下式所示:
s(t)=15cos(2πt+π3)+12cos(3πt+π3)+12cos(10πt+π8)+15ω(t) 
式中,ω(t)(0,1)分布的高斯白噪声。
分别采用EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT和AVMDR方法对式(10)所示的模拟信号进行分解重构,并按式(4)~(9)计算得到的各降噪指标如表2图2所示。由表2图2可知,对于线性平稳信号,EEMD和AEMD的降噪性能均较差,其重构信号依然有较高水平的噪声残留;EMD与EWT的降噪指标接近,重构后的信号噪声水平较低,但重构信号相对于真实信号出现了局部失真;本文所提AVMDR方法的降噪性能最优。
进一步分析可知,尽管5种方法均存在不同程度的“模态混叠”现象[23],但经MPCA处理后的重构信号受分解过程的“模态混叠”影响较小。分析认为不同方法降噪性能存在差异的主要原因如下:
(1) EEMD和AEMD[20]在分解过程中均需人为引入白噪声,期望通过无限次的集合平均来抵消白噪声的影响,但实际集合平均次数必然有限,这不仅增加计算成本,还残留了部分引入的噪声。
(2) EMD分解时[20],需拟合残差信号的上下包络线,不恰当的拟合容易扭曲分解成分,致使最终重构信号局部失真。
(3) 采用小波滤波器组的EWT方法[19],其“母小波”的选择将影响重构波形。另外,EWT的频谱带宽自适应划分也包含了其对应频带的噪声。
构造非线性非平稳模拟信号[3],如下式所示:
s(t)=15cos(2πt2)+15ω(t) 
分别用EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT和AVMDR分解重构式(11)信号后,各方法对应的降噪指标如表3图3所示。
表3图3可知,AVMDR重构信号的MSE值约为其他方法的1/5,MAE值为其他方法的1/2,但SNRPSNR值约为其他方法的2倍。其他方法的CCCMI值均小于0.9,而基于AVMDR的值接近1.0。上述结果表明,对于低噪声非线性非平稳信号,AVMDR的降噪效果最优。
对比分析5种分解重构方法的结果可以发现,EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT的重构信号均含有较高水平的噪声,而AVMDR的重构信号具有最大的SNR值,这表明其保留了最多的有用信息,而其他方法的SNR值只有AVMDR方法的一半。
构造非线性非平稳模拟信号[3],如下式所示:
s(t)=15cos[2πt+sin(2πt)]+15cos(2πt2)+30ω(t) 
对比式(11)和(12),可知式(12)的噪声水平明显更高。表4图4展示了5种分解重构方法的降噪性能评价指标。由图表信息可知,在高噪声环境下,AVMDR的MSEMAE值显著小于其他4种方法,而SNRPSNR值则显著大于其他4种方法。其他4种方法的CCCMI值不足0.9,而AVMDR的CCCMI值则接近1.0。相关结果表明,对于高噪声非线性非平稳信号的降噪,AVMDR方法相较于其他4种方法具有显著优势。另外,从SNR值的表现来看,EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT的重构信号均含有较高水平的噪声,而AVMDR的重构信号的噪声水平相对较低。
由前述模拟信号的计算结果可知,本文提出的AVMDR信号降噪方法在处理模拟信号时具有明显优势。因此,本节对全桥模型试验的实测振动信号进行分解重构,以验证本文所提降噪方法的优势与实用性。
值得说明的是,实测信号中的真正有用信息未知,式(4)~(9)所示的降噪性能评价指标不再适用。而对于实际多输出的桥梁振动测试信号,其包含了结构频率、阻尼和振型等信息,可采用稳定图[25]来识别结构振动信号中所包含的桥梁信息。因此,本节中结合稳定图对AVMDR的降噪效果进行验证、对比与评价。
图5所示,曲线斜拉模型桥为双塔双索面半漂浮结构体系,其缩尺比为1/20,跨度对称布置为(2.45+4.05+14.25+4.05+2.45) m。主梁曲率半径为27.5 m,采用菱形索塔,共设有60对空间布置的斜拉索[26]。桥梁主梁上分别安装了14个竖向加速度传感器和9个横向加速度传感器,采样频率为256 Hz。图5中传感器名称中的首字母H和S分别表示横向和竖向加速度传感器。
模型桥共进行了78个动力工况测试,图6中展示了某测试工况下,14个竖向加速度传感器测试数据经AVMDR分解重构后的结果,该工况为主梁跨中受竖向冲击后的自由衰减。
基于该工况下各类方法降噪前、后的14条实测加速度数据,采用随机子空间方法[27]识别结构模态参数。获取原始测试数据以及采用AVMDR方法降噪后测试数据的稳定图,如图7所示。图7中,蓝色稳定轴代表频率稳定;绿色稳定轴代表频率、阻尼比稳定;红色稳定轴代表频率、阻尼比和振型均稳定。基于稳定图的结构模态参数识别方法认为,频率、阻尼比和振型均稳定的结果为可靠结构模态参数[27]。因此,本文采用红色稳定轴数量为评判指标来度量获得的结构频率、阻尼比和振型信息的多少。同时,采用有限元理论计算该曲线斜拉桥的竖向模态频率信息,并与识别到的结构模态频率进行对比,如表5所示。表5中同时给出了实测信号经EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT分解重构后识别的频率值。
图7中可明显看出,原始信号在0~5 Hz频率范围内,仅包含两条红色稳定轴,即仅可确定结构的两阶频率、阻尼比和振型;而经AVMDR降噪后的信号在0~5 Hz频率范围内,至少存在四条红色稳定轴,即可确定结构的四阶频率、阻尼比和振型。这表明,从AVMDR降噪后的信号中,能识别更多的结构模态,提取更多的结构信息,实测结构频率及阶次和理论值接近且相对应。此外,从表5中可以发现,EMD、EEMD和EWT方法仅能获取两阶结构模态参数,AEMD方法能获取三阶结构模态参数。各类方法在获取的结构频率数量上存在明显差异,在精度方面却保持统一水平。利用AVMDR方法实测第三阶竖向频率与理论值的最大偏差为0.4%,实测结果与理论值接近,存在的微小差异是理论模型与实际结构的偏差导致的。从识别结果来看,经AVMDR方法处理后,其结果精度与理论计算值更为接近,且能够与数值计算结果的阶次相对应,这从侧面反映了随机子空间方法的稳定性。经AVMDR方法处理后,结构模态参数识别结果在数量上优于未经处理的信号以及其他4种常用方法,能额外识别到第2阶与第5阶结构模态信息,表明该方法具有良好的降噪性能,AVMDR方法可为桥梁结构监测信号的降噪和信息深度挖掘提供便利。
该斜拉桥模型总长32 m,采用双塔和双索面5跨布置,其跨度布置为(2.9+3.6+19+3.6+2.9) m,桥梁模型示意及传感器布置如图8所示。振动台试验模拟荷载工况包括白噪声、场地波和不同振幅的CHICHI波[25]。主梁的横向结构响应以及桥塔的振动响应由单向压电加速度传感器获取[25]。本文以CHICHI波激励下的斜拉桥桥塔横向振动响应为例进行说明,经AVMDR降噪后的加速度时程曲线如图9所示。
振动台试验中,结构的输入和输出信号已知,采用确定随机子空间识别方法从桥塔的振动响应信号中识别结构模态参数[28]。获取原始数据与降噪后数据的稳定图,如图10所示。同时,采用有限元理论计算该斜拉桥桥塔的横向模态频率信息,并与识别到的结构模态频率进行对比,如表6所示。表中同时给出了实测信号经EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT分解重构后识别的频率值。
图10可知,在0~15 Hz频率范围内,原始测试信号稳定图仅可获得3阶频率、阻尼比和振型信息,分别处于2~4 Hz、4~6 Hz、8~10 Hz范围内。基于AVMDR重构降噪后信号的稳定图可获得4阶频率、阻尼比和振型信息,除原始信号识别的3阶模态参数外,还在12~14 Hz频率范围内,出现新的结构模态成分,各阶频率分别为2.6190 、4.1071 、8.7236 和13.1361 Hz。AVMDR方法识别得到的频率值相较于未经处理的数据,其与理论值更为接近。此外,从表6中可以发现,EMD与EEMD方法处理后的信号只能识别出3阶结构模态参数,和未经处理的信号相当。AEMD方法和EWT方法虽然能额外识别出第5阶模态成分,但是其对于各阶成分的识别精度并不稳定。AVMDR方法在获取结构模态参数方面不仅具有数量上的优势,还能在识别精度方面保持较好的稳定性。值得注意的是,第4阶成分由于噪声或者激励原因,各类方法均未有效识别。实测结构频率及阶次和理论计算值相互对应,能够正确有效识别出各阶模态频率成分。结合表6图10分析结果可知,桥梁监测信号经AVMDR分解重构后,不仅可使已有的动力指纹信息更为可靠,还能从噪声污染的实测数据中挖掘更多的结构动力指纹信息。
针对VMD方法存在的分解成分数量需预先确定的缺点,通过引入经验模态分解和多尺度主成分分析对其进行了自适应改进。全面总结了各类分解重构降噪方法存在的优缺点,基于含噪模拟信号对各类方法的降噪性能进行了全面的分析。对AVMDR的实际应用效果进行了评价,主要结论如下:
(1)通过引入经验模态分解和主成分分析,AVMDR算法可自适应确定分解成分数量,提升了算法的自适应能力和计算效率。
(2)基于模拟信号的对比分析结果发现,AVMDR的6种降噪指标均优于EMD、EEMD、AEMD、EWT方法,且其具有相对最高的信噪比。
(3)AVMDR方法对于实测桥梁监测数据的降噪效果良好,在剔除信号噪声的同时,能够最大程度地保留结构信息。
AVMDR方法在桥梁结构监测信号的时频域降噪方面展现了巨大的潜力和优势。通过进一步的算法优化来提升其鲁棒性和稳定性,有望在更加广泛的应用场景中发挥重要作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978577)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.015
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-06-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978577)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学土木工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    2.四川省公路规划勘察设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610031

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余忠儒(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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