Article(id=1228805281237365636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686240000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-09, revisedDate=1694275200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899609145, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899609145, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899609145, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899609145, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1016, endPage=1025, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805281598075796, articleId=1228805281237365636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Sound insulation characteristics of truss-cored flat panels based on wavenumber finite elements and boundary integral equations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the main component of the train body structure, the truss-cored flat panel is situated close to the wheel-track noise source and has a large area for noise radiation, and its acoustic performance directly influences the riding comfort of trains. This paper first establishes the wavenumber finite-element model and a sound-insulation prediction model for an aluminum truss-cored train floor using wavenumber finite elements and boundary integral equations. The wavenumber, transmission loss, and eigenvectors of the structure are calculated. The dispersion characteristics, sound-insulation performance and cross-sectional wave-modes of elastic waves are studied. The calculated results are compared with the prediction given in the references to verify the proposed model. Furthermore, this paper investigates the effects of the core layer's topological geometry of the extruded panel on the sound-insulation characteristics of aluminum extruded panels. The results show that varying the topological configuration of the core layer significantly changes the variation pattern of dispersion curves of elastic waves, which affects the sound-insulation properties of aluminum extruded panels. By comparing the topologies of classic extruded structures, it is found that the ‘herringbone’ ribbed plate structure has a relatively higher sound-insulation level and lower mass. This study can provide a reference for designing quiet and lightweight extruded panels.

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列车型材板结构是车体结构的主要组成部分,距离轮轨噪声源较近、噪声辐射面积大,其声学性能直接影响列车乘坐的舒适性。本文基于波数有限元和边界积分方程建立某列车地板铝型材结构的波数有限元模型和隔声预测模型,计算型材板结构的波数、传声损失和特征向量,研究铝型材的频散特性、隔声特性及截面弹性波波动形态,并将计算结果与参考文献中结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;在此基础上,研究型材板结构夹芯层拓扑几何形状对铝型材隔声特性的影响。结果表明:改变夹芯层拓扑形状会显著改变弹性波频散曲线的变化规律,影响铝型材的隔声性能;对比几种常见型材拓扑结构发现:“人”字型筋板结构具有较高的隔声量和较低的质量。本研究可为型材板结构的低噪声和轻量化设计提供参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘子屹(1998—),男,硕士。E-mail:
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杨益(1987—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

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杨益(1987—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

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杨益(1987—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805281237365636, language=CN, label=图17, caption=型材结构一阶共振频率对应的截面振型, figureFileSmall=DClqS8DqDzM2SiTbJoNJsg==, figureFileBig=A2i7v0QwcAQ/H1KW0LeMnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805292176110207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805281237365636, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Comparison of sound insulation quantity of different rib plate topologies, figureFileSmall=4U1FR9TyHGyVL+j/RgKf6Q==, figureFileBig=9x2upxSfQPFW1bAbODQ+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805292272579204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805281237365636, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同筋板拓扑隔声量对比, figureFileSmall=4U1FR9TyHGyVL+j/RgKf6Q==, figureFileBig=9x2upxSfQPFW1bAbODQ+wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805292385825417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805281237365636, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Material parameters of aluminum profile

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材料密度/(kg·m−3)泊松比弹性模量/GPa
27000.371
橡胶1500
), ArticleFig(id=1228805292473905807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805281237365636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铝型材的材料参数

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材料密度/(kg·m−3)泊松比弹性模量/GPa
27000.371
橡胶1500
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Parameters of aluminum profiles A-1, A-2 and A-3

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型号面密度/(kg·m−2)结构刚度/(N·m−1)第一阶固有频率/Hz中间筋板数
A-130.585.52×10727716
A-229.604.85×10718113
A-327.932.60×107517
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铝型材A-1、A-2和A-3的参数

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型号面密度/(kg·m−2)结构刚度/(N·m−1)第一阶固有频率/Hz中间筋板数
A-130.585.52×10727716
A-229.604.85×10718113
A-327.932.60×107517
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Parameters of aluminum profiles B-1, B-2 and B-3

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型号面密度/(kg·m−2)结构刚度/(N·m−1)第一阶固有频率/Hz中间筋板数
B-129.493.61×10717911
B-228.872.64×1071259
B-327.731.35×107375
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铝型材B-1、B-2和B-3的参数

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型号面密度/(kg·m−2)结构刚度/(N·m−1)第一阶固有频率/Hz中间筋板数
B-129.493.61×10717911
B-228.872.64×1071259
B-327.731.35×107375
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基于波数有限元和边界元的型材板结构隔声特性研究
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杨益 1 , 刘子屹 1, 2 , 梁树林 1 , 陶磊毅 1 , 边超 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 1016-1025
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 1016-1025
基于波数有限元和边界元的型材板结构隔声特性研究
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杨益1 , 刘子屹1, 2 , 梁树林1, 陶磊毅1, 边超1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 杨益(1987—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘子屹(1998—),男,硕士。E-mail:
Sound insulation characteristics of truss-cored flat panels based on wavenumber finite elements and boundary integral equations
Yi YANG1 , Ziyi LIU1, 2 , Shulin LIANG1, Leiyi TAO1, Chao BIAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vechicle System,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.013
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列车型材板结构是车体结构的主要组成部分,距离轮轨噪声源较近、噪声辐射面积大,其声学性能直接影响列车乘坐的舒适性。本文基于波数有限元和边界积分方程建立某列车地板铝型材结构的波数有限元模型和隔声预测模型,计算型材板结构的波数、传声损失和特征向量,研究铝型材的频散特性、隔声特性及截面弹性波波动形态,并将计算结果与参考文献中结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;在此基础上,研究型材板结构夹芯层拓扑几何形状对铝型材隔声特性的影响。结果表明:改变夹芯层拓扑形状会显著改变弹性波频散曲线的变化规律,影响铝型材的隔声性能;对比几种常见型材拓扑结构发现:“人”字型筋板结构具有较高的隔声量和较低的质量。本研究可为型材板结构的低噪声和轻量化设计提供参考。

铝型材  /  波数有限元  /  边界积分方程  /  拓扑形状  /  隔声特性

As the main component of the train body structure, the truss-cored flat panel is situated close to the wheel-track noise source and has a large area for noise radiation, and its acoustic performance directly influences the riding comfort of trains. This paper first establishes the wavenumber finite-element model and a sound-insulation prediction model for an aluminum truss-cored train floor using wavenumber finite elements and boundary integral equations. The wavenumber, transmission loss, and eigenvectors of the structure are calculated. The dispersion characteristics, sound-insulation performance and cross-sectional wave-modes of elastic waves are studied. The calculated results are compared with the prediction given in the references to verify the proposed model. Furthermore, this paper investigates the effects of the core layer's topological geometry of the extruded panel on the sound-insulation characteristics of aluminum extruded panels. The results show that varying the topological configuration of the core layer significantly changes the variation pattern of dispersion curves of elastic waves, which affects the sound-insulation properties of aluminum extruded panels. By comparing the topologies of classic extruded structures, it is found that the ‘herringbone’ ribbed plate structure has a relatively higher sound-insulation level and lower mass. This study can provide a reference for designing quiet and lightweight extruded panels.

aluminum extruded panel  /  wavenumber finite elements  /  boundary integral equations  /  topological configuration  /  sound-insulation characteristics
杨益, 刘子屹, 梁树林, 陶磊毅, 边超. 基于波数有限元和边界元的型材板结构隔声特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1016 -1025 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.013
Yi YANG, Ziyi LIU, Shulin LIANG, Leiyi TAO, Chao BIAN. Sound insulation characteristics of truss-cored flat panels based on wavenumber finite elements and boundary integral equations[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 1016 -1025 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.013
随着列车速度的提高,车内噪声已成为高速列车进一步发展需要解决的重点问题[1-2]。列车车体结构主要由铝型材构成,具有高强度和低重量的特点。轮轨振动力和噪声声压激励车体,由铝型材向车内传递振动并辐射噪声,其隔声性能的优劣直接影响乘坐列车的舒适性,因此,有必要对铝型材隔声特性开展系统化研究。铝型材是一种复杂的双层加筋板结构,国内外学者从型材结构动力学特性的建模方法、型材结构弹性波波动形态、型材结构的噪声辐射和传声损失特性等方面对其进行了研究。
王园等[3]基于模态叠加法和声振耦合理论建立了加筋板结构与梯形声场间的耦合模型,研究了外载荷到筋板的距离、筋板刚度、筋板质量和筋板数量对耦合系统响应的影响。李凤莲等[4]将波纹夹芯层等效为各向异性均质材料,采用双曲正切抛物线混合变形方法建立了四边简支条件下波纹夹芯板的动力学方程和声压激励下的声振耦合控制方程,研究了梯形和三角形两种类型波纹夹芯板的声振特性。然而,当加筋板结构更复杂或排列不具有周期性时,利用解析法建立结构的声振模型存在很大困难。王小东等[5]基于有限元方法建立耦合数值模型,提出将声学黑洞应用于双层加筋板中,设计了包含声学黑洞的双层加筋板-腔系统,在点力激励下通过试验方法测试结构的隔声特性。但是,由于传统有限元-边界元模型的计算量随频率的增加而增大,结构中高频隔声特性分析中有限元模型的计算量较大,使用这种方法具有一定的局限性。
为此,一些学者采用统计能量分析(statistical energy analysis , SEA)研究了车体结构高频声学特性[6-11]。例如:GEISSLER等[6]分别基于三明治板等效理论和加筋板理论将铝型材划分为单板、梁、空腔等简单子系统,建立了铝型材的SEA模型。沈火明等[11]则结合有限元法、SEA及周期子结构原理,建立了高速列车波纹外地板声学特性仿真分析模型,分析了波纹板结构、波纹板上层复合材料、波纹板下层复合材料和波纹板与三明治结构耦合在不同腹板倾角下的隔声特性。此外,还有一些学者采用波数有限元-边界积分方程研究了铝型材的隔声特性。这种方法只需建立板结构截面的二维数值模型,计算效率较传统有限元方法有较大提高[12-14]。例如:YANG等[12]利用波的方法研究了周期性加筋板结构的声学特性;KIM等[13]进一步考虑了加筋板不规则分布的铝型材,并建立了铝型材的隔声预测模型,其隔声量与试验测量结果吻合较好;ZHANG等[14]采用类似方法对铝型材进行了参数研究,探讨了矩形、三角形和梯形加筋板对铝型材隔声特性的影响。但是,文献[12-14]所建立的传声损失模型都基于三维空间的格林函数,需要对结构的整个截面二维边界进行离散,导致在计算混响场传声损失时仍然存在较高的计算成本。
因此,本文将适用于刚性障板的格林函数引入波数有限元-边界元积分方程中,该方法无需对刚性障板进行离散,只需要对结构本身进行离散,利用二维半空间格林函数,建立某型材板结构的声振预测模型,研究型材夹芯层筋板形状对其隔声性能的影响。本方法无需建立整个结构和刚性障板的边界元模型,只需要对结构的横截面进行有限元模拟,这是本文的主要创新点。本文以某列车铝型材为例,基于波数有限元和边界积分理论,建立波数有限元控制方程以及结构在平面波激励下的隔声预测模型;计算铝型材中弹性波的波数、特征向量和传声损失,验证铝型材隔声预测模型;研究夹芯层筋板设计对铝型材隔声特性的影响。
考虑图1 所示的某半无限长波导结构,它与声学域1和2中的声压耦合。假设某一束平面波从声学域 1 入射至结构的上表面,α为入射平面波y-z平面投影与y轴的夹角,β为入射平面波与x轴的夹角。入射平面波方程可表示为 :
pin=p~ineikxxeikyyeikzzeiωt 
式中,p~in表示入射声压幅值;ω表示角频率;t表示时间;kx表示x方向的波数,ky表示y方向的波数,kz表示z方向的波数,各方向波数都可以用声波的波数k表示:
kx=kcosβ ky=ksinβcosα kz=ksinβsinα 
在平面波激励下,结构将产生振动并且向结构另一侧的流体域辐射声波,从而形成一个声-结构耦合模型,平面波与结构的耦合关系如图2所示。
由于铝型材板结构筋板拉伸方向尺寸通常较宽度方向更大,可近似将型材板结构模拟成波导结构。波数有限元方法只需要对结构的横截面进行离散,而无需对整个结构划分有限元网格,图3为型材板结构截面离散后的有限元模型。当采用梁单元对型材截面进行有限元离散后,可获得型材结构的质量和刚度矩阵,从而建立结构的振动控制方程 :
(K(kx)ω2M)U~=F 
式中,U~为结构截面的节点自由度向量;F 为结构在外载荷作用下的等效节点力向量;M 为质量矩阵;K 为刚度矩阵,可以表示为:
K(kx) = kx4K4+kx2K2+kxK1+K0 
其中,K4K2K1K0由文献[15]得出。
当没有外在激励时,式(3)转化为结构的特征问题,得到特征频率与特征波数的对应关系为结构的频散曲线,描述了特征频率和对应波数下结构的波动形状。当波数等于零时,式(4)转化为结构截面的二维平面问题,截面振动不以波的形式向外传播,对应的特征频率为截面的模态频率,也被称为截止频率。
图1 中结构两侧为半无限流体空间,流固耦合边界可利用二维边界元进行建模。声学二维边界积分方程为:
Cp=Γ(iρωvψ~+pψ~n)dΓ 
式中,C表示声压系数[16]p为流固耦合边界上某一点的声压;v为流固耦合边界上某一点的法向速度;n表示流固耦合边界的单位法向量;ψ~表示适用于刚性障板的二维半空间格林函数;ρ表示流体的密度;Γ表示流固耦合边界。
当积分点位于型材板结构的流固耦合边界上时,由于观察点到源点和源点的镜像点之间的距离相等,整个流固耦合边界可转化到结构的上下表面,刚性板对声波的散射效果可忽略不计。
将式(5)中的流固耦合边界进行离散,可得两侧流体的边界元模型:
{Hb1Pb1Gb1vb1=0Hb2Pb2Gb2vb2=0 
式中,Hb1Gb1Hb2Gb2分别为流体域1和2边界上由声学边界积分导出的矩阵;Pb1Pb2为流固耦合边界上的节点声压幅值;vb1vb2 为流固耦合边界上的节点法向速度幅值。
当结构与其两侧的流体耦合时,两侧流体会对结构施加流体载荷,则式(3)变为:
(K(kx)ω2M)U~=Ff1Ff2+F 
式中,Ff1为声学域1对结构施加的载荷;Ff2为声学域2对结构施加的载荷,根据Neuman边界条件[17],可得:
{Ff1=Cb1Pb1Ff2=Cb2Pb2 
式中,Cb1Cb2为对应流固耦合边界声压的矩阵。
将式(8)代入式(7)可得:
(K(kx)ω2M)U~=Cb1Pb1Cb2Pb2+F 
对于固体有限元与流体边界元的耦合,在流固耦合边界必须满足Dirchlet[17]边界条件,即结构的速度必须与流体的速度相匹配,可以表示为:
{Ib1vb1=iωCa1U~Ib2vb2=iωCa2U~ 
式中,Ib1Ib2均为由0和1组成的矩阵;Ca1Ca2矩阵能将结构有限元位移U~变换为耦合边界处的法向位移。
联立式(6)、(9)和(10)可建立结构与流体耦合的波数有限元-边界元振动控制方程组:
((K(kx)ω2M)Cb1Cb2000Hb10Gb1000Hb20Gb2iωCa100Ib10iωCa2000Ib2)(U~Pb1Pb2vb1vb2)=(F0000) 
根据声-结构耦合模型,平面入射声波的入射声功率Winc可表示为:
Winc=12Γ2|p~in|2sinαsinβρcdΓ2 
式中,Γ2表示流体域2与固体的耦合边界;c表示空气中声音的传播速度。
型材结构的辐射声功率Wrad可表示为:
Wrad=12Re(Γ1pvdΓ1) 
式中,Γ1表示流体域1与固体的耦合边界,v*表示结构横截面辐射边界法向振动速度的共轭转置。
根据式(12)和(13)可得传声系数:
τ=WradWinc 
利用式(14)可计算隔声量TL
TL=10lgτ 
基于混响场声波理论[18],混响场传声系数和隔声量可分别表示为:
τd=βlimπ/2αlimπ/2τ(β,α)sin2βsinαdαdββlimπ/2αlimπ/2sin2βsinϕsinαdαdβ 
STLd=10 lg(1τd) 
式中,βlimαlim分别表示变量βα的积分下限。
基于本节的波数有限元-边界积分方程,将建立某列车铝型材隔声预测模型,研究其隔声特性。
本节基于波数有限元-边界积分方程,建立某复杂列车铝型材的声振预测模型,计算自由弹性波传播的波数,绘制铝型材截面的波动形态和传声损失曲线,研究铝型材的频散特性以及截面波动形状对传声损失的影响,分析平面波激励下铝型材隔声量的变化特点,并将计算结果和传统有限元-边界元以及文献中其他预测方法的计算结果进行对比,验证模型的正确性。
考虑一个尺寸沿XYZ方向分别为1.5、1和0.07 m的高速列车铝型材板结构,铝型材的材料参数如表1所示。它的横截面如图4所示,该结构由上下蒙皮和18块筋板组成。其中,上蒙皮铺有一层4 mm厚的橡胶层,蒙皮的厚度均为2.5 mm,单位面积质量为 31.25 kg/m2。通过计算型材板结构在点力作用下的变形大小可计算板的刚度,该型材结构刚度为 1.02×107 N/m,该刚度比橡胶阻尼层刚度大1~2个数量级。因此,橡胶材料刚度对传声损失的影响可忽略不计,模型仅需考虑橡胶阻尼的附加质量。裸铝板和橡胶层覆盖的顶板阻尼损耗因子可从文献[12]中获得。
根据本文推导的波数有限元-边界积分方程,本文采用2节点梁单元对铝型材截面进行离散,考察的频段为100~5000 Hz。当对结构的横截面进行离散时,上下蒙皮和筋板的弯曲波波长都需至少包含 6 个单元。因此,铝型材隔声预测模型的最大网格尺寸取为10 mm。
铝型材的频散关系能在一定程度上反映整个结构的隔声特性,该铝型材(四端简支)的频散曲线如图5所示,图中黑色实线代表声波波数,红色点状线为结构波数。根据辐射圆定理,弯曲波波数大于声波波数时,结构不能向远场辐射噪声,即位于声波波数直线上方区域无法向空气中传播声,而位于声波波数直线下方区域可以向空气中传播声。因此,声波频散曲线与结构频散曲线相交频率称为临界频率;结构频散曲线与x方向声波波数的交点所在频率称为起始频率,也是二维截面的固有频率。
图5中可以看出,在分析频段内,结构大多数频散曲线均位于声波波数曲线之下,这说明结构的绝大多数特征波均能向外辐射声能,而位于声波波数曲线之上的特征波是不能往外辐射声能的。型材结构的频散曲线很复杂,会出现多条频散曲线相交的现象,该现象主要是由于特征值在很小的邻域内急剧变化引起的,反映了特征方程变量间的耦合作用,最终表现为铝型材各板件的耦合作用。
图6绘制了三束不同角度平面波入射下的铝型材隔声量曲线,并对主要低谷点处的固有频率进行了标注。当声波以不同入射角度激励结构时,声波在型材板结构上产生的迹波的波长不一样,所能激发的结构共振频率也不一样,导致传声损失低谷出现在不同频率处。图6表示的结构隔声特性主要可分为三个区域:1)当激励频率低于81 Hz时, 结构在此频段内的隔声特性主要受刚度控制;2)当激励频率位于81~216 Hz时, 结构的隔声特性主要受横断面全局模态影响。例如:在81和216 Hz处,结构共振模态表现为整体截面变形(如图7(a)和(b)所示);3)当激励频率高于216 Hz时, 结构的隔声特性主要受结构横截面的局部模态影响。例如:在436和646 Hz处,横截面中部和右端部上下面板的局部变形对结构的隔声量起主导作用(如图7(c)和(d)所示)。综上所述,在传声损失低谷点对应的频率处,结构横断面共振导致结构上下表面振动与流体耦合强度增加,从而增加了结构单位面积向外辐射的声功率,在入射声功率不随频率变化的情况下,在结构共振频率处,曲线会产生传声损失的低谷。
在采用波数有限元-边界积分方程计算铝型材混响场隔声量时,入射角度αβ的取值范围分别12°~90°和0°~90°,频段为100~5000 Hz。将其混响隔声量结果与仿真结果[12]、试验结果[12]和质量定律[12]进行对比,结果如图8所示,图中绿色曲线代表传统有限元-边界元方法的仿真计算结果。该仿真计算在一台主要配置为CPU 2.8 GHZ和RAM 16 GB的个人电脑上计算完成,计算时间约为48 h,而采用本文提出的波数有限元-边界元模型,计算时间约为12 h,计算效率有了明显提高。由图8的曲线对比可见,两种方法计算结果的吻合性较好。
在低频时,根据质量定律得出的隔声量比试验结果高10 dB左右,并且随着频率的增加,二者的差值逐渐增大。由此可以得出,质量定律不适合预测复杂铝型材结构的隔声量。在100~5000 Hz频段内,波数有限元-边界元结果与试验结果最大差值为5 dB左右,这主要是由于实际边界条件往往要比数值模拟的边界条件要复杂得多。通过对比波数有限元-边界元解和传统有限元-边界元解,两条隔声量曲线在频段内吻合良好,最大差值约为2 dB。综上所述,对比结果验证了波数有限元-边界积分方程预测复杂铝型材隔声量的有效性。
本节主要依据轻量化设计准则[19],并参考建筑结构中常用钢桁架(如图9所示),考察了两种筋板结构:“人”字式筋板结构和单斜式筋板结构对型材板结构隔声特性的影响。这两类筋板拓扑结构具有质量轻、刚度大、稳定性强的优势。在保证与第2节铝型材材料属性、结构尺寸、边界条件、阻尼损耗因子和入射平面波一致的情况下,仅改变图4的筋板拓扑形状,研究了不同筋板拓扑形状的频散曲线和铝型材隔声特性之间的关系,本节的研究是型材板结构声学特性系统优化的基础,掌握不同筋板结构对型材隔声特性的影响机制,可为改进结构和提高原结构的隔声量提供参考。
本小节对“人”字式筋板拓扑组成的铝型材进行了研究,以下简称为A类筋板拓扑。根据1 m宽度内间隔的数量,图10展示了三种铝型材A-1、A-2和A-3。三种铝型材的型号、面密度、结构刚度、第一阶固有频率以及中间筋板数如表2所示。
随型材板结构1 m宽度内筋板数量的减少,筋板的面密度、结构刚度和第一阶固有频率都会发生变化,表2中给出了具体的值。三种铝型材A-1、A-2和A-3的混响隔声量如图11所示。其平面波入射角αβ的取值范围分别为12°~90°和0°~90°,频段为100~3150 Hz。同时根据EN ISO 717-1—2020[22]中对计权隔声量Rw的定义,计算了三种结构的计权隔声量并标注在图11中。
图11可知,型材结构A-1和A-2分别在310和200 Hz附近出现混响隔声量低谷点,根据表2中的第一阶固有频率,可以判断出型材结构A-1和A-2的混响隔声量低谷点是由结构一阶共振引起的。A-1、A-2和A-3三种结构的计权隔声量分别为40.6、45.5和54.9 dB,随着中间筋板数量由16个减少到7个,结构的计权隔声量也有了很大提升,A-3结构的计权隔声量与A-1、A-2的差值分别为14.3、9.4 dB。综上所述,在所研究的频段内,结构A-3隔声效果最理想。结构的频散曲线能在一定程度上解释其隔声特性,三种铝型材A-1、A-2和A-3的频散曲线如图12所示。
图12(a)可知,A-1型材结构的频散曲线在270~315 Hz内与坐标横轴存在大量交点,可以判断截面的第一阶固有频率位于该频段,因此该处的隔声特性较差;在1400~2000 Hz范围内,随着频率的增加,更多的结构波数出现在声波波数之下,故在此频率附近结构的隔声量呈下降趋势。
图12(b)可知,A-2型材结构的频散曲线在200 Hz附近,结构频散曲线密集且与坐标横轴有大量交点,所以该频率附近的型材结构隔声量出现低谷;在1400 Hz附近,小于声波波数的弹性波频散曲线更加密集,当结构在此频段范围内受到声波波数小于弹性波波数的平面波激励时,结构在此频段内的隔声量比周围隔声量要低;相反,在1400~2000 Hz处,声波波数之上开始出现大量结构波数,随着频率的增加,结构的隔声量也在增加。
图12(c)可知,A-3型材的结构波数在51 Hz处与坐标横轴存在交点,即该点为结构的第一阶固有频率;在100~2000 Hz,该结构在整个研究频段内频散曲线稀疏,同时由于该结构的大部分频散曲线都大于相应频率的声波波数,因此其具有较好的隔声特性。
根据表2中标明的各型材结构第一阶固有频率,通过MATLAB程序绘制出对应固有频率的结构二维截面振型,如图13所示。
图13(a)可知,型材A-1的第一阶固有频率截面振型主要为下端面5个子结构的中间面板的局部变形,但其中部斜筋板发生了微小变形;由图13(b)可知,型材A-2的第一阶固有频率截面振型主要由下端面4个子结构的中间面板的局部变形以及中部斜筋板的微小变形组成;由图13(c)可知,型材A-3的第一阶固有频率截面振型主要为下端面2个子结构的中间面板的局部变形。值得注意的是,三种结构在其第一阶固有频率下产生隔声量低谷点主要原因都是由结构下面板的局部共振引起的。
本小节研究了单斜式腹板结构组成的铝型材,以下简称为B类筋板拓扑。根据1 m宽度内间隔的数量,图14展示了三种铝型材B-1、B-2和B-3。三种铝型材的型号、面密度、结构刚度、第一阶固有频率以及中间筋板数如表3所示。
三种铝型材B-1、B-2和B-3的混响隔声量如图15所示。在100~3150 Hz范围内,型材结构B-1和B-2分别在250和200 Hz处出现混响隔声量低谷点。B-1、B-2和B-3三种结构的计权隔声量分别为37.4、43.3和46.6 dB,随着中间筋板数量由11个减少到5个,结构的计权隔声量也有了较大提升,B-3结构的计权隔声量与B-1、B-2的差值分别为9.2、3.3 dB。综上所述,在研究频段内,B-3结构的隔声特性更好。
三种铝型材B-1、B-2和B-3的频散曲线如图16所示。由图16(a)可知,B-1型材结构的频散曲线在200~300 Hz范围内与坐标横轴存在大量交点,导致结构发生多阶共振,故在此频段内结构隔声量很差;在400~500 Hz范围内,声波波数以下无结构弯曲波波数,故在此频率周围出现隔声量峰值。由图16(b)可知,B-2型材结构的弯曲波波数在200 Hz附近与横轴存在大量交点,故在此频率附近结构隔声量很差;在250~330 Hz范围内,声波波数下方无结构频散曲线,故在此频段内结构不能向外辐射能量,该频率内型材结构隔声量出现峰值,隔声效果较好。由图16(c)可知,在100~2000 Hz范围内,位于声波波数之上的结构频散曲线更加密集,结构在此频率区间内无法向外辐射较多能量,隔声特性较好。根据表3中标明的各型材结构第一阶固有频率,绘制出对应固有频率的结构二维截面振型,如图17所示。
图17(a)可知,型材B-1的第一阶固有频率截面振型主要为上下面板与中间筋板耦合变形;由图17(b)可知,型材B-2的第一阶固有频率截面振型主要为下端面板局部变形,上面板和中间部分筋板出现了微小变形;由图17(c)可知,型材B-3的第一阶固有频率截面振型主要为下端面2个子结构的中间面板和中部筋板的耦合变形。三种结构在其第一阶固有频率下产生的隔声量低谷点主要由结构上下面板和筋板的整体耦合共振引起。
从上述不同结构的隔声量对比中可以看出,在100~3150 Hz范围内,由不同筋板拓扑组成的铝型材,其隔声量出现较大差别,而产生这些差别的原因与其结构、质量以及刚度有关。由于在列车振动噪声设计中重点关注400~1000 Hz的隔声量,因此在该频段内,分别从A类和B类拓扑形状中选择隔声特性较好的结构进行对比分析,图18绘制了铝型材A-2、A-3、B-2和B-3的隔声量对比曲线。
图18中可以看出,在400~1000 Hz范围内,A-3结构的隔声特性比其他三种结构的隔声特性要好。同时,采用平均隔声量评价该频段内结构的隔声特性。结构A-2、A-3、B-2和B-3的平均隔声量分别为47.4、54.4、43.6和42.7 dB,上述四种结构的面密度分别为 29.60、27.93、28.87和27.73 kg/m2。其中A-3的平均隔声量与A-2、B-2、B-3的差值分别为7.0、10.8、11.7 dB。综上所述,A-3结构的隔声特性在重点研究频段内较好,且其面密度仅为27.93 kg/m2,符合轻量化设计目标。
本文以某型列车铝型材为研究对象,将波数有限元和声学边界元结合,从弹性波的波动形状、结构的共振频率以及弹性波与声波的耦合机制出发,研究了型材结构的隔声特性,绘制了结构中弹性波的频散曲线、结构在平面声波和混响声场激励下的传声损失曲线,并从弹性波和声波相互作用的角度讨论了筋板形状对其隔声性能的影响,研究结果表明:
(1)铝型材波导结构不同于均质板结构,型材波导结构中不存在简单的弯曲波、剪力波和纵向波。其频散曲线随频率的变化关系更加复杂,型材筋板的数量会直接影响型材频散曲线的截止频率,截止频率又与型材结构中筋板的局部共振有关,局部共振的形状直接关系到型材结构和辐射声波的耦合强度。
(2)在参考轻量化设计准则与平面钢桁架结构的基础上,考察了“人”字式(A类)与单斜式(B类)两类筋板结构对型材板结构隔声性能的影响。改变筋板的拓扑结构会改变频散曲线的疏密程度,频散曲线越密集,对应结构被声波激起共振、产生隔声量低谷的频率就越多,结构隔声特性就越差。并且通过对比同类筋板拓扑结构的计权隔声量可知,对这两类筋板结构而言,随着中间筋板的数量减少,结构的计权隔声量增大,由此可知结构传声占主导地位。弄清筋板数量、形状与型材结构频散曲线及隔声量的内在联系,有助于通过改进结构对弹性波在结构中的传播特性进行调控,从而提高结构的隔声特性。
(3)通过对比不同筋板拓扑结构的隔声性能,只有4种结构同时具有较小的面密度和较高的传声损失,分别是具有四个子结构的“人”字式筋板拓扑(A-2)、具有两个子结构的“人”字式筋板拓扑(A-3)、具有四个子结构的单斜式筋板拓扑(B-2)以及具有两个子结构的单斜式筋板拓扑(B-3)。通过计算四种结构在关键频段内的平均隔声量,表明A-3 结构具有更好的隔声性能。
值得注意的是:虽然混合波数有限元和边界元方法可用于模拟沿波导方向为均质的结构包括:复合板结构、空气夹层玻璃和钢轨等,但是该方法不适用于横截面几何形状沿波导方向变化的结构。该方法针对不同的应用对象,所采用的具体建模技术和边界条件也会有所差异。例如:适用于三明治复合板结构的有限元建模技术并不能直接用于空气夹层玻璃。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52105124)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1880)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.013
  • 接收时间:2023-06-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-09
  • 修回日期:2023-09-10
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52105124)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1880)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
    2.西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031

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刘子屹(1998—),男,硕士。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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