Article(id=1228805278255219008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679587200000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-24, revisedDate=1684684800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899608434, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899608434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899608434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899608434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=941, endPage=949, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805278523654478, articleId=1228805278255219008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Investigation on parameter sensitivity on aerodynamic instability of single-axis PV trackers, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The present study aims to improve the aerodynamic stability of a single-axis PV tracker. The effects of turbulence intensity, natural frequency and damping ratio on the aerodynamic stability of the single-axis PV tracker are studied by a sectional model wind tunnel test to reveal the sensitivity of these parameters. The results show unstable torsional vibration of the single-axis PV tracker system in a large tilt angle range with strong aerodynamic coupling and self-excited characteristics. The critical wind speed for the unstable vibration is low. The critical wind speed is high at 0° tilt angle (PV module is horizontal). The increase of turbulence intensity leads to the increase of the unstable vibration tilt angle range, which is not good for the aerodynamic stability. Increasing the damping ratio has an inconsiderable effect on increasing the critical wind speed at small tilt angles (0° and 5°). However, it works well when the tilt angle is larger than 15°. With the increase of natural frequency, the critical wind speed is significantly increased at all tilt angles.

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本研究以提高结构气动稳定性为目的,通过节段模型测振风洞试验,研究了湍流度、自振频率、阻尼比等参数对平单轴光伏支架气动稳定性的影响,并对其参数敏感性进行了分析。研究表明平单轴光伏支架在较大的倾角范围内会出现大幅气动失稳扭转振动,振动带有强烈的气动耦合和自激特征,临界风速低。在发生大幅扭转振动的倾角范围内,0°倾角(组件水平放置时)临界风速较高。湍流度的增大导致结构发生振动的倾角范围增加。小倾角(0°、5°)下增加阻尼比对支架气动失稳的控制效果较差,较大倾角(15°以上)下阻尼比的增大对结构气动失稳的控制效果十分明显。扭转频率的提高,对各个倾角下的临界风速均有较大的提升。

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马文勇(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Dynamic parameters in 1∶8 sectional model test

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参数名称单位缩尺比工程设计值模型值
弦长m1∶85.0000.600
单位长度质量kg/m1∶975.0008.523
单位长度转动惯量kg·m1∶584156.2500.268
倾角范围°−60~60−60~60
), ArticleFig(id=1228805288120222693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805278255219008, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1∶8节段模型试验动力参数

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参数名称单位缩尺比工程设计值模型值
弦长m1∶85.0000.600
单位长度质量kg/m1∶975.0008.523
单位长度转动惯量kg·m1∶584156.2500.268
倾角范围°−60~60−60~60
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Test cases

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类别风速/(m·s−1)倾角/(º)自振频率/Hz阻尼比/%湍流度/%
0~18−60~601.741.90.5
20
0~160、5、150.83.8、5.5、8.57
1.73.8、5.5、8.5
2.13.8、5.5、8.5
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试验工况

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类别风速/(m·s−1)倾角/(º)自振频率/Hz阻尼比/%湍流度/%
0~18−60~601.741.90.5
20
0~160、5、150.83.8、5.5、8.57
1.73.8、5.5、8.5
2.13.8、5.5、8.5
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平单轴光伏支架气动失稳参数敏感性研究
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马文勇 1, 2, 3 , 康霄汉 3 , 胡磊 4 , 崔阳阳 4 , 贾娅娅 2 , 张振凯 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 941-949
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 941-949
平单轴光伏支架气动失稳参数敏感性研究
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马文勇1, 2, 3 , 康霄汉3, 胡磊4, 崔阳阳4, 贾娅娅2, 张振凯3
作者信息
  • 1.石家庄铁道大学省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050043
  • 2.河北省风工程与风能利用工程技术创新中心,河北 石家庄 050043
  • 3.石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043
  • 4.上海电气电站设备有限公司发电机厂,上海 200240

通讯作者:

马文勇(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Investigation on parameter sensitivity on aerodynamic instability of single-axis PV trackers
Wenyong MA1, 2, 3 , Xiaohan KANG3, Lei HU4, Yangyang CUI4, Yaya JIA2, Zhenkai ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures,Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,Shijiazhuang 050043,China
  • 2.Innovation Center for Wind Engineering and Wind Energy Technology of Hebei Province,Shijiazhuang 050043,China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering,Shijiazhuang Tiedao University,Shijiazhuang 050043,China
  • 4.Shanghai Electric Power Equipment Co.,Ltd.,Generator Plant,Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.006
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本研究以提高结构气动稳定性为目的,通过节段模型测振风洞试验,研究了湍流度、自振频率、阻尼比等参数对平单轴光伏支架气动稳定性的影响,并对其参数敏感性进行了分析。研究表明平单轴光伏支架在较大的倾角范围内会出现大幅气动失稳扭转振动,振动带有强烈的气动耦合和自激特征,临界风速低。在发生大幅扭转振动的倾角范围内,0°倾角(组件水平放置时)临界风速较高。湍流度的增大导致结构发生振动的倾角范围增加。小倾角(0°、5°)下增加阻尼比对支架气动失稳的控制效果较差,较大倾角(15°以上)下阻尼比的增大对结构气动失稳的控制效果十分明显。扭转频率的提高,对各个倾角下的临界风速均有较大的提升。

平单轴光伏支架  /  扭转气动失稳  /  风洞试验  /  临界风速  /  大风保护

The present study aims to improve the aerodynamic stability of a single-axis PV tracker. The effects of turbulence intensity, natural frequency and damping ratio on the aerodynamic stability of the single-axis PV tracker are studied by a sectional model wind tunnel test to reveal the sensitivity of these parameters. The results show unstable torsional vibration of the single-axis PV tracker system in a large tilt angle range with strong aerodynamic coupling and self-excited characteristics. The critical wind speed for the unstable vibration is low. The critical wind speed is high at 0° tilt angle (PV module is horizontal). The increase of turbulence intensity leads to the increase of the unstable vibration tilt angle range, which is not good for the aerodynamic stability. Increasing the damping ratio has an inconsiderable effect on increasing the critical wind speed at small tilt angles (0° and 5°). However, it works well when the tilt angle is larger than 15°. With the increase of natural frequency, the critical wind speed is significantly increased at all tilt angles.

single-axis PV tracker  /  torsional aerodynamic instability  /  wind-tunnel test  /  critical wind speed  /  protection from strong wind
马文勇, 康霄汉, 胡磊, 崔阳阳, 贾娅娅, 张振凯. 平单轴光伏支架气动失稳参数敏感性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 941 -949 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.006
Wenyong MA, Xiaohan KANG, Lei HU, Yangyang CUI, Yaya JIA, Zhenkai ZHANG. Investigation on parameter sensitivity on aerodynamic instability of single-axis PV trackers[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 941 -949 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.006
随着对光伏发电需求的日益提升,跟踪式光伏支架得到了广泛的应用,其中平单轴是目前最常见的跟踪式光伏支架形式[1]。该种光伏支架由于跨度大、结构柔、阻尼低[2-4],在大风天气下往往会产生扭转方向风致振动与气动失稳现象,如图1所示,由于振幅过大导致光伏支架被破坏,从而造成重大经济损失。
已有众多学者对光伏支架静力风荷载及其干扰效应进行了研究 [5-9],但有关光伏支架风致动力响应和气动稳定性问题研究相对较少。目前无论是理论研究还是工程实践,仍然无法从根本上解决平单轴光伏支架气动失稳问题。TAYLOR等[2]通过风洞试验说明了平单轴光伏支架容易出现气动弹性效应和扭转失稳,预测出了明显的惯性和自激力。MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA等[3-4]通过全气弹模型的风洞试验研究了倾角、转动惯量、支架长宽比等对平单轴光伏支架扭转振动的影响规律,并给出平单轴光伏支架主轴的设计建议。文献[8-10]通过风洞试验研究了光伏组件上的风压分布规律,提出了光伏组件上风压分布的差异是动态扭矩产生的重要原因,并对平单轴光伏支架在不同风速下的气动阻尼和气动刚度进行了预测,表明平单轴气动失稳伴有强烈的自激性质。VALENTÍN等[11]通过现场实测和数值模拟的方法研究了平单轴光伏支架失稳破坏的特征,通过给主轴施加扭矩确定了最大应力位置,这些位置与现场破坏的场景基本吻合,从而说明了光伏支架的破坏是由于扭转作用引起的。YOUNG等[12]通过数值模拟的方式研究了各倾角下平单轴光伏支架的临界风速,发现倾角接近于0°时临界风速高于其他倾角。另外柔性光伏支架、定日镜等结构在大风天气下往往也会发生风致振动。杜航等[13]通过风洞试验与数值模拟结合的方法,研究了柔性光伏支架在风荷载下的风振响应,讨论了柔性光伏支架风振系数的取值范围。GONG等[14]通过风洞试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了定日镜脉动风压特征和风振响应,并表明在定日镜设计过程中风振系数是关键因素。由于柔性光伏支架和定日镜的支撑形式与平单轴光伏支架大不相同,所表现出来的振动方式和性质也大不相同。对于平单轴光伏支架这种带有自激性质的扭转振动形式,无法通过风振系数等动力放大系数来进行描述[2]
一般认为,平单轴扭转向的大幅振动属于带有自激性质的气动失稳现象。这种振动的影响因素包括支架长宽比、倾角、惯性参数等[2-4]。自振频率、阻尼比和湍流度等参数对平单轴光伏支架气动失稳现象也有较大影响,自振频率和阻尼比是产品设计过程中重点考虑的因素,因此自振频率、阻尼比和湍流度对平单轴光伏支架气动失稳影响规律的研究对实际工程具有十分重要的意义,而目前类似的研究还比较匮乏。
由于光伏支架风致振动与大跨度桥梁的风致振动比较相似,因此,关于桥梁断面风致振动的研究可以为光伏支架气动失稳提供参考。黄汉杰等[15]通过风洞试验研究了风的湍流效应对大跨度流线形主梁断面悬索桥颤振稳定性的影响,结果表明湍流将降低桥梁的颤振稳定性。段青松等[16]通过风洞试验研究了阻尼比对大跨桥梁主梁截面涡振性能的影响,结果表明主梁竖向涡振和扭转涡振振幅均随阻尼比的增大而减小,增大阻尼比可以有效抑制主梁的涡振。WU等[17]通过风洞试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了湍流对结构涡振性能的影响,结果表明湍流对涡振的影响与迎风端和尾端旋涡的相对强弱有关,如果断面迎风端旋涡强于尾端,湍流会抑制结构涡振响应,反之则会提高结构涡振响应。唐煜[18]通过数值模拟研究了阻尼比模型数学形式对非线性颤振响应的影响,当结构阻尼比为常数型时,结构阻尼比无法抑制颤振发散;当结构阻尼比为线性比例型时,阻尼比随振幅变化的斜率构成了抑制颤振响应的重要因素。上述研究充分表明,湍流度、阻尼比等参数对颤振和涡激共振有明显的影响。考虑到平单轴光伏支架的宽厚比以及倾角范围与大跨度桥梁有巨大的差异,而且单轴光伏支架气动失稳机理仍不清楚,自振频率、阻尼比和湍流度等参数对失稳特性的影响也不明确,需要开展进一步研究 。
本文针对湍流度、阻尼比、自振频率等参数对平单轴光伏支架气动失稳特征影响仍不明确的问题展开研究,获得了不同自振频率、阻尼比和湍流度下平单轴光伏支架发生气动失稳的振幅和临界风速,并对以上参数敏感性问题进行了讨论,为实际工程中平单轴光伏支架设计提供了建议。
试验在石家庄铁道大学风洞试验室低速试验段进行,试验段长24 m,宽4.4 m,高3 m,风速范围为1.5~30 m/s,20 m/s风速试验段中心区域速度场不均匀性小于0.5%,背景湍流度小于1%。
研究对象为2P单排独立平单轴光伏发电系统,如图2所示,支架弦长为5 m,采用2个长度为2.384 m、宽度为1.303 m、厚度为0.035 m、重量为38.7 kg的光伏组件,扭转刚度主要由驱动柱固定的主轴提供,其他立柱可自由转动,该光伏支架边缘红框位置由于扭转刚度较低容易产生扭转气动失稳现象,一般会在该位置安装阻尼器等外部阻尼装置,提高结构的阻尼比。基于风洞断面尺寸和模型长宽比要求[19],试验模型缩尺比选用1∶8,模型长2.3 m,宽0.6 m,长宽比为1∶3.83,模型质量、转动惯量等参数如表1所示。
本文通过节段模型测振风洞试验测试湍流度、自振频率和阻尼比等参数对支架气动失稳性能的影响。大量的平单轴光伏支架现场的气动失稳现象表明,平单轴光伏支架气动失稳可以近似为扭转方向单自由度振动,其扭转刚度主要由驱动立柱固定的主轴提供。因此设计了如图3所示的单自由度扭转试验系统,模型采用轻质木板制作,除模型以外转轴和两侧钢臂也参与了振动,节段模型通过四根弹簧提供扭转刚度,试验过程中严格地约束了其他方向的自由度,确保模型以单自由度扭转模态振动。通过改变弹簧悬挂位置改变模型的扭转刚度,采用如图3所示的阻尼装置调整结构的阻尼,模型振动所产生的能量被润滑油相对运动所产生的黏滞力所消耗,从而产生了阻尼效果。
试验分别在低湍流度(0.5%)、中等湍流度(7%)和高湍流度(20%)风场下进行,其中低湍流度为风洞背景湍流,中等湍流度和高湍流度采用格栅模拟获得。采用测试范围为70~200 mm的激光位移计测试模型的振动位移,位移计安装位置如图3所示,测试精度为8 μm,采样频率为1000 Hz,对应的角度范围为−32°~32°,精度为0.0038°。
表2所示,试验共分为两部分。试验I测试湍流度对支架气动失稳性能的影响,选择湍流度I=0.5%和20%的风场进行试验,模型自振频率f =1.74 Hz、系统阻尼比ζ=1.9%,倾角范围β=−60°~60°,风速范围 U =0~18 m/s。试验Ⅱ测试自振频率和阻尼比对支架气动失稳性能的影响,自振频率f=0.8、1.7、2.1 Hz;对应的系统阻尼比ζ=3.8%、5.5%、8.5%。其中湍流度I=7%,倾角β=0°、5°、15°,风速范围U =0~16 m/s。
模型的扭转角度通过下式计算,文中模型的扭转角度用A(t)表示, 模型扭转角度如图4所示。
A(t)=arctan[1L(μ1(t)μ2(t))]180π 
式中,A(t)为模型的扭转角度,图4箭头旋转方向为正;μ1(t)为位移计1位置所采集到的竖向位移,μ2(t)为位移计2位置所采集到的竖向位移,μ1(t)μ2(t)向上运动为正,向下运动为负;Lμ1(t)μ2(t)之间的距离,试验中L为0.2 m。为了与扭转角度进行区分,以下模型初始倾角定义为β,其中按照图4方向倾斜的模型倾角为正值。
图5所示为模型发生气动失稳前后位移时程图,气动失稳发生前模型振动随机性较强,振幅较小;模型发生气动失稳后振动是一种具有稳定振幅的等幅振动,振动时程曲线上的区别可作为判定气动失稳现象发生的依据。对于该类振动曲线的平均振幅可近似通过式A=2σ估算得到[20],其中A为模型的振幅,σ为位移时程A(t)的均方根。
为了方便描述,本文采用折算风速U作为无量纲风速,U*=U/ (fB),其中U为试验风速,f 为模型的自振频率,B为模型的弦长。另外,通过风洞试验发现气动失稳发生前模型抖振的振幅普遍小于2°,发生气动失稳时的振幅普遍大于2°,将振幅大于2°作为发生气动失稳现象的标志。 气动失稳发生的临界风速为UCR,无量纲临界风速表示为UCR
对于平单轴这种风敏感性结构,应充分地考虑湍流度对支架气动失稳性能的影响。本节主要讨论湍流度对支架临界风速和振幅的影响。
不同湍流度下模型振幅随风速、倾角的变化规律如图6所示。当I=0.5%时,模型在β=−15°~15°的倾角范围内发生了大幅度的风致振动现象,其他倾角均未观测到大幅度的扭转振动。β=−15°~10°时,模型气动失稳振幅随风速的增长速度较快,在达到临界风速后,风速增大会引起振幅大幅度增长,且随着风速的增大并未出现振动衰减的情况,其中β=0°时振幅增长速度最快。β=15°时,在U=13~17观测到了类似于涡激共振锁定现象,且β=15°的振幅明显低于β=−15°~10°。相对于I=0.5%,I=20%时模型发生气动失稳的倾角范围更大,在β=−30°~25°均观测到了大幅扭转振动,且随着风速的增大,振幅增长速度也有不同程度的提高,这是由于湍流度的增大导致脉动风荷载引起的抖振响应增大,强迫力进一步激发了模型发生扭转振动,相关研究已经证明了β=−30°在人为外部激励下会产生气动失稳现象[10],湍流风引起的抖振力与人为的外部激励相似。I=20%时,β=15°模型随着风速增大振幅逐渐增大,未出现类似于小湍流度下的涡激共振特征。I=0.5%、β=15°涡激振动振幅有限,随着风速的提高振幅未出现大幅增长,涡激振动过程中并未发生气动失稳现象;其他大幅振动工况下,随着风速的提高,振幅均出现大幅增长,表现出明显的气动失稳特征。
图7所示为不同湍流度下的模型临界风速。I=0.5%、β=15°时,模型涡激共振临界风速UCR=13.42,该临界风速明显高于其他气动失稳工况的临界风速,这是由于阻尼比对涡振的控制比其他气动失稳更好,平单轴测振模型的阻尼比明显大于传统桥梁测振模型,导致平单轴涡振临界风速远高于桥梁等结构。I=20%、β=15°时,模型气动失稳临界风速UCR=4.61,临界风速远低于I=0.5%涡激共振临界风速,在该状态下模型表现出气动失稳的现象。除I=0.5%、β=15°以外的其他工况,在相同倾角下I=20%较I=0.5%气动失稳临界风速有小幅度的提升,效果不明显。I=0.5%和I=20%两类工况下,β=0°模型临界风速最高,且随着倾角的增大临界风速均有不同程度的降低。
由于各倾角下支架气动失稳振幅普遍较高且不易控制,建议使用临界风速作为衡量气动失稳性能和结构振动控制的标准。β=0°时,结构临界风速较高且风阻力较小,当不得不采用小倾角作为大风保护角时,选择β=0°较好。另外湍流度的增大会提高不稳定倾角范围,不利于结构安全,在电站选址和支架的抗风设计中应充分考虑湍流度的影响。
本节讨论自振频率f =1.74 Hz、系统阻尼比ζ=1.9%的试验模型,为了方便区分,将各倾角模型临界风速下的振动频率用f1表示。本节研究不同湍流度、倾角的光伏支架在临界风速下振动频率的大小,并分析了大、小激励下0°倾角试验模型在临界风速下的振动响应情况。
I=0.5%时的试验模型在临界风速下的振动频率如图8(a)所示。β=−15°~10°时,模型在临界风速附近发生扭转振动的频率均低于模型自振频率f=1.74 Hz,临界风速越高的倾角所对应的振动频率越低,其中β=0°振动频率f1=1.23 Hz低于其他倾角的对应值。β=15°时,模型在涡振区间U=13~17的振动频率f1=1.74 Hz,与模型自振频率f =1.74 Hz相等,表现出了较强的锁定现象,与β=−15°~10°模型气动失稳频率的变化具有本质区别。
I=20%时的试验模型在临界风速下的振动频率如图8(b)所示。β=−30°~25°时,模型在临界风速附近发生扭转振动的频率均低于模型自振频率f=1.74 Hz,当β=−15°~10°时,I=20%的风场相比I=0.5%的风场模型振动频率基本无变化。
平单轴光伏支架在气动失稳状态下的振动频率较结构自振频率f =1.74 Hz具有不同程度的降低,与I=0.5%、β=15°涡激共振现象中的涡脱频率随风速的变化规律不同,该振动带有明显的自激性质,根本上是由于大风作用下,系统的动力特性改变造成的,属于气动耦合的范畴[21]。如图8所示,除I=0.5%、β=15°涡激共振以外的其他大幅振动工况,各倾角模型气动失稳临界风速和临界风速下扭转振动的频率之间具有较强的负相关性,频率的降低是由气动刚度的变化造成的,各倾角临界风速的差异与气动刚度的变化具有一定的关系。
图9给出了大、小激励下0°倾角试验模型在临界风速下的振动响应情况。可以看到,在临界风速下,试验模型稳定的振幅为23°,在大激励(初试激励大于23°)的情况下,试验模型振动出现了衰减,当衰减到23°转角,振动又恢复到了稳态;在小激励(初试激励小于23°)的情况下,试验模型振动随时间增长呈现发散态势,当发散到23°转角,振动同样恢复到了稳态。如图9所示,气动阻尼与振动的位移之间具有一定的关系,当试验模型位移大于某一值时,表现出正阻尼,消耗能量,当试验模型位移小于该值时,表现出负阻尼,吸收能量。在振动过程中,吸收的能量与耗散的能量平衡,从而使结构振动达到了一个稳定的状态,从图中可以看到平单轴光伏支架在发生扭转振动的过程中扭转角度保持着一个极限环,该极限环是一个十分稳定的结构,只会随风速的改变而改变,无论外力如何激励,该结构始终围绕该极限环进行振动。ROHA等[22]在流场分析的过程中也同样发现了该现象。平单轴光伏支架气动失稳过程气动力具有明显的非线性,符合软颤振的特征。
均匀流场中平单轴光伏支架有两种不稳定机制。一种是发生在小倾角下(β=−15°~10°),振幅随风速增大而不断增大的软颤振模式;一种是发生在较大倾角下(β=15°)的涡激共振模式,振幅较小,且有明显涡振区间,涡振对阻尼较为敏感,当阻尼比较小时,发生涡振的倾角范围有可能会进一步增大,但在湍流风作用下,湍流风会促使结构产生较大幅度的抖动,在抖动下迫使结构转换为软颤振。
通过2.1节可知,湍流度对结构气动失稳性能具有较大影响,在平单轴节段模型风洞试验过程中应考虑湍流度的影响,故后文选择了7%的中等湍流度来进行平单轴节段模型风洞试验。自振频率和阻尼比是衡量结构动力特性的基本参数,也是工程设计的重要依据。本节所讨论的频率和阻尼比为试验系统零风速下的自振频率和阻尼比,选取的自振频率f =0.8、1.7、2.1 Hz;选取的阻尼比ζ=3.8%、5.5%、8.5%,此处系统自振频率的改变是通过改变扭转刚度而非转动惯量实现的。
模型在不同自振频率下的振幅如图10所示。I=7%、β=15°时,模型在临界风速附近振动频率低于结构自振频率,且振幅随风速增长的速度较快,与I=0.5%、β=15°具有明显区别,属于软颤振范畴。β=15°时,提高模型自振频率对模型气动失稳振幅的控制效果十分显著;β=0°时,提高模型自振频率对模型气动失稳振幅的控制效果有限。β=5°介于β=0°和β=15°之间。模型在不同自振频率下的临界风速如图11所示,其中图11(c)β=15°时,由于在试验风速范围U =0~16 m/s内模型未发生气动失稳现象,但不能保证模型在风速大于16 m/s后不发生气动失稳现象,所以图11(c)中使用箭头和虚线来表示光伏支架在β=15°时的临界风速。随着系统自振频率的提高,抵抗结构运动的弹性力增强、维持结构运动的惯性力减弱[3-4]β=0°、5°、15°模型气动失稳临界风速均得到了较大幅度的提升,提升自振频率对临界风速的提升效果非常明显。
模型在不同阻尼比下的振幅如图12所示。ζ=5.5%与ζ=3.8%对比发现,阻尼比增大对振幅的抑制效果不明显。当阻尼比增大到ζ=8.5%时,随着风速的提高模型振幅得到了有效的控制,较ζ=3.8%、ζ=5.5%振幅发展速度有着明显的降低。模型在不同阻尼比下的临界风速如图13所示,伴随阻尼比的增大,β=15°模型气动失稳临界风速提升效果最为明显,β=0°、β=5°模型气动失稳临界风速提升幅度较小,β=0°时的提升效果最差。当ζ=8.5%、β=15°时,模型在f =0.8、1.7、2.1 Hz均未观测到气动失稳现象,β=15°时,振幅对阻尼比的增大十分敏感,该倾角下阻尼比增大对模型气动失稳具有较强的抑制作用。在I=0.5%的均匀流场中,−15°~10°倾角发生了软颤振现象,对于软颤振,由于气动阻尼的非线性导致结构阻尼比对结构气动失稳控制作用较弱[23]。当I=7%时,湍流风导致较大倾角(β=15°)下结构抖振响应增强,从而促使结构发生软颤振,当结构阻尼比达到8.5%时,湍流风的抖振响应减弱,抖振振幅不足以诱发结构产生软颤振,β=15°时,由于阻尼比较大也未出现涡振现象。
β=0°、β=5°阻尼比对支架气动失稳的控制效果较差,β=15°时阻尼比的增大对结构气动失稳起到了关键的控制作用,如图12所示,β=15°、ζ=8.5%时,对结构气动失稳的控制效果十分显著。当大风保护倾角β=0°时,施加外部阻尼的方法不能对支架气动失稳起到控制作用,还需要提高结构的扭转刚度。如果尝试采用β=15°的大风保护倾角,需要外部阻尼装置的阻尼值较大,施加的外部阻尼过小对结构气动失稳的控制效果也不会特别明显。随着支架自振频率的提高,β=0°、5°、15°三个倾角下结构气动失稳临界风速均得到了较大幅度的提升。
针对平单轴光伏支架扭转气动失稳问题,本文通过节段模型测振风洞试验研究了湍流度、自振频率(结构刚度)和阻尼比等参数对气动失稳性能的影响,得到如下结论:
(1)在发生气动失稳的倾角中,不同倾角的支架临界风速和振幅具有较大差异,倾角越小临界风速越高,0°倾角的临界风速高于其他倾角,考虑到该倾角下风荷载较小,如果采用小倾角保护策略,建议采用0 °作为大风保护倾角。
(2)湍流度会影响平单轴气动失稳的倾角范围,较大湍流度下,支架发生气动失稳的倾角范围更大,在电站选址和抗风设计中应考虑湍流度的影响。
(3)在均匀流场中平单轴光伏支架有两种不稳定机制。一种是在小倾角下(β=−15°~10°)振幅随风速增大而不断增大的软颤振模式;一种是在较大倾角下(β=15°)的涡激共振模式,涡振对阻尼比较为敏感,但在湍流作用下,湍流会促使结构产生较大幅度的抖动,在抖动下迫使结构转换为软颤振。
(4) 阻尼比对于小倾角(如0 °和5 °)的气动失稳的影响很小,对大倾角的气动失稳的控制作用明显。因此若采用0 °倾角的大风保护倾角,施加外部阻尼的方法不能对支架气动失稳起到控制作用,若采用15 °的大风保护倾角,提高阻尼可以有效地提高气动失稳临界风速。
(5)通过增加刚度来提高自振频率,能有效地提高所有倾角下的临界风速,对抑制气动失稳现象有显著的效果,建议在工程实践中优先考虑通过提升自振频率来提高结构的临界风速。
  • 河北省自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(E2021210053)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2023-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-24
  • 修回日期:2023-05-22
基金
河北省自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(E2021210053)
作者信息
    1.石家庄铁道大学省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050043
    2.河北省风工程与风能利用工程技术创新中心,河北 石家庄 050043
    3.石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043
    4.上海电气电站设备有限公司发电机厂,上海 200240

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马文勇(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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