Article(id=1228805277378609442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687968000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-29, revisedDate=1693497600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899608225, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899608225, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899608225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899608225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=984, endPage=993, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805277655433518, articleId=1228805277378609442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic modelling and vibration energy harvesting performance of tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ambient vibration energy harvesting technology can provide green self-powered supply technology for low-power electronic devices in the Internet of Things (IoTs). In response to the shortcomings of traditional linear cantilever beam energy harvesters with high natural frequencies and low energy capture efficiency, a tuning fork-shaped cantilever beam structure is proposed to collect vibration energy in the environment. This overcomes the disadvantage of traditional cantilever beam structures, where the free end section, due to its small strain during vibration, is not conducive to energy collection. As a result, the energy harvesting efficiency of the system is significantly enhanced. The Lagrange equation is used to establish the dynamic equation of a tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam under harmonic excitation. The influence of structure size, added tip-mass and load resistance on the energy capture characteristics of the system are analyzed through a combination of the theoretical analysis, finite element simulation (FEM) and experimental results. The results show that introducing a bifurcation structure at the free end of the cantilever beam can reduce the fundamental frequency of the system, proving that the tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvester is more conducive to low-frequency ambient vibration energy harvesting. When the acceleration excitation amplitude is 0.5 m/s2, the peak output power of the system is 7 mW. Further optimization of the structure by adding a 20 g tip-mass at the free end increases the peak energy capture output power to 18 mW. Design a piezoelectric energy capture interface circuit to collect and convert electrical energy directly to power LED lights (light emitting diodes). Experimental results can simultaneously light up 50 LED lights. The research results can provide theoretical support for energy collection in low-frequency vibration environments and for achieving self-powered design of low-power IoT sensors below 80 Hz.

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环境振动能量采集技术可为物联网低功耗电子设备提供绿色无源自供电技术,针对传统平直悬臂梁俘能器结构固有频率高,俘能效率较低的不足,提出一类叉型悬臂梁结构用于环境中振动能量的采集,克服传统悬臂梁结构自由端部分因振动时应变较小而不利于能量采集的缺点,从而提升系统的俘能效率。利用Lagrange方程建立音叉压电悬臂梁在谐波激励下的动力学方程,求解系统固有频率,综合对比理论解析、有限元仿真和试验结果,分析了结构尺寸、附加质量块以及负载电阻对系统俘能特性的影响。结果表明:在悬臂梁结构自由端处引入分叉结构可以降低系统的固有频率,证明音叉压电悬臂梁俘能器更有利于低频环境振动俘能;在加速度激励幅值为0.5 m/s2时,系统俘能输出功率峰值为7 mW;进一步优化结构,在自由端引入20 g附加质量块,系统俘能输出功率峰值提升至18 mW;设计压电俘能接口电路,采集转换的电能直接为LED灯(发光二极管)供电,可同时点亮50个LED灯。研究结果可为适配80 Hz以下的低频振动环境的能量采集以及实现低功耗物联网传感器的自供电设计提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曹东兴(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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马丽骞(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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马丽骞(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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马丽骞(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Material parameters and dimensional parameters

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参数符号取值
第一段梁的长度l160 mm
第二段梁的长度l23 mm
第三段梁的长度l360 mm
第四段梁的长度l460 mm
第一段梁的厚度hs11.4 mm
第二段梁的厚度hs210 mm
第三段梁的厚度hs31 mm
第四段梁的厚度hs41 mm
压电片厚度hp0.2 mm
梁宽度b20 mm
铜基板密度ρs8940 kg/m3
铜基板样式模量Es90×109 Pa
压电层密度ρp7500 kg/m3
压电层弹性模量Ep60.6×109 Pa
压电常数e31−16.6 C/m2
介电常数ε33S21
第一阶模态阻尼比ξ10.02
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材料参数和尺寸参数

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参数符号取值
第一段梁的长度l160 mm
第二段梁的长度l23 mm
第三段梁的长度l360 mm
第四段梁的长度l460 mm
第一段梁的厚度hs11.4 mm
第二段梁的厚度hs210 mm
第三段梁的厚度hs31 mm
第四段梁的厚度hs41 mm
压电片厚度hp0.2 mm
梁宽度b20 mm
铜基板密度ρs8940 kg/m3
铜基板样式模量Es90×109 Pa
压电层密度ρp7500 kg/m3
压电层弹性模量Ep60.6×109 Pa
压电常数e31−16.6 C/m2
介电常数ε33S21
第一阶模态阻尼比ξ10.02
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Comparison of theoretical and simulated natural frequencies

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结果ω1/Hzω2/Hzω3/Hz
理论分析结果50.38142.45248.63
有限元仿真结果50.826143.05251.09
误差/%1.950.420.98
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理论和仿真的固有频率对比

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结果ω1/Hzω2/Hzω3/Hz
理论分析结果50.38142.45248.63
有限元仿真结果50.826143.05251.09
误差/%1.950.420.98
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Natural frequencies of three cantilever beam structures

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悬臂梁结构ω1/Hzω2/Hzω3/Hz
传统平直悬臂梁86.846509.96949.2
二分叉悬臂梁57.92565.846311.53
三分叉悬臂梁38.58939.91154.975
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三种悬臂梁结构固有频率

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悬臂梁结构ω1/Hzω2/Hzω3/Hz
传统平直悬臂梁86.846509.96949.2
二分叉悬臂梁57.92565.846311.53
三分叉悬臂梁38.58939.91154.975
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音叉压电悬臂梁动力学建模及振动俘能特性分析
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马丽骞 1 , 曹东兴 1, 2 , 詹昌海 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 984-993
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 984-993
音叉压电悬臂梁动力学建模及振动俘能特性分析
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马丽骞1 , 曹东兴1, 2 , 詹昌海1
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学力学系,北京 100124
  • 2.机械结构非线性振动与强度北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 马丽骞(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

曹东兴(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Dynamic modelling and vibration energy harvesting performance of tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam
Liqian MA1 , Dongxing CAO1, 2 , Changhai ZHAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Vibrations and Strength of Mechanical Structures, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.010
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环境振动能量采集技术可为物联网低功耗电子设备提供绿色无源自供电技术,针对传统平直悬臂梁俘能器结构固有频率高,俘能效率较低的不足,提出一类叉型悬臂梁结构用于环境中振动能量的采集,克服传统悬臂梁结构自由端部分因振动时应变较小而不利于能量采集的缺点,从而提升系统的俘能效率。利用Lagrange方程建立音叉压电悬臂梁在谐波激励下的动力学方程,求解系统固有频率,综合对比理论解析、有限元仿真和试验结果,分析了结构尺寸、附加质量块以及负载电阻对系统俘能特性的影响。结果表明:在悬臂梁结构自由端处引入分叉结构可以降低系统的固有频率,证明音叉压电悬臂梁俘能器更有利于低频环境振动俘能;在加速度激励幅值为0.5 m/s2时,系统俘能输出功率峰值为7 mW;进一步优化结构,在自由端引入20 g附加质量块,系统俘能输出功率峰值提升至18 mW;设计压电俘能接口电路,采集转换的电能直接为LED灯(发光二极管)供电,可同时点亮50个LED灯。研究结果可为适配80 Hz以下的低频振动环境的能量采集以及实现低功耗物联网传感器的自供电设计提供理论支撑。

音叉压电悬臂梁  /  环境振动利用  /  分叉结构  /  动力学建模  /  低频多模态  /  俘能试验

Ambient vibration energy harvesting technology can provide green self-powered supply technology for low-power electronic devices in the Internet of Things (IoTs). In response to the shortcomings of traditional linear cantilever beam energy harvesters with high natural frequencies and low energy capture efficiency, a tuning fork-shaped cantilever beam structure is proposed to collect vibration energy in the environment. This overcomes the disadvantage of traditional cantilever beam structures, where the free end section, due to its small strain during vibration, is not conducive to energy collection. As a result, the energy harvesting efficiency of the system is significantly enhanced. The Lagrange equation is used to establish the dynamic equation of a tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam under harmonic excitation. The influence of structure size, added tip-mass and load resistance on the energy capture characteristics of the system are analyzed through a combination of the theoretical analysis, finite element simulation (FEM) and experimental results. The results show that introducing a bifurcation structure at the free end of the cantilever beam can reduce the fundamental frequency of the system, proving that the tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvester is more conducive to low-frequency ambient vibration energy harvesting. When the acceleration excitation amplitude is 0.5 m/s2, the peak output power of the system is 7 mW. Further optimization of the structure by adding a 20 g tip-mass at the free end increases the peak energy capture output power to 18 mW. Design a piezoelectric energy capture interface circuit to collect and convert electrical energy directly to power LED lights (light emitting diodes). Experimental results can simultaneously light up 50 LED lights. The research results can provide theoretical support for energy collection in low-frequency vibration environments and for achieving self-powered design of low-power IoT sensors below 80 Hz.

tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam  /  ambient vibration utilization  /  bifurcated structure  /  dynamic modelling  /  multi-modes in lower frequency  /  energy harvesting experiment
马丽骞, 曹东兴, 詹昌海. 音叉压电悬臂梁动力学建模及振动俘能特性分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 984 -993 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.010
Liqian MA, Dongxing CAO, Changhai ZHAN. Dynamic modelling and vibration energy harvesting performance of tuning fork piezoelectric cantilever beam[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 984 -993 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.010
随着物联网用智能传感技术的普及和柔性电子领域的快速发展,低功耗电子设备的可持续供电技术成为研究热点。作为微机电设备的主要供电方式,传统化学电池存在寿命短,污染环境等缺点,无法满足微电子设备对供电技术的长远需求。因此,发展环保可持续的绿色能源技术具有深刻的现实意义。自然界中的风能、太阳能和水能作为绿色可持续能源技术已得到广泛应用,但其发电系统结构复杂,并不适用于微电子低功耗供电。振动在自然界和工程领域无处不在,其中蕴含丰富的机械能。振动能量采集基于各种机-电转换原理将周围环境中存在的振动能量转换为电能,是一种可代替电池且具有自我维持的新型绿色自供电技术,具有结构简单、无电磁干扰、无污染等一系列优点[1-3],受到国内外学者的广泛关注。
振动能量采集研究早期,多以平直悬臂梁作为压电俘能器振子结构,并且基于线性振动理论进行分析,但是该方案只有当外界激励与系统响应频带接近时才能实现较好的俘能效果,这一缺点极大地限制了俘能器的能量转换效率。为此,国内外学者针对传统悬臂梁型提出各种改进模型以拓展俘能器频带范围,如变宽度[4]、变厚度、轴向功能梯度梁[5]、变截面梁[6]等非均质悬臂梁俘能器结构,以及Z型[7]、梯型[8]、L型[9]、M型[10]、弹性折叠梁[11]等折叠梁俘能器结构,并通过改变附加质量来调谐前两阶固有频率,从而拓宽系统的俘能带宽[12-13]。此外,CHEN等[14]设计了一种多分支悬臂梁压电能量采集器,利用Euler-Bernoulli梁理论和连续边界条件,推导出用于研究动态响应的控制方程,并通过Y型梁进行验证。此外,有学者提出了音叉状悬臂梁[15-16]、Y型梁[17-18]以及分叉型、折叠型螺旋形压电悬臂梁[19]作为俘能器振子结构。
ERTURK等[20-21]提出了双晶压电悬臂梁俘能器结构,并在线性悬臂梁的基础上引入附加磁力,设计了非线性压电俘能器[22],证明了磁-电-弹耦合结构作为宽带俘能器的优越性。基于此,许多学者提出了双稳态[23]、多稳态[24]、内共振[25-26]以及碰撞[27]等非线性俘能器,进一步拓宽俘能器频带范围,提升俘能效率。
根据振动理论,悬臂梁结构根部应变较大,自由端部分应变较小,基于压电效应可知,悬臂梁自由端部分振动变形并不利于能量采集。此外,文献[28]研究表明,日常生活和常见工程环境的振动频率范围多集中在1~200 Hz范围内。本文设计的俘能器结构,重点研究80 Hz以下的振动能量采集,可适用于三轴机床底座和办公楼空气调节系统等振动环境。本文将传统悬臂梁靠近自由端的后半段分层,提出一类叉型悬臂梁结构作为俘能器振子结构,在不影响悬臂梁根部俘能效率的基础上提升自由端的俘能特性。首先利用Lagrange方程建立音叉压电悬臂梁在谐波激励下的动力学方程,求解得到系统固有频率;利用数值模拟和有限元仿真对比分析材料尺寸、附加质量块以及负载电阻对其俘能特性的影响;最后设计压电俘能接口电路并搭建俘能试验台为LED灯供电,验证所设计叉型俘能器俘能特性。
音叉压电悬臂梁俘能器结构如图1所示。该模型共被分为4个部分,由于音叉的结构特性可以将音叉看作是由三个悬臂梁拼接而成,其中梁-1上贴有上、下压电片,串联有电阻R。模型中xz方向分别对应压电方向1和3,极化方向为z方向,双晶压电层的极化方向相反。在每段梁上各设一个非惯性坐标系,以每段梁的端点中心为坐标原点,惯性坐标设在地面上,则加速度激励相当于施加于非惯性坐标系中,非惯性坐标系内只考虑激振下的横向位移。由于实物制作过程中梁-1、梁-3和梁-4内部导电互通,振动过程中弯曲程度未完全一样,全贴压电片将导致振动过程中压电发出的电荷存在部分抵消。为了便于试验的准确性比较,在考虑模型时只考虑梁-1段贴附压电片,后续研究可以考虑将模型拆分拼装,使梁-1、梁-3和梁-4互相绝缘。其结构构型如图1所示,其中自由端附加的质量块如图所示,该质量块较薄,忽略转动惯量的影响,且其质心与悬臂梁端部对齐。图1中,hp表示压电层厚度,hsilii=1,2,3,4)分别表示各段梁的厚度和长度,zb(t)为基础激励,R为负载电阻。
分析前作如下假设:梁1-4均为Euler-Bernoulli梁;由于梁-2中部长度较短,为简化计算模型,将其看作刚体,不考虑其变形,但考虑其质量带来的动能。压电片表面电极压电层较薄,对整体影响较小,因此忽略其影响;假设压电层和基体层之间有应变传递,但相互之间无移动或错位,即设为理想粘结;压电片产生的电场均匀分布在其表面;假设配重块为刚体,不考虑其变形。根据欧拉梁假设,其应变关系可表示为:
S(x,z,t)=z2w(x,t)x2 
式中,S为应变;t为时间;w为横向挠度。
压电部分在变形时不能简单地将其视为线弹性材料来考虑,其所受的应变应由其所受的应力和电场两部分影响叠加而成(力-电耦合),因此考虑压电材料的压电效应,给出压电材料的本构方程如下:
TiP=c11ESiPe31E3 
D3=e31SiP+ε33SE3 
式中,TiP为压电层的轴向应力;SiP为压电层的轴向应变;c11E为压电层的弹性模量;e31为耦合系数;E3z方向的电场强度;D3z方向的电位移; ε33S为恒定应变下的介电常数。
采用Lagrange方程建立机电耦合方程,那么该方程可以表示为:
L(x,t)=T+WeU 
式中,We为系统电势能;U为系统内势能;T为系统总动能,总动能包括基础层的动能Ts、压电片的动能Tp和末端配重的动能Tm,表示如下:
T=T s+T p+T m
其中:
Ts=i=14{12ρsAsi0li[wi(xi,t)t+z˙b(t)]2dxi}
Tp=2×12ρpAp0l1[w1(x1,t)t+z˙b(t)]2dx1
Tm=i=34{12Mti[wi(xi,t)t+z˙b(t)]xi=li2}
式中,ρsρp分别表示基础层和压电层密度;AsiAp分别表示各段基础层和压电层截面面积;Mt3Mt4为末端配重的质量。
每段梁上系统的势能U包括基础层的势能Us和压电片的势能Up,表示如下:
U=Us+Up=i=14(12VsiTisSisdVsi)+13c11E[(hs12+hp)3(hs12)3]0l1(2w1(x1,t)x12)2dx1e31bν1(t)4(hs1+hp)0l1(2w1(x1,t)x12)dx1
式中,基础层的抗弯刚度EsIsi=Es(bhsi3)/12;压电层的抗弯刚度c11EIpi=c11E(b/3)[(hsi/2+hp)3−(hsi/2)3];电场和电压的关系为E3=−v1(t)/(2hp);TiSSiS分别表示各段梁基础层应力和应变;Vsi为各段梁基础层体积;b为梁宽度;l1为梁-1的长度;v1(t)表示电压。
定义梁-1的系统电势能为W,表示为:
W=v1(t)be314(hp+hs1)0l12w1(x1,t)x12dx1+12v12(t)Cp 
式中,Cp=ε33Sl1b/(2hp)为等效电容。
对方程进行离散求解,其弯曲位移表示为wi,模态函数表示为ϕir,则:
wi(xi,t)=r=1ϕir(xi)qr(t) 
ϕir(xi)=Aisin(βirxi)+Bicos(βirxi)+Cisinh(βirxi)+Dicosh(βirxi) 
式中,qr(t)为广义坐标;AiBiCiDi为振型函数的系数,βir为模态函数沿长度方向的波数,
模型将考虑分成4根梁进行边界条件拼接简化。根据文献[14],需要同时考虑各个梁段的轴向应力,将梁-2考虑为两根梁段互相接合,总共为5段梁进行拼接,所形成的矩阵为30阶矩阵,而采用简化拼接方式则只需16阶矩阵,极大减少了计算量。振型函数中的系数由边界条件和连续性条件决定,边界条件如下:
固支端:
w1(x1,t)|x1=0=0
dw1(x1,t)dx1|x1=0=0
自由端:
M3(x3,t)|x3=l3=0
M4(x4,t)|x4=l4=0
Fs3(x3,t)|x3=l3=Mt3ωr2w3(x3,t)|x3=l3
Fs4(x4,t)|x4=l4=Mt4ωr2w4(x4,t)|x4=l4
式中,M3M4分别表示梁-3和梁-4自由端弯矩;Fs3Fs4分别表示梁-3和梁-4自由端剪力;ωr表示响应频率。
梁-1和梁-2,梁-2和梁-3、梁-4的连接端:
w1(x1,t)|x1=l1=w2(x2,t)|x2=0
dw1(x1,t)dx1|x1=l1=dw2(x2,t)dx2|x2=0
M1(x1,t)|x1=l1=M2(x2,t)|x2=0
Fs1(x1,t)|x1=l1=Fs2(x2,t)|x2=0
w2(x2,t)|x2=l2=w3(x3,t)|x3=0=w4(x4,t)|x4=0
dw2(x2,t)dx2|x2=l2=dw3(x3,t)dx3|x3=0=dw4(x4,t)dx4|x4=0
M2(x2,t)|x2=l2=M3(x3,t)|x3=0+M4(x4,t)|x4=0
Fs2(x2,t)|x2=l2=Fs3(x3,t)|x3=0+Fs4(x4,t)|x4=0
梁的每一段频率一致,因此可得:
βir4EiIiρiAi=ωr 
式中,EiIiρiAi分别表示各段梁的弹性模量、截面惯性矩、密度和截面面积。
代入边界条件可得:
A(β1r,β2r,β3r,β4r)η=0 
式中,A为系数矩阵;η=[A1B1C1 D1 ... A4B4C4D4]T
为进一步将模态振型标准化,使其模态质量为单位质量,引入下述正交条件:
i=14(ρiAi0liϕim(xi)ϕin(xi)dx)+i=34(ϕim(li)ϕin(li)Mt)=δmn
i=14(EiIsi0liϕim''(xi)ϕin''(xi)dx)+2c11EIp0l1ϕ1m''(x1)ϕ1n''(x1)dx=ωm2δmn
式(13b)中ωm为结构第m阶模态,将式(5)~(13)代入式(4)可得:
L(xi,t)=12q˙r2(t)12ωr2qr2(t)+12Mz˙b2(t)+r=1(z˙b(t)βrq˙r(t)+θrν(t)qr(t))+12ν2(t)Cp
M=i=14ρsAsili+2ρpApli+Mt3+Mt4
βr=i=14(ρiAsi0liϕir(xi)dxi)+ρpAp0l1ϕ1r(xi)dxi+Mt3ϕ3(l3)+Mt4ϕ4(l4)
θr=12be31(hp+hs1)0l1d2ϕ1r(x1)dx12dx1
式中,M为梁段的总质量;βr为基础激励系数;θr为耦合系数,代入拉格朗日方程求解。
ddt(Lq˙r)Lqr=Fr(t) 
ddt(Lv˙(t))Lv(t)=Q(t) 
式中,Fr(t)为广义力。考虑耗散函数为瑞利函数,当碰撞未发生时可认为系统为线性系统,广义耗散力与广义速度成正比,并且与速度方向相反,因此Fr(t) = 2ξrωrq˙r(t),其中ξr为第r阶模态阻尼比;Q˙(t)=v(t)/R表示外接负载电阻两端广义电荷。经迭代可得压电俘能器的机电耦合控制方程如下:
q¨r(t)+2ξrωrq˙r(t)+ωr2qr(t)θrv(t)=βrz¨b(t) 
r=1θrq˙r(t)+v˙(t)Cp+v(t)R = 0 
基础激励为简谐加速度形式,即z¨b(t)=Zbejωbt,其中,Zb为激励加速度幅值,ωb为激励频率。基于线性系统假设,压电悬臂梁的稳态模态振动响应和通过负载电阻的输出电压响应也可假设为简谐的,于是有qr(t)=Hrejωbt,V(t)=Vejωbt,其中,HrV分别表示响应幅值和电压幅值最终代入化简得到输出最大电压响应V、功率响应P和位移响应wi分别为:
V = r=1jωbθrβrZbωb2+2jωbξrωr+ωr2r=1jωbθr2ωb2+2jωbξrωr+ωr2+jωbCp+1R 
P = V22R 
wi(xi,t)=r=1ϕir(xi)(θrVβrZb)ωb2+2ξrωrjωb+ωr2 
本节利用有限元方法分析音叉压电悬臂梁的固有频率和模态以确定其频响范围,并讨论其俘能特性及参数影响。整体结构的材料参数和几何参数见表1,有限元仿真得到的固有频率结果见表2。在商业有限元软件中利用有限元方法对音叉压电悬臂梁进行建模,网格单元类型为六面体单元,分布类型为固定单元数,单元数为8;通过扫略形成最大单元为7.32 mm,最小单元为0.532 mm的网格。网格平均质量因数为0.9175,最小单元质量为0.3666,网格单元数为9510,网格划分见图2(d)。如图,虽然在理论模型模态离散时振型假设简化考虑了梁-2,但其对整体频率的影响不大,解析分析和有限元仿真结果最大误差仅为1.95%。仿真计算出的前三阶振型见图2,该云图为应变云图,表征了音叉压电悬臂梁在端部受激励时的应变分布。
结构固有频率决定俘能器的俘能频带,本节详细探讨音叉压电悬臂梁几何参数和端部附加总质量对固有频率的影响。图3(a)给出了梁-1、梁-3和梁-4的长度对其前3阶固有频率的影响;图3(b)给出了梁-1、梁-3和梁-4的厚度对其前3阶固有频率的影响;图3(c)表示端部附加总质量对其前3阶固有频率的影响;图3(d)表示在梁-1的长度一定时,梁-3和梁-4与梁-1的不同长度比对前3阶固有频率的影响;图3(e)表示梁-1的厚度一定时,梁-3和梁-4与梁-1的不同厚度比对前3阶固有频率的影响。由图3所示规律发现,可以通过调控梁-1的厚度和长度来控制系统的第1阶频率,通过调控梁-3、梁-4的长度和厚度控制系统的第2阶频率,二者关联性不大,同时可以通过调控附加质量降低结构的固有频率。
结合第1节动力学建模所述理论分析,由式(19)和(20)得出理论电压与功率响应;再根据商业有限元仿真软件的设置外接电阻R,将电阻R串联在压电片两侧,测量电阻R两端的电压获得有限元仿真电压响应,其结果套用式(20)得到有限元仿真功率响应,其结果如图4所示。可以看出,在0.5g加速度激励下,随着负载的增大,虽然电压会增大但其最佳功率在某一负载电阻下达到了最大值,其最大值大约为7 mW。针对不同负载情况下的输出电压响应和功率响应进行了探究,结果分别如图56所示,在0.5g的加速度激励下,当频率为52 Hz时,有限元仿真的输出电压结果为48 V,其对应的负载为1000 kΩ,理论分析结果和有限元仿真结果吻合良好。结果表明,随着负载的增大其电压在一定范围内增大,在80 kΩ左右达到最佳负载,此时最大输出均方根电压为24 V,最大功率为7 mW。
由于三段梁并未全贴压电片,梁-3和梁-4的响应无法通过电压展示,为了验证理论模型的合理性,在这里给出了0.5g加速度激励下梁-1、梁-3和梁-4的末端端点位移,如图7所示,其纵坐标为对数坐标。由于模型采用了简化的理论以及欧拉梁假设,因此幅值方面在较高频率处都有偏差,但整体趋势相近,其中第二阶频率导致的振动位移幅值较小,因此在位移频响图里没有较明显的体现。
搭建试验平台进一步验证数值及仿真结果的准确性,由于压电片与铜基体之间贴附双面胶、胶带等粘附物易导致应变传递较差,影响试验结果,因此压电片与铜基体采用502胶水粘附;由于铜基体导电,因此双压电片之间的串联不需要额外添加导线。试验系统示意图如图8所示,图中标出各设备序号(a~h),依次为信号发生器(用于产生特定频率的电信号)、功率放大器(用于将信号发生器产生的信号进行放大增幅给激振器)、激振器(通过接收信号并激振)、试验用音叉压电悬臂梁俘能器、可调电阻器(用于与压电电路并联)、加速度信号采集仪、示波器(用于采集压电信号)、电脑端信号分析及结果输出。
与理论和有限元分析激励条件保持一致,在加速度激励幅值为0.5 m/s2的情况下,首先试验测得音叉压电悬臂梁俘能器开路电压波形图如图9所示,可知开路电压峰值为60 V。按照前述分析得到的最佳负载电阻,进一步采用80 kΩ的负载电阻测得俘能器输出均方根电压,结果如图10所示。可知,最大输出电压达峰均方根幅值为48.2 V,计算可得最大输出功率为7 mW,结果表明理论分析、有限元仿真和试验三者结果吻合良好。
为了降低系统固有频率并加强其振动时的应变,考虑端部附加20 g质量块时的电压响应 (Mt3=Mt4=10 g),如图11所示。在 0.5 m/s2加速度激励下其最大输出功率提高至18 mW,由于其发电效果较好,为了更好地展现该模型的俘能优势,采用交流桥电路芯片GBU405设计俘能电路,将其交流电转换为直流电并成功电亮50个小灯泡,结果如图12所示,其中,图12(a)展示了所用的电路,图12(b)展示了发电效果。试验结果表明,音叉压电悬臂梁俘能器具有较好的环境振动俘能效果,并且能够为低功耗电子设备提供自供电技术。
对前述音叉压电悬臂梁结构进一步进行拓展设计,一方面将梁-1段变短,增加梁-3和梁-4段压电的发电效率,另一方面增加分叉变为三分叉构型。为了能够具体比较新构型相对于传统平直悬臂梁的俘能优势,选取120 mm×20 mm×2 mm的悬臂梁进行研究,在其根部粘贴80 mm×20 mm×2 mm的压电片。保持长度不变,从根部间隔20 mm进行分叉,分别组成二分叉和三分叉悬臂梁,其分叉部分的梁段厚度相较前一部分减半,使梁的总厚度不变,最终三种悬臂梁结构如图13所示。首先分析得到三种悬臂梁结构的固有频率如表3所示。可知,在基体梁总体长度相同、粘贴压电片总长度相同的情况下,传统平直悬臂梁各阶固有频率均远高于二分叉和三分叉悬臂梁,而这不利于匹配环境振动频率,从而不能更好地俘能。此外,在有限低频范围内,三分叉悬臂梁具有更多的振动模态,而这能够拓展俘能带宽。
采用前述有限元仿真分析方法对比三种悬臂梁构型俘能特性,为了便于直接比较,采用有效功率进行对比。通过分析得到传统平直悬臂梁的最佳匹配负载电阻为10 kΩ,二分叉悬臂梁的最佳匹配负载电阻分别为120和20 kΩ,三分叉悬臂梁的最佳匹配负载电阻分别为120、110和40 kΩ。基于此,得到其俘能功率分别如图1415所示。可知,二分叉悬臂梁具有最大的俘能输出功率,而三分叉悬臂梁具有更好的频率响应特性。对比二分叉悬臂梁和传统平直悬臂梁的输出功率,可以看出二分叉悬臂梁在根部段的俘能功率已经接近传统平直悬臂梁,说明实际悬臂梁贴附较长的压电片有效利用段很少,这是因为其根部应变较大而自由端应变较小。对比三分叉悬臂梁和传统平直悬臂梁输出功率,可以看出更多分叉悬臂梁最大输出功率没有传统平直悬臂梁大,但其具有多模态特性,整体输出功率仍体现出较好的俘能效率。并且此时限制了压电片的铺设长度,如果考虑分叉后厚度减小,应变增大,从而可以考虑粘贴更长的压电片,其最终俘能性能将更好。
本文针对传统平直压电悬臂梁固有频率高,俘能效率较低的不足,提出一类叉型悬臂梁结构用于环境振动能量采集。综合利用动力学理论建模、数值计算和有限元仿真分析了系统参数对结构固有特性的影响,并试验验证了叉型压电悬臂梁俘能器的俘能特性。主要结论如下:
(1)二分叉和三分叉悬臂梁相比传统平直悬臂梁降低了固有频率,在较低的频率范围内具有更多的模态,更有利于进行振动能量采集。
(2)设计的二分叉压电悬臂梁,在激励幅值为0.5 m/s2时,输出电压均方根幅值为46 V,输出功率为7 mW,理论分析结果和有限元仿真结果一致。
(3)试验结果验证了理论分析结果和有限元仿真结果,并进一步在悬臂梁末端附加20 g总质量块,将系统基频降低至30 Hz,输出功率提高至18 mW。
(4)设计了能量转换接口电路为LED供电,成功点亮50个LED灯。研究结果可为适配低频振动环境的能量采集以及实现低功耗物联网传感器的自供电设计提供依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972051)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11874011)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.010
  • 接收时间:2023-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-29
  • 修回日期:2023-09-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972051)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11874011)
作者信息
    1.北京工业大学力学系,北京 100124
    2.机械结构非线性振动与强度北京市重点实验室,北京 100124

通讯作者:

曹东兴(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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