Article(id=1228805276028039907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689350400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-15, revisedDate=1694016000000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899607902, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899607902, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899607902, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899607902, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=919, endPage=930, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805276275503844, articleId=1228805276028039907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Stochastic dynamic analysis of high earth-rock dam under near-fault ground motion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ground motion of pulse type near fault has the characteristics of higher frequency, faster speed and more concentrated energy than that of a distant site, which has serious harm to engineering structures. With abundant water resources, frequent and high-intensity earthquakes occur in Western China, and many high dams are located near fault zones. The permanent deformation and slope safety of high dams under near-fault ground motion are very important. A random pulse ground motion model is established based on the pulse ground motion records of the Jiji near fault in Taiwan Province. Finite element analysis is carried out on the Gushui 250 m grade engineering panel dam, and stochastic dynamic analysis and reliability analysis are carried out on the displacement and slope slip of the high earth-rock dam by the direct probability integral method. The results show that pulse ground motion significantly affects on the vertical deformation and slope stability of high earth-rock dams. The seismic safety and seismic capability of high earth-rock dams near faults with high seismic risk are evaluated comprehensively.

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采用台湾集集近断层脉冲型地震动记录,建立随机脉冲型地震动模型,对古水250 m级实际工程面板坝进行有限元分析,并利用直接概率积分法对高土石坝的坝顶位移和坝坡滑移量进行随机动力分析及可靠度分析。研究表明,脉冲型地震动对高土石坝的竖向变形以及坝坡稳定有显著影响。研究了近断层高地震风险情况下的高土石坝,综合评价了高土石坝的地震安全性和抗震能力。

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庞锐(1991—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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李思瀚(2001—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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李思瀚(2001—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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label=Tab. 1, caption=

Random parameters of pulsed ground motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数分布均值方差
τ对数正态13.586.88
α对数正态0.761
β对数正态−1.850.76
Tp正态6.752.56
σlnvp正态00.29
Tpk正态27.83.1
v正态1.942.58
Nc对数正态0.740.24
), ArticleFig(id=1228805286673182991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脉冲型地震动的随机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数分布均值方差
τ对数正态13.586.88
α对数正态0.761
β对数正态−1.850.76
Tp正态6.752.56
σlnvp正态00.29
Tpk正态27.83.1
v正态1.942.58
Nc对数正态0.740.24
), ArticleFig(id=1228805286761263383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Parameters of the concrete face slab

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参数数值
密度/(g·m−3)2400
弹性模量/GPa31
泊松比0.167
), ArticleFig(id=1228805286861926691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

面板模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
密度/(g·m−3)2400
弹性模量/GPa31
泊松比0.167
), ArticleFig(id=1228805286954201386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Parameters of rockfill materials

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参数数值参数数值
G01000mv0.5
K01400mt0.2
Mg1.8mu0.2
Mf1.38rd180
αf0.45γDM50
αg0.4γU4
H01800β035
HU03000β10.022
ms0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228805287075836211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

堆石体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
G01000mv0.5
K01400mt0.2
Mg1.8mu0.2
Mf1.38rd180
αf0.45γDM50
αg0.4γU4
H01800β035
HU03000β10.022
ms0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228805287176499516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Parameters of bedrock

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参数数值
密度/(g·m−3)2600
弹性模量/GPa10
泊松比0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1228805287256191298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基岩参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
密度/(g·m−3)2600
弹性模量/GPa10
泊松比0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1228805287369437515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805276028039907, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Parameters of contact surface

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参数数值参数数值
Ds0/kPa1000α0.65
Dn0/kPa1500rd0.2
Mc0.88km0.6
00.4Mf0.65
λ0.091k0.5
A/kPa0.5224H0/kPa8500
b0.006f2
c3.0ht /m0.1
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接触面模型参数

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参数数值参数数值
Ds0/kPa1000α0.65
Dn0/kPa1500rd0.2
Mc0.88km0.6
00.4Mf0.65
λ0.091k0.5
A/kPa0.5224H0/kPa8500
b0.006f2
c3.0ht /m0.1
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近断层地震动作用下高土石坝随机动力分析研究
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李思瀚 1 , 庞锐 1, 2 , 周扬 1, 2 , 徐斌 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 919-930
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 919-930
近断层地震动作用下高土石坝随机动力分析研究
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李思瀚1 , 庞锐1, 2 , 周扬1, 2, 徐斌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学建设工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.大连理工大学海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 李思瀚(2001—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

庞锐(1991—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Stochastic dynamic analysis of high earth-rock dam under near-fault ground motion
Sihan LI1 , Rui PANG1, 2 , Yang ZHOU1, 2, Bin XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Infrastructure Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.004
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采用台湾集集近断层脉冲型地震动记录,建立随机脉冲型地震动模型,对古水250 m级实际工程面板坝进行有限元分析,并利用直接概率积分法对高土石坝的坝顶位移和坝坡滑移量进行随机动力分析及可靠度分析。研究表明,脉冲型地震动对高土石坝的竖向变形以及坝坡稳定有显著影响。研究了近断层高地震风险情况下的高土石坝,综合评价了高土石坝的地震安全性和抗震能力。

随机振动  /  近断层脉冲型地震动  /  高土石坝  /  直接概率积分法  /  动力可靠度分析

The ground motion of pulse type near fault has the characteristics of higher frequency, faster speed and more concentrated energy than that of a distant site, which has serious harm to engineering structures. With abundant water resources, frequent and high-intensity earthquakes occur in Western China, and many high dams are located near fault zones. The permanent deformation and slope safety of high dams under near-fault ground motion are very important. A random pulse ground motion model is established based on the pulse ground motion records of the Jiji near fault in Taiwan Province. Finite element analysis is carried out on the Gushui 250 m grade engineering panel dam, and stochastic dynamic analysis and reliability analysis are carried out on the displacement and slope slip of the high earth-rock dam by the direct probability integral method. The results show that pulse ground motion significantly affects on the vertical deformation and slope stability of high earth-rock dams. The seismic safety and seismic capability of high earth-rock dams near faults with high seismic risk are evaluated comprehensively.

random vibration  /  near-fault pulse type ground motion  /  high earth-rock dam  /  DPIM  /  dynamic reliability analysis
李思瀚, 庞锐, 周扬, 徐斌. 近断层地震动作用下高土石坝随机动力分析研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 919 -930 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.004
Sihan LI, Rui PANG, Yang ZHOU, Bin XU. Stochastic dynamic analysis of high earth-rock dam under near-fault ground motion[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 919 -930 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.004
为了不断提高中国西部地区水能资源的利用率,建设了一大批高度150 m以上甚至达到300 m的高土石坝。然而,西部地区地震灾害频发且强度较高,而不少高坝都位于断裂带附近,近断层地震动的脉冲效应等特点会对高土石坝造成严重破坏。因此,开展近断层地震动作用下高土石坝的永久变形和坝坡安全性问题的研究十分必要。
近断层地震动是指靠近断裂面,强烈依赖断层破裂机制的地震运动。近断层地震动具有破裂向前方向性及滑冲效应等特点,使得速度时程表现出长周期、短持时和高能量的速度脉冲特征[1-3]。短时的大量地震能量输入到工程结构中,对长周期结构具有严重威胁[4-6]。近年来,国内外学者通过降维的方法将脉冲型地震动由低频解析脉冲函数与高频随机模型叠加生成,建立了低频与高频的随机参数模型[7-9]。由于脉冲型地震动具有明显的方向性[10],有学者在进行模拟时将近断层地震动分量进行线性组合,但也有学者指出脉冲分量的线性组合虽然使得脉冲能量值增加,但也存在着削弱上述两种效应的可能性。因此,本文采用低频的脉冲函数和高频的随机模型直接叠加方法,以防止能量的丢失。
复杂随机地震序列下多自由度(MDOF)系统的随机动态和可靠性分析是一个难题,吸引了越来越多的学者对其展开研究[11-13]。李杰等[14]开发了概率密度演化方法(PDEM),并通过构造等效极值事件来计算结构动力可靠度。PANG等[15-16]使用广义概率密度演化分析来评估地震序列下高混凝土面板堆石坝(CFRD)的脆弱性,从随机激励的角度验证了该方法在复杂多自由度系统中的适用性。CHEN等[17-18]提出了直接概率积分法(DPIM),避开了求解偏微分方程的复杂问题,采用δ函数平滑化的方法简化了积分方程,更加适用于复杂结构的求解并且大大缩短了计算时间。本文利用直接概率积分法对高土石坝进行随机动力分析及可靠度分析,提供一种更加高效的高土石坝随机动力分析和可靠度分析框架。
目前,针对高土石坝在脉冲型地震动作用下的随机动力响应的研究较少,且大多采用等价线性模型,而采用广义塑性模型的优点在于可直接计算塑性变形。本文基于脉冲型随机地震动模型对古水250 m级实际工程面板坝进行有限元分析,利用直接概率积分法分别计算坝顶位移和坝坡滑移量的随机动力响应及可靠度,通过随机动力响应及可靠度的特性,对处在近断层高地震风险下的高土石坝进行研究,综合评价高土石坝的地震安全性和抗震能力,为高土石坝的抗震理论和方法提供参考。
脉冲型地震动由高频与低频两部分叠加进行合成。对于低频部分,本文不将两个地震分量进行线性组合而是直接提取低频脉冲分量合成地震动。先通过低通滤波器过滤掉加速度时程中的高频成分,再利用MAVROEIDIS等[7]提出的等效速度脉冲模型(MP03模型)来对近断层脉冲地震动低频脉冲部分进行拟合。
V(t)={Vp2{1+cos[2πNcTp(tTpk)]}   cos[2πTp(tTk)+ν]ts<tte0,    
式中,共有五个脉冲函数相关变量:脉冲幅值Vp、脉冲周期Tp、脉冲所含半波循环数Nc、脉冲发生时刻Tpk以及脉冲相位vts=TpkNc·Tp/2和te=Tpk+Nc·Tp/2分别为脉冲的起始时刻和终止时刻。
图1为MP03模型对地震动低频脉冲的参数拟合,可以看出MP03对脉冲主瓣以及旁瓣的提取效果较好。对低频脉冲参数进行参数统计从而建立低频随机脉冲函数。低频速度脉冲分离出来后进行微分可得到残余加速度时程,对其进行傅里叶变换,然后使用改进的K-T功率谱模型[19]进行拟合,从而获得功率谱参数。
所需模拟的地震动髙频成分可根据谱表示法[20]由下式生成:
a(ti)=e(ti)k=0N2S(ωk)ω[cos(ωkti+φk)+sin(ωkti+φk)] 
式中,Δω=(ωu−ω1)表示频率增量;ωk1+k(ωu1)/N表示离散角频率;ti为时间;ωu表示截止频率上限;ω1表示截止频率下限;N表示频率离散点数;φk为[0,2π]内均匀分的随机变量。e(ti)表示包络函数,其函数表达式为:
e(t)={ 0t<t0(tt0tpkt0)αt0  t  tpkexp[β(ttpk)]t>tpk 
式中,t0为地震动开始时间;tpk为峰值对应时刻;αβ分别为幂指数和指数衰减率。为反映高频分量的非平稳性,将残余加速度时程经Hilbert变换处理,利用人工蜂群算法将其跟包络函数进行拟合,可得到包络参数的分布情况。S(ωk)为近断层脉冲型地震动加速度功率谱,其函数表达式为:
S(ω)=ω2ω2+(1Γ)21+4ξg2(ωωg)2[1(ωωg)2]2+4ξg2(ωωg)2S0 
式中,ω为频率;谱强度因子采用常数S0=3.51;场地卓越频率ωg=1.4494;场地阻尼比ξg=3.2122;Brune震源数Г=3.1289。上述四个功率谱参数均按近断层脉冲型地震动类型取值[21]。利用谱表示法可得到合成的高频部分加速度时程,对其积分获得高频部分速度时程。
由低频解析脉冲速度时程和由谱随机函数方法生成的速度时程叠加可得到模拟的速度时程,最后对其进行微分可求得加速度时程,其流程如图2所示。
表1为高频部分与低频部分的随机参数概率分布;αβτ为包络参数;vp为峰值地面速度;Tpk为脉冲发生时刻;由文献[22]可知上述参数的确定方法。
工程场址的断层距为10 km,采用上述高低频叠加方法模拟该场址的脉冲型地震加速度时程,地震动作用下的单自由度结构拟加速度谱(ξ=0.05)如图3所示。可以看出,T<2.0 s时,单自由度在模拟的地震动作用下的反应谱与高频成分单独作用下的反应谱拟合较好;T>4.0 s时,与低频成分单独作用的反应谱拟合较好;高频部分和低频部分叠加后拟合精度较高,能够充分反映近断层脉冲型地震动的低频脉冲特性和高频非平稳特征。
基于概率密度演化方法,CHEN等[17]提出了直接概率积分方法,本文采用这一方法进行概率计算。直接概率积分法(DPIM)是从概率守恒思想出发的基于直接概率积分方程进而求解动力系统概率信息的高效方法。概率守恒指的是,在一个静态或动态的概率系统中,不引入其他随机因素的情况下,随机事件所携带的概率信息在传播的过程中是守恒的。对于一个动态系统,概率守恒原理可以表示为:
ΩYpY(y,t)dy=ΩΘpΘ(θ,t)dθ 
式中,Θ为一种随机输入向量,包含了在初始时刻引入系统的所有随机因素;θ表示随机输入样本;ΩY表示输入样本空间;Y表示随机输出向量;y表示随机输出样本;ΩΘ表示输出样本空间;pΘ(θ,t)和pY(y,t)分别代表ΘY在时刻t的概率密度函数(PDF)。从式(5)可以看出,在随机动力系统中,随机因素由随机输入向量转移到随机输出向量。因此,对于一个给定的系统,这种传播过程可以表达为一种映射关系:
Y(t)=g[Θs,X(Θf,t)]=g(Θ,t) 
式中,ΘsΘf分别表示结构自身的随机因素和外部激励的随机因素;Θ=[Θs,Θf]为该系统的随机变量;g为响应映射函数。因此,在随机动力系统中,响应的概率密度函数可以表示为:
pY(y,t)=|Jg1(y)|pΘ[θ=g1(y,t)]=1|Jg(θ)|pΘ[θ=g1(y,t)] 
但是在实际应用中,求解响应映射函数的逆函数和雅克比矩阵是困难的甚至不现实的,因此需要借助狄拉克函数δ(•)对式(7)进行转换。根据狄拉克函数的筛分性质,n维基本随机向量的PDF可以表示为:
pΘ(θ)=pΘ(s)δ(sθ)ds 
式中,δ(sθ)=δ(s1θ1) δ(snθn);ds=ds1 dsnθ=[θ1θ2θn];s=[s1s2sn];其中θsn维随机向量空间Θ中的相互对称的变量。
结合映射函数并利用狄拉克函数的变元公式,式(7)可表示成概率直接积分方程(PDIE)如下所示:
pY(y,t)=pΘ(θ)δ[yg(θ,t)] dθ 
可以发现,该积分方程仍然很难求解,因此CHEN等[17]提出了用连续高斯函数代替PDIE中不连续的狄拉克函数的平滑技术。该方法被称为直接概率积分法,在该方法中PDIE可以表示为:
pY(y,t)q=1N{δ[yg(θq,t)]ΩΘ,qpΘ(θ)dθ}q=1N{12πσe[yg(θq,t)]22σ2Pq} 
式中,θq表示概率空间中的第q个代表点;ΩΘ,q表示第q个代表点所占据的代表区域;N为代表点数的总数;σ为平滑参数,也是高斯分布的标准差;Pq表示第q个代表点的分配概率。
根据概率守恒原理,第q个代表性响应所携带的概率Pq可以被分成失效概率Pq,f和有效概率Pq,s两部分,即:
Pq(t) = Pq,f(t) + Pq,s(t) 
采用DPIM来计算失效概率可以表示为:
Pq,f(t) = Pq(t)01σe[yg(θq,t)]22σ2dy 
吸收条件法的核心在于,结构一旦在某个时刻ti落入失效域中,第q个代表性响应就无法返回有效域,也就是说在时刻ti的第q个代表性反应的失效部分Pq,f不会被传播到下一个时刻。这个过程可以通过将分配概率的失效部分Pq,f吸收为零来实现,表示如下:
Pq,f(ti)=0 ,zΩy,f={z|g(θq,ti)0}  
此时,在时刻ti的第q个代表反应的剩余概率用前一个时刻的有效概率部分Pq,s(ti−1)替代,即:
Pq,s(ti)=Pq,s(ti1)01σe[yg(θq,ti1)]22σ2dy 
结合DPIM,则有效域对应的随机响应PDF可以表示为:
PZ,s(z,t)=q=1N{12πσe[zg(θq,t)]22σ2Pq(t)} 
结构的动力首次通过可靠度为:
Ps(t)=Pr{Z>0}=0PZ,s(z,t)dz=1NzPZ,s(z,t)Δz 
式中,Z为性能函数,可以表示为:
Z=YY¯ 
式中,Y¯为阈值,也称有效界限。
因此,整个随机动力分析的过程为基于GF差异化选点方式选取代表点,并计算其分配概率,根据随机模型生成地震动。在此基础上,利用DPIM获得任意时刻的CDF,再设定结构失效阈值,基于吸收条件计算结构的动态可靠度。
本节对古水250 m级面板堆石坝工程进行随机动力计算,有限元模型如图4所示。坝顶宽度25 m,坝高为242 m,上游坝坡1∶1.5,下游坝坡以马道为界,上方坝坡1∶1.7,下方坝坡1∶1.4,马道设置于坝高188 m处。坝顶部分面板厚0.3 m,面板厚度与坝高的关系按照规范为T=0.3+0.0035h,T为面板厚度,h为坝高。网格最大边长为6 m,共划分8889个单元,9043个结点。本次计算中堆石料、过渡料和垫层料统一采用广义塑性本构模型,接触面采用非对称接触面单元,基岩、面板采用线弹性本构模型,具体参数如表2~5所示。
采用第1节所提模型生成的200条脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动样本作为地震激励,采用黏弹性人工边界的非一致输入法,每一条地震动的峰值加速度均为0.4g。对上述有限元模型先进行静力计算,模拟坝体处于满蓄的静力状态之后,展开随机动力计算。计算采用大连理工大学自主研发的大型静、动力岩土非线性有限元计算软件GEODYNA[23]
为了全方面地了解近断层脉冲型地震动对大坝的影响,将震后的坝顶竖向和水平位移分别作为一个观测指标,对其响应概率及可靠度进行研究。图56分别为高土石坝坝顶水平向和竖向的位移响应、平均值、标准差。可知,在相同的峰值加速度的情况下,脉冲型地震动作用下的水平位移均值为0.35 m,而非脉冲型地震动作用下的水平位移均值为0.34 m,两者相差不大。而竖向位移均值相差较大,脉冲型地震动作用下的竖向位移均值为0.49 m,而非脉冲型地震动作用下的竖向位移均值为0.43 m,二者相差6 cm,说明了脉冲型地震动对坝顶竖向位移的影响更大,在进行抗震设计时应重点考虑脉冲型地震动对坝顶竖向位移的影响。并且与非脉冲型地震动相比,脉冲型地震动标准差较大,最大值出现在30 s左右,这说明脉冲型地震动的低频脉冲使得坝顶的位移分布更分散。
图7~10分别为利用直接概率积分法(DPIM)求得的关于脉冲型地震动与非脉冲型地震动作用下坝顶竖向位移与水平位移的概率密度信息。由于模型选用的脉冲峰值时刻Tpk的均值为27.3 s,脉冲周期Tp的均值为6.5 s,故本文选用20~40 s作为概率密度演化曲面的时间轴。由图78可以看出,非脉冲型地震动的峰值更集中于低位移区域,概率密度函数的峰值比脉冲型地震动作用下的高,而脉冲型地震动的峰值更小,说明脉冲型地震动作用下土石坝的变形更大并且其极值分布得更分散,这一点从概率密度函数等值线表现出的形态上再次得到验证。此外,在相同加速度峰值下,脉冲型地震动依旧增大了坝顶竖向位移。图910证明了脉冲型地震动的低频脉冲对坝顶横向变形影响较小。
图1112分别为高土石坝水平位移与竖向位移在30 s时的CDF曲线和可靠度时程。可以看出,脉冲型地震动坝顶竖向位移的曲线斜率比水平位移的斜率更小,再次说明了低频脉冲极大地增大了坝顶竖向位移。
在脉冲型地震动作用下,可靠度阈值取0.3 m,坝顶水平位移动力可靠度最终降为10%,而坝顶竖向位移动力可靠度在35 s左右时已经为0。脉冲型地震动与非脉冲型地震动作用相比,脉冲型地震动水平位移和竖向位移可靠度在30 s左右时可靠度的变化出现差异,竖向变形比水平变形的斜率更大,与低频脉冲出现的时间相吻合,从而得出低频脉冲对高土石坝的永久变形有剧烈影响。
拟静力法具有广泛的实际工程应用,是坝坡稳定分析中最常用的方法[24-26]。拟静力法多采用垂直条分的思想,即假定一个类似于圆弧或者折线的初始滑裂面并将滑坡体划分为一系列具有垂直界面的条块。拟静力法利用整体静力平衡或力矩平衡方程求解坝坡的稳定系数。目前常用的方法主要包括瑞典法、简化毕肖普法以及通用条分法。这类方法均假定土体为理想塑性材料,并将土条作为一个刚体,按照力的极限平衡原理来计算各土条在滑裂面上抗滑力矩之和与滑动力矩之和的比,即坝坡稳定安全系数。
然而,通过拟静力法计算固定滑弧的位置,不能确定计算过程中的每一时刻的滑弧的位置并且计算结果只能是假定潜在滑动面的平均值,不能反映地震作用下土体的应力-应变关系。由于地震往复多变,最小安全系数对应的最危险滑弧位置会随之不断变化。因此利用有限元时程法来解决地震中滑弧瞬时变化的问题[27-28],通过计算所有可能滑动面的安全系数来确定安全系数最低的滑动面作为最终滑动面,其安全系数表达式为:
Fs=i=1N(ci+σitanφi)li/i=1Nτili 
σ=σx+σy2σxσy2cos(2α)τxysin(2α) 
τ=σxσy2sin(2α)τxycos(2α) 
式中,στ分别为滑弧面上法向应力和切向应力;c为凝聚力;φ为内摩擦角;l为滑弧穿过单元的长度;α为单元内滑弧与x轴的夹角。安全系数Fs=1时,坝体达到极限平衡状态。
图13所示,对于任意的滑动面,滑动体瞬时失稳后的滑动角加速度为:
θ¨(t)=MI 
M=[i=1nτnilii=1n(ci+σnitanφi)li]R 
式中,I为转动惯量;θ¨(t)为土体失稳时滑动角加速度;M为转动力矩;R为滑弧半径。
在整个时间段里可能出现多次瞬时滑动,因此累计滑动量为:
Dik=Rkθik=Rkθ¨kdt 
Dk=i=1nDik 
Dmax=max(D1,D2,,Dk) 
图1415为脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动作用下高土石坝的典型安全系数时程样本以及安全系数时程的均值和标准差。从典型样本来看,脉冲型地震动的安全系数在1.0~3.0之间波动,而非脉冲地震动的安全系数则在1.0~2.5之间波动。从安全系数时程均值和标准差来看,脉冲型地震动安全系数时程均值在30 s左右时出现剧变,且标准差峰值更大,这说明脉冲型地震动的低频脉冲对安全系数的变化起到重要作用。
图16为脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动作用下高土石坝的坝坡滑移时程曲线,其中脉冲型地震动共119条地震动使坝坡发生滑移,而非脉冲地震动共89条地震动使坝坡发生滑移,即脉冲型和非脉冲型地震动作用下坝坡滑动的概率分别为59.5%和44.5%。脉冲型地震动作用下坝坡的滑移量最大值为1.41 m,而非脉冲型地震动作用下坝坡的滑移量最大值为0.24 m,脉冲型地震动作用下坝坡的最大滑移量约为非脉冲型的6倍,说明脉冲型地震动显著增加了坝坡的滑移量,对高土石坝的稳定性有显著的影响。
图17为两种地震动作用30 s时的CDF和动力可靠度,当滑移量为0时脉冲型地震动和非脉冲地震动作用下坝坡滑移量的CDF分别为0.38和0.69,说明脉冲型地震动大大增加了坝坡滑动概率。而从阈值为0.05 m的可靠度分析可知,脉冲型地震动作用下滑移量动力可靠度最小值为0.69,而非脉冲型情况下滑移量动力可靠度最小值为0.87,脉冲型地震动作用下高土石坝的失效概率是非脉冲地震动的2.3倍。这说明脉冲型地震动的低频脉冲大大增加了高土石坝坝坡的滑移概率,并使得坝坡滑移量显著增加。因此,在对近断裂带的高土石坝进行抗震设计时应重点考虑坝坡的稳定性。
本文基于所提的脉冲型随机地震动模型对古水250 m级实际工程面板坝进行二维有限元计算,结合直接概率积分法分别计算了高土石坝在脉冲型与非脉冲型地震动作用下的坝顶位移和坝坡滑移量的随机动力响应及动力可靠度,得出以下结论:
(1)近断层脉冲型地震动对高土石坝的竖向变形影响较为显著,脉冲型地震动作用下高土石坝最大竖向位移均值是非脉冲型地震动的1.2倍。从可靠度分析可知,脉冲型地震动中的低频脉冲加剧了水平位移和竖向位移的动力可靠度变化幅度。因此,在进行基于性能的抗震设计时应重点考虑脉冲型地震动对坝顶竖向位移的影响。
(2)脉冲型地震动使得坝坡的滑移显著增加,最大滑移量是非脉冲型地震动的6倍。脉冲型地震动作用下高土石坝的失效概率是非脉冲地震动的2.3倍。因此,对近断层地震动高风险情况下高土石坝进行抗震设计时应重点考虑脉冲型地震动对坝坡稳定性的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52379117)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279096)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279125)
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2601102)
  • 水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室开放基金项目(HESS-2302)
  • 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室青年学者创新基金项目(LY2301)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.004
  • 接收时间:2023-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-15
  • 修回日期:2023-09-07
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52379117)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279096)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52279125)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB2601102)
水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室开放基金项目(HESS-2302)
海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室青年学者创新基金项目(LY2301)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学建设工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.大连理工大学海岸与海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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庞锐(1991—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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