Article(id=1228805275205959924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690819200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-01, revisedDate=1694793600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899607706, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899607706, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899607706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899607706, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=899, endPage=908, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805275428258037, articleId=1228805275205959924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration analysis of quasi-saturated foundation inducedby out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accurately reveal the impact of high-speed train operation on the vibration response of foundation, the out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface were introduced to modify the quasi-static moving load. Based on the 2.5D finite element equation of nearly-saturated foundation, a train-track-quasi saturated foundation dynamic analysis model has been established. On this basis, the vibration response of nearly-saturated foundation under different train speeds and loads were analyzed. The results show that both of out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface have little influence on the time history and peak value of displacement and acceleration at a low speed, whereas the vibration amplitude is significantly increased after the coupling of the two aspects. When the vehicle speed reaches the soil shear wave speed, the influence of out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface on displacement and acceleration response gradually increases. Compared with the out-of-round wheels, rail surface unevenness has greater influence on nearly-saturated foundation vibration, and it is more sensitive to the change of vehicle speed. The pore water pressure decays rapidly within the range of 0~4 m below the center line of the track bed when the vehicle speed is low, and the pore pressure peak appears at 0.5 m below the track. After the vehicle speed increases, the peak value of pore pressure increases significantly under all kinds of modified loads, and the position of the peak value of pore pressure develops to the deeper part of the foundation under the condition of uneven rail surface and irregular wheel-rail. The vibration response of the nearly-saturated foundation under the irregular wheel-rail coupling condition is obviously greater than that under other load conditions. Therefore, the influence of out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface should be considered simultaneously in the safety evaluation and foundation vibration response prediction of high-speed railway.

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为真实表征高铁列车荷载引起的准饱和地基振动响应,引入车轮失圆和轨面不平公式修正准静态列车移动荷载;基于准饱和地基2.5维有限元方程,建立了列车-轨道-准饱和地基动力分析模型,研究了车速、荷载条件对准饱和地基振动响应规律的影响。结果表明:列车低速运行时,车轮失圆和轨面不平对位移和加速度时程规律及峰值影响较小,但二者耦合作用时振动响应显著提升;列车速度达到土体剪切波速时,车轮失圆和轨面不平对位移和加速度响应的影响逐渐增大,相较于车轮失圆,轨面不平对准饱和地基振动影响更为显著,且对车速变化更敏感。低车速时,准饱和地基孔隙水压力在道床中心线下0~4 m范围内迅速衰减,孔压峰值出现在轨下0.5 m处;车速提高后孔压迅速衰减范围延伸至轨下6 m处,各修正荷载条件下孔压峰值相比于准静态条件均显著增大,轨面不平和轮轨不圆顺耦合态下孔压峰值位置向地基更深处发展;轮轨不圆顺耦合态下准饱和地基振动响应均明显大于其他荷载条件,故高速铁路安全性评估和地基振动响应预测中,需同时考虑车轮踏面失圆效应和轨道几何形位不平的影响。

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高广运(1961—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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谢伟(1991—),男,博士。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=准饱和地基), Keyword(id=1228805280226542004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805275205959924, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=车轮失圆), Keyword(id=1228805280297845176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805275205959924, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=轨面不平), Keyword(id=1228805280406897090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805275205959924, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=轮轨不圆顺)], refs=[Reference(id=1228805282789261936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805275205959924, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=44, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=夏禾, 曹艳梅, journalName=铁道科学与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=夏禾,曹艳梅. 轨道交通引起的环境振动问题[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报,2004,1(1):44-51., articleTitle=轨道交通引起的环境振动问题, refAbstract=null), 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Verification parameters of saturated foundation

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参数取值参数取值
孔隙率0.3泊松比0.3333
孔隙水密度/(kg·m−3)1000剪切模量/GPa3
土骨架密度/(kg·m−3)2500孔隙水体积模量/GPa1.5
动力渗透系数/(μm·s−1)1
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饱和地基验证参数

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参数取值参数取值
孔隙率0.3泊松比0.3333
孔隙水密度/(kg·m−3)1000剪切模量/GPa3
土骨架密度/(kg·m−3)2500孔隙水体积模量/GPa1.5
动力渗透系数/(μm·s−1)1
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Calculation parameters of quasi-saturated soil

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参数取值参数取值
孔隙率0.47泊松比0.40
材料阻尼0.05动力渗透系数/(μm·s−1)0.1
土骨架密度/(kg·m−3)1850孔隙水体积模量/GPa2.18
孔隙流体密度/(kg·m−3)1000土体剪切模量/MPa14.505
土体剪切波速/(m·s−1)100
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准饱和地基计算参数

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参数取值参数取值
孔隙率0.47泊松比0.40
材料阻尼0.05动力渗透系数/(μm·s−1)0.1
土骨架密度/(kg·m−3)1850孔隙水体积模量/GPa2.18
孔隙流体密度/(kg·m−3)1000土体剪切模量/MPa14.505
土体剪切波速/(m·s−1)100
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车轮失圆和轨面不平引起的准饱和地基振动分析
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谢伟 1, 3 , 高盟 2 , 单治钢 1 , 李建端 2 , 高广运 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 899-908
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 899-908
车轮失圆和轨面不平引起的准饱和地基振动分析
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谢伟1, 3 , 高盟2, 单治钢1, 李建端2, 高广运3
作者信息
  • 1.中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 311122
  • 2.山东科技大学土木工程与建筑学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 3.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
  • 谢伟(1991—),男,博士。E-mail:

通讯作者:

高广运(1961—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Vibration analysis of quasi-saturated foundation inducedby out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface
Wei XIE1, 3 , Meng GAO2, Zhigang SHAN1, Jianduan LI2, Guangyun GAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited,Hangzhou 311122,China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Shandong University of Science and Technology,Qingdao 266590,China
  • 3.College of Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.002
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为真实表征高铁列车荷载引起的准饱和地基振动响应,引入车轮失圆和轨面不平公式修正准静态列车移动荷载;基于准饱和地基2.5维有限元方程,建立了列车-轨道-准饱和地基动力分析模型,研究了车速、荷载条件对准饱和地基振动响应规律的影响。结果表明:列车低速运行时,车轮失圆和轨面不平对位移和加速度时程规律及峰值影响较小,但二者耦合作用时振动响应显著提升;列车速度达到土体剪切波速时,车轮失圆和轨面不平对位移和加速度响应的影响逐渐增大,相较于车轮失圆,轨面不平对准饱和地基振动影响更为显著,且对车速变化更敏感。低车速时,准饱和地基孔隙水压力在道床中心线下0~4 m范围内迅速衰减,孔压峰值出现在轨下0.5 m处;车速提高后孔压迅速衰减范围延伸至轨下6 m处,各修正荷载条件下孔压峰值相比于准静态条件均显著增大,轨面不平和轮轨不圆顺耦合态下孔压峰值位置向地基更深处发展;轮轨不圆顺耦合态下准饱和地基振动响应均明显大于其他荷载条件,故高速铁路安全性评估和地基振动响应预测中,需同时考虑车轮踏面失圆效应和轨道几何形位不平的影响。

地基振动  /  高速铁路  /  准饱和地基  /  车轮失圆  /  轨面不平  /  轮轨不圆顺

In order to accurately reveal the impact of high-speed train operation on the vibration response of foundation, the out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface were introduced to modify the quasi-static moving load. Based on the 2.5D finite element equation of nearly-saturated foundation, a train-track-quasi saturated foundation dynamic analysis model has been established. On this basis, the vibration response of nearly-saturated foundation under different train speeds and loads were analyzed. The results show that both of out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface have little influence on the time history and peak value of displacement and acceleration at a low speed, whereas the vibration amplitude is significantly increased after the coupling of the two aspects. When the vehicle speed reaches the soil shear wave speed, the influence of out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface on displacement and acceleration response gradually increases. Compared with the out-of-round wheels, rail surface unevenness has greater influence on nearly-saturated foundation vibration, and it is more sensitive to the change of vehicle speed. The pore water pressure decays rapidly within the range of 0~4 m below the center line of the track bed when the vehicle speed is low, and the pore pressure peak appears at 0.5 m below the track. After the vehicle speed increases, the peak value of pore pressure increases significantly under all kinds of modified loads, and the position of the peak value of pore pressure develops to the deeper part of the foundation under the condition of uneven rail surface and irregular wheel-rail. The vibration response of the nearly-saturated foundation under the irregular wheel-rail coupling condition is obviously greater than that under other load conditions. Therefore, the influence of out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface should be considered simultaneously in the safety evaluation and foundation vibration response prediction of high-speed railway.

foundation vibration  /  high-speed railway  /  quasi-saturated foundation  /  out-of-round wheels  /  uneven rail surface  /  irregular wheel-rail
谢伟, 高盟, 单治钢, 李建端, 高广运. 车轮失圆和轨面不平引起的准饱和地基振动分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 899 -908 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.002
Wei XIE, Meng GAO, Zhigang SHAN, Jianduan LI, Guangyun GAO. Vibration analysis of quasi-saturated foundation inducedby out-of-round wheels and uneven rail surface[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 899 -908 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.002
高铁运行引起的环境振动影响着人们的生活、工作以及周边建筑物和精密仪器的正常使用[1]。一方面,高铁运行产生的环境振动日益增加,以应力波通过地基向周边传播,引起环境振动污染[2-3];另一方面,人们对生活、工作环境质量的要求越来越高,即使对于相同水平的振动,也会引起公众的强烈反应[4]。如何合理评价高铁诱发环境振动,降低服役路基高铁荷载作用下的环境振动,已成为中国高铁建设急需解决的关键难题之一。
目前,高铁环境振动相关的研究主要集中在列车荷载模型、轨道模型、动荷载下地基土波动规律等方面。荷载模型从单个移动荷载发展到能够更细致地反映列车结构的复杂荷载体系[5];轨道振动模型由Timoshenko梁、Euler梁模型,发展到考虑轨枕分散作用的多层梁模型[6-7];动荷载下土体振动研究将轨道模型与地基模型相结合,经历了从单相土、两相饱和地基到三相准饱和及非饱和地基振动规律的探索[8-9]。高速列车运营过程中受车轮擦伤、钢轨磨耗及路基不均匀沉降的影响,轮轨往往处于不圆顺状态,会出现车轮踏面失圆以及轨道几何形位变化等现象[10-11]。迄今为止,高铁运营诱发的环境振动问题均未同时考虑车轮失圆和轨面不平的影响。
现阶段,学者们研究车轮失圆和轨面不平问题多从轮轨动力学的角度展开讨论。如BAEZA等[12]基于欧拉坐标系建立弹性旋转轮对模型,分析了弹性旋转轮对和刚性轮对模型在车轮扁疤伤损冲击下的轮轨力差异。KANOJE等[13]建立了轮轨接触的有限元模型,研究了车轮扁疤引起的轮轨冲击特性。PIERINGER等[14]考虑车轮扁疤真实几何形状引起轮轨接触刚度的变化,提出一种三维非Hertz轮轨接触模型,研究了深度为0.25~2.00 mm的车轮扁疤引起的最大轮轨冲击力。STEENBERGEN[15]将轮轨假设为刚体,根据车轮扁疤冲击钢轨过程中轮心的轨迹变化,推导出较为精确的轮轨冲击力计算公式。林凤涛等[16]建立考虑柔性轮对的高速动车刚柔耦合模型和有限元扁疤损伤接触模型,探究了车轮扁疤对轮轨冲击的影响规律。KHAJEHDEZFULY[17]通过建立列车-轨道-路基二维数值模型,研究了轨道板刚度对谐波不平顺轨道实测轮轨力的影响。
中国高铁线路网广泛分布在东南沿海地区,地下水位浅,多为高含水率地基,已有研究多将其简化为单相弹性或两相饱和介质。实际路基难以达到完全饱和状态,含有少量气体的高饱和度三相路基更符合实际情况。孔隙气的存在对土中波的传播和振动影响显著,目前通常将含有以气泡形式存在的少量气体且孔隙水压力为正值的高饱和地基称为准饱和地基(95%≤ Sr ≤99%,其中Sr 为饱和度)[18-19]。对于高铁荷载下准饱和路基振动的研究较少,仅宋永山等[20]和GAO等[21]初步讨论了高铁荷载作用下准饱和路基的振动规律,且未考虑车轮失圆和轨面不平等实际工况。
上述分析表明,考虑车轮失圆和轨面不平条件下高铁运营引起的环境振动问题研究鲜见报道,高铁诱发环境振动污染问题也多局限于弹性或饱和地基的情况。鉴于此,本文引入车轮失圆和轨面不平公式修正准静态列车移动荷载,通过Fourier变换得到车轮失圆、轨面不平及两者耦合态的频域-波数域表达式,推导均质准饱和地基2.5维有限元方程,建立列车-轨道-准饱和地基有限元模型,编制Fortran语言程序求解,研究了车轮失圆和轨面不平条件下高铁荷载引起的准饱和地基振动响应规律。
对于准饱和多孔介质,孔隙流体往往是水和闭合气泡的混合物,可近似认为是均质孔隙流体[22]。孔隙流体的体积模量可以表示为[21]
Kf=11Srpa+1Ew 
式中,Sr为土体饱和度;Ew为孔隙水体积模量;pa为绝对孔隙压力,本文取为1 atm。
根据Biot方程[23],可得准饱和地基本构方程为:
σij=2μcεij+λcεkkδijδijp 
式中,σij为土骨架应力;μc=μ(1+2βi),λc=λ(1+2βi),其中,μλ为土骨架的Lame常数,β为土体阻尼系数;p为孔隙水压力;δij为克罗内克指标,εij为土骨架应变,ij分别取为1,2,3;εkk 表示土骨架体积变化率。
孔隙流体的连续性方程和平衡方程分别为:
np˙(1Srpa+1Ew)=u˙i,i+W˙i,i 
p,i=ρf(u¨+W¨in+gW˙ikd) 
式中:n为孔隙率;Wi=n(wi−ui)为流体和土骨架的相对位移,其中,uiwi分别为土骨架和孔隙流体的位移;p,i为孔隙水压力梯度;ρf为流体体积密度;kd为动力渗透系数;变量上方的“·”和“··”分别表示变量对时间t的一阶和二阶导数;g为重力加速度,本文取为9.8 m/s2
准饱和多孔介质的固相平衡方程为:
σij,j+Fi=ρu¨i+ρfW¨i 
式中,σijj 为土骨架的应力张量在三维空间中的方向梯度和;Fi为作用于土骨架上的体积力;ρ=(1−n)ρs+nρf为准饱和地基体积密度,其中ρs为土骨架密度。
基于2.5维有限元法[24],假定土体与结构沿列车运行方向的材料性质相同且连续,地基为均质准饱和地基,轨道为理想刚体,建立列车-轨道-准饱和地基有限元模型,如图1所示。
由于轨道结构的道床及垫层的弯曲刚度较大,当列车移动荷载作用于钢轨时,轨道系统发生的微小变形可视作整体变形,因此可用Euler梁模拟轨道系统[25]。轨道参数选取秦沈客运专线相关数据[26],轨道宽度取为3 m,质量mr=540 kg/m(两条钢轨和轨枕)、弯曲刚度ErIr=13.254 MN•m2(两条钢轨)。模型边界条件采用高广运等[24]推导的黏弹性动力人工边界,并将其土体条件由饱和推广至准饱和。通过Fortran语言编程,实现有限元网格划分、黏弹性动力人工边界设置及列车移动荷载的施加。
基于准饱和多孔介质基本方程[20,26]得到频域内由土骨架位移u~i和孔隙压力p~表示的Biot波动方程:
μu˜i,jj+(λ+μ)u˜j,ijp˜,i+ω2[ρu˜i+ρfF(ρfω2u˜ip˜,i)]=0
(1+ρfω2F)u˜i,iFp˜,ii1Srpa+1Ew+np˜=0
式中,变量上方的“~”符号表示频域内的量;F=nkd/[ρf(inωgkdω2)];ω为频域内的圆频率。
对式(6a)和应力边界条件式以及式(6b)和流势边界条件式分别应用Galerkin法,整理可得频域-波数域中矩阵形式的离散方程:
(K0M0)u¯~+(Q1Q0)p¯~=f¯~s0 
(H0+S0)p¯~+Q2u¯~=f¯~q0 
式中,变量上方的“”符号表示在频域-波数域中的量;变量上方的“-”符号表示波数域中的量;H0表示刚度矩阵;Q1Q2表示耦合矩阵;S0表示质量矩阵;f¯~q0为等效节点荷载矩阵;p¯~表示孔隙水压加速度;K0M0Q0f¯~s0分别为刚度矩阵、质量矩阵、耦合矩阵和等效节点荷载矩阵。
通过组装所有矩阵,准饱和地基2.5维有限元方程可以表示为:
KurU¯~0=R¯~0 
式中,Kur为整体刚度矩阵;U¯~0R¯~0分别为频域-波数域中的位移矩阵和荷载矩阵。
为验证计算模型的有效性,将地基饱和度Sr设置为100%(即完全饱和情况),采取与文献[27]相同的荷载取值、加载方式及土体参数(如表1所示),将计算结果与文献[27]得到的饱和多孔介质半空间半解析解结果进行对比。竖向点荷载沿x方向分别以0.1cs、0.5cs和0.9cs的速度在地表运行,剪切波速cs取值为(G/ρs)1/2,其中,G为剪切模量,ρs为土骨架密度。
图2(a)和(b)分别展示了地基中坐标(0.0, 1.0, −1.0)位置处归一化垂向位移(W*=WG/F)和孔压(p*=p/F)的对比结果,其中W 表示地基中坐标(0.0, 1.0,−1.0)位置的垂向位移。由图2可知,本文计算结果与文献[26]的半解析解结果吻合较好,表明了本文计算模型的准确性。c=0.9cs时的计算结果略大于文献[27]的结果,一方面是由于车速接近土体剪切波速时,地基的振动响应更为剧烈[28];另一方面是由于本文计算方法和模型细化程度不同带来的差异。
高铁列车选取CR400AF-G型“复兴号”,该型号列车共8节编组(4M+4T,其中,M表示动力车,T表示拖车),每节编组包含4个轮对,最大轴重17 t ,头车长27.525 m,中间车长25.65 m,全长208.95 m,车轮半径为0.46 m,转向架轴距为2.5 m,转向架中心距为17.8 m。
将准静态移动荷载模拟为由K节车厢的轴重荷载组成,YANG等[29]研究表明4节编组即可反映列车荷载引起的环境振动问题,本文采用“复兴号”列车8节编组模拟列车荷载(如图3所示,为了简化图形、突出荷载分布的规律性,图中仅展示4节车厢,实际计算按8节编组扩展)。anbnLnP0分别为前轴间距、后轴间距、车厢长度和轮轴静载。
将自振角频率ω0=2πf0、沿x坐标正向以速度c运行、车轮无扁疤且轨道平顺的准静态移动荷载在时间-空间域内表示为:
f1(x,t)=n=1Kpnδ(xct)eiω0t=n=1Kpnδ(xct)ei2πf0t={n=1KP0[δ(xct+LT+n=0KLn)+δ(xct+an+LT+n=0KLn)+δ(xct+an+bn+LT+n=0KLn)+δ(xct+2an+bn+LT+n=0KLn)]ei2πf0t} 
式中,LT为列车荷载到观察点之间的距离;δ为Dirac函数;pn为外加荷载;f0为自振频率;K为车厢总数。
将式(10)对坐标x和时间t作Fourier变换,得到频域-波数域内的表达式如下:
f¯~1(εx,ω)=2πcδ(εxωω0c)P¯~0=2πcδ(εxωω0c)·n=1KP0[1+eianεx+ei(an+bn)εx+ei(2an+bn)εx]eiεx(LT+s=0K1Ls) 
将轮轨假设为刚体,推导出一种较为精确的轮轨冲击力计算表达式[15]
F(t)=8Mwc2dl2H(t0+lc)+δ(t0l2c) 
式中,l为扁疤长度;d为扁疤深度;Mw为轮对质量;H(·)为跃阶函数;t0为车轮扁疤部位作用于轨面的时间。
本文将车轮失圆考虑为同轴异轮的对称双扁疤,各轮对的扁疤长度和扁疤深度相同,且前一轮对的扁疤边缘正驶离轨面时,后一轮对的扁疤边缘刚好接触轨面,即相邻轮对的扁疤部位与轨面的接触时间连续不间断。“复兴号”列车的8节编组共有32个轮对,各轮对扁疤部位所对应的圆心角φ=π/16,扁疤长度l=2Rsin(φ/2),扁疤深度d=R[1−cos(φ/2)],其中R为车轮半径。
由理论力学可知:车轮下缘为速度瞬心,由轮心平动速度为c,可得车轮上缘线速度为2c,则车轮转动角速度为2c/R,故有t0=φR/(2c)=πR/(32c)。经验算,c分别取为120和360 km/h,−t0+l/c>0,t0l/2c≠0,由H(·)和δ(·)的性质可知,H(−t0+l/c)=1,δ(t0l/2c)=0,代入式(12),可得车轮失圆引起的轮轨冲击力为8Mwc2d/l2,将其与轮轴静载P0叠加,可得Pw=P0+8Mwc2d/l2,则车轮失圆移动荷载可表示为:
f2(x,t)=μ1μ2n=1KPw[δ(xct+LT+s=0K1Ls)+δ(xct+an+LT+s=0K1Ls)+δ(xct+an+bn+LT+s=0K1Ls)+δ(xct+2an+bn+LT+s=0K1Ls)]ei2πf0t 
其中,车轮失圆移动荷载的叠加系数μ1和分散系数μ2分别取为1.427和0.8[30]
对式(13)作Fourier变换,可得到车轮失圆移动荷载在频域-波数域内的表达式如下:
f¯~2(εx,ω)=2πμ1μ2cδ(εxωω0c)P¯~w=2πμ1μ2c[δ(εxωω0c)n=1KPw(1+eianεx+ei(an+bn)εx+ei(2an+bn)εx)eiεx(LT+s=0K1Ls)] 
在不考虑荷载随机性的前提下,用一个激振力函数来描述轨面不平移动荷载,涵盖了行车平稳性、附加动载和钢轨波磨等三方面因素,同时兼顾了荷载的叠加和分散效应,能较好地还原列车运行的真实状态[13],其表达式为:
f3(x,t)=μ3μ4n=1K(P0+k=13Pksin(ωkt))δ(xct)ei2πf0t=μ3μ4(P0+k=13Pksin(ωkt))[δ(xct+LT+s=1K1Ls)+δ(xct+an+LT+s=1K1Ls)+δ(xct+an+bn+LT+s=1K1Ls)+δ(xct+2an+bn+LT+s=1K1Ls)]ei2πf0t 
式中,Pk=MrAkωk2k=1, 2, 3)分别对应行车平稳性、附加动载、钢轨波磨三种情况下轨面不平振动荷载的典型值,ωk=2πc/λk为荷载的振动角频率,其中,Mr为簧下质量,Akλk分别为轨面不平的正矢和波长。本文计算时正矢取A1=3.5 mm、A2=0.4 mm、A3=0.08 mm[27],波长取λ1=10 m、λ2=2 m、λ3=0.5 m[27],叠加系数μ3和分散系数μ4分别取为1.538和0.7[27]。对式(15)作Fourier变换,得到轨面不平移动荷载在频域-波数域内的表达式。
高铁列车实际运营过程中,由于轮轨磨耗及路基不均匀沉降等因素,车轮失圆及轨面不平的情况往往同时存在,因此需从轮、轨两方面对列车移动荷载作进一步修正。结合车轮失圆或轨面不平单一因素条件下的荷载表达式,将二者耦合(简称轮轨不圆顺),能够真实反映实际工况中的荷载激励状态,轮轨不圆顺移动荷载在时域-空间域内可以表示为:
f4(x,t)=μ5μ6n=1K(Pw+k=13Pksin(ωkt))δ(xct)ei2πf0t=μ5μ6(Pw+k=13Pksin(ωkt))×[δ(xct+LT+s=1K1Ls)+δ(xct+an+LT+s=1K1Ls)+δ(xct+an+bn+LT+s=1K1Ls)+δ(xct+2an+bn+LT+s=1K1Ls)]ei2πf0t 
其中,轮轨不圆顺移动荷载的叠加系数μ5和分散系数μ6分别取为1.649和0.75[27]。对式(16)作Fourier变换,得到轮轨不圆顺移动荷载在频域-波数域内的表达式。
通过Fortran语言编程求解车轮失圆和轨面不平诱发的准饱和地基振动响应。参考国内列车运营时速,选取低速(120 km/h)、高速(360 km/h)两种工况进行分析。地基设置为饱和度Sr=95%的准饱和均质地基,计算模型全长120 m、深30 m,土体计算参数如表2所示。Fourier逆变换点取为4096,时间间隔为0.0025 s,计算总时长为10.24 s。位移和加速度监测点取距离道床中心线4、8、12和16 m处的准饱和地基表面。
图4为低速(120 km/h)条件下的准饱和地基振动位移时程曲线。由图4可知,列车低速运行时,准静态、车轮失圆、轨面不平三种荷载条件下,地表各监测点处垂向位移时程曲线变化趋势一致,可明显观察到列车通过时的轮轨分布,曲线形态整体呈轴对称分布;车轮失圆和轨面不平条件下垂向位移幅值相较于准静态变化不明显,原因为低速时地基的动态位移响应主要源自列车轴重荷载引起的整体变形。轮轨不圆顺耦合态下,垂向位移幅值显著增大,位移时程曲线呈现出更强的波动性,部分时段出现向上的垂向位移。值得注意的是,在距道床中心线16 m处,地表全时段均存在向上的动态垂向位移,说明振动波传至此处发生了垂向位移反弹。
图5为高速(360 km/h)条件下的准饱和地基振动位移时程曲线。由图5可知,列车高速运行时各荷载条件下垂向位移振幅相较于低速时均明显增大,这是由于车速达到土体的剪切波速产生共振所致。准静态及车轮失圆条件下,垂向位移时程曲线仍具有较为明显的轴对称特征,其几何形状符合荷载移动的分布情况;而轨面不平和轮轨不圆顺条件下的时程曲线则表现为波动性更强的不规则形态,且轮轨不圆顺耦合态下往复波动幅度更大,说明轨面不平条件下准饱和地基垂向位移响应对车速变化的敏感性更强,车轮失圆和轨面不平耦合后准饱和地基振动响应显著增大。
图6为低速(120 km/h)条件下的准饱和地基振动加速度时程曲线。由图6可知:列车低速运行时,由于远未达到土体的剪切波速,所以准饱和地基上加速度幅值较小,且随监测点距离的增大而快速衰减,车轮失圆和轨面不平条件下各监测点处加速度幅值与准静态基本相同,且不同监测点处的加速度时程规律十分接近,而轮轨不圆顺耦合态下则存在较为明显的波动性差别。
图7为高速(360 km/h)条件下的准饱和地基振动加速度时程曲线。由图7可知,列车高速运行时,车轮失圆和轨面不平对准饱和地基加速度幅值有着显著影响,各监测点处加速度幅值曲线呈现更强的波动性,原因是车速的提高增大了车轮失圆附带的扁疤部位轮轨冲击力,以及轨面不平引起振动频率变化的影响。
图8为轨道中心处准饱和地基孔隙水压力幅值随深度的变化曲线。由图8可知,在低速工况下,孔隙水压力在0~4 m深度范围内呈现显著衰减趋势。前三类荷载条件下的孔隙水压力分布曲线形态相似,且峰值均集中于距地表约0.5 m处。轮轨不圆顺耦合态下,孔压幅值随深度变化呈现更为明显的非线性关系。车速提高后,孔压迅速衰减范围延伸至6 m,理想准静态、车轮失圆条件下孔压峰值有所增长但仍维持着原有的衰减形态;轨面不平和轮轨不圆顺耦合态下孔压峰值增长更为显著,且孔压峰值位置出现在轨下1 m处,表明车轮扁疤冲击力的提高仅增大孔压幅值而不改变其峰值走势,轨面不平引起振动圆频率增大则会导致孔压峰值位置向地基更深处发展。
(1)列车以120 km/h低速运行时,车轮失圆和轨面不平对准饱和地基位移和加速度时程规律及峰值影响较小;列车速度达到土体剪切波速360 km/h时,车轮失圆和轨面不平单一因素作用下准饱和地基的振动响应相比于准静态条件均有大幅提升。
(2)低车速时,准饱和地基孔隙水压力在道床中心线下0~4 m范围内迅速衰减,孔压峰值出现在轨下0.5 m处;车速提高后,孔压迅速衰减范围延伸至6 m,各修正荷载条件下孔压峰值相比于准静态条件均显著增大,轨面不平和轮轨不圆顺耦合态下孔压峰值位置发展至轨下1 m处。
(3)相较于车轮失圆,轨面不平对准饱和地基振动影响更大,且对车速变化更敏感。随着车速的提高,轨面不平条件下准饱和地基表面加速度、位移时程波动性更强,孔隙水压力峰值位置向地基更深处发展。
(4)两种车速下,轮轨不圆顺耦合态下准饱和地基振动响应总体上均明显大于其他荷载条件。在高速铁路安全性评估和地基振动响应预测中,同时考虑车轮踏面失圆效应和轨道几何形位不平的影响具有十分重要的工程意义。
(5)后续可基于非线性弹塑性动力本构模型,考虑分层、倾斜、非饱和等地基条件,对计算模型进行进一步优化。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277130)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.002
  • 接收时间:2023-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-01
  • 修回日期:2023-09-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42277130)
作者信息
    1.中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 311122
    2.山东科技大学土木工程与建筑学院,山东 青岛 266590
    3.同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092

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高广运(1961—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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