Article(id=1228805274933330162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691164800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-05, revisedDate=1694966400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899607641, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1746806400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899607641, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899607641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899607641, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805274362904818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='5', pageStart='889', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899607506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901500406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813213828051802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805274362904818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=909, endPage=918, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805275159822579, articleId=1228805274933330162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Reduction coefficient investigation of strong ground surface impact load models considering energy loss, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The strong surface impact loads caused by dynamic compaction and construction operations have significant implications on the surrounding environment. Traditional research methods often simplify the impact load as a triangular load for calculation. However, this simplification does not consider the energy loss during impact, leading to overestimation in the calculation results. This paper is based on the measured data from an actual dynamic compaction project. After validating the numerical method’s feasibility, a parametric analysis of key influencing factors is conducted. The paper proposes a reasonable reduction coefficient to modify the current triangular loading model. The objective is to improve the accuracy and applicability of the model for dynamic compaction projects. The calculation results indicate that the magnitude of impact energy and the soil parameters of the site are critical factors influencing the impact vibration response. It is suggested that for impact energy levels categorized as low, medium, and high, the reduction coefficients for medium-soft soil can be set as 0.85, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. For medium-hard soil, the reduction coefficients can be set as 0.9, 0.7 and 0.6 for the corresponding low, medium, and high energy levels.

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强夯施工作业等引起的强地表冲击荷载对周围环境产生较大影响。传统研究方法将冲击荷载简化为三角形荷载,但未考虑冲击时的能量损失,导致计算结果偏大。本文基于某实际强夯工程实测数据,在验证数值方法的合理性后,开展针对关键影响因素的参数分析,建议合理的折减系数以修正目前的三角形荷载模型。计算结果表明:冲击能大小、场地土参数等是影响冲击振动响应的关键因素。低能级、中能级以及高能级的冲击能作用下,中软土的折减系数可分别取为0.85、 0.6和0.5,中硬土的折减系数则分别取为0.9、0.7和0.6。

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王国波 (1979— ),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Keyword(id=1228805281182843383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=埋地管线)], refs=[Reference(id=1228805285452645178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=193, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=ZHANG H, JIN Y, LIU Q, journalName=Measurement, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG H,JIN Y,LIU Q,et al. 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figureFileBig=JCRlGkdmeHFYWe2FatN2bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805284307600109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Impact load parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
夯击次数r/mE/MPaμM/kgv0/(m·s-1)Pmax /MPatN/stR/s
11.256.00.353400016.32.530.1400.070
21.258.60.353400016.93.140.1170.058
31.2510.60.303400017.23.480.1070.054
41.2512.30.303400017.33.750.0990.049
), ArticleFig(id=1228805284425040629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冲击荷载参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
夯击次数r/mE/MPaμM/kgv0/(m·s-1)Pmax /MPatN/stR/s
11.256.00.353400016.32.530.1400.070
21.258.60.353400016.93.140.1170.058
31.2510.60.303400017.23.480.1070.054
41.2512.30.303400017.33.750.0990.049
), ArticleFig(id=1228805284538286848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Different soil parameters in various sites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场地土类型密度/(kg·m3)泊松比剪切波速/(m·s-1静弹性模量/MPa粘聚力/kPa
中软土18000.324027030
中硬土18500.341080915
), ArticleFig(id=1228805284643144454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同场地土参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场地土类型密度/(kg·m3)泊松比剪切波速/(m·s-1静弹性模量/MPa粘聚力/kPa
中软土18000.324027030
中硬土18500.341080915
), ArticleFig(id=1228805284748002060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Recommended reduction coefficient scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场地土类型冲击能建议折减系数
中软土低能级
中能级
高能级
0.85
0.60
0.50
中硬土低能级
中能级
高能级
0.90
0.70
0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1228805284878025492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805274933330162, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

建议折减系数方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场地土类型冲击能建议折减系数
中软土低能级
中能级
高能级
0.85
0.60
0.50
中硬土低能级
中能级
高能级
0.90
0.70
0.60
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考虑能量损失的强地表冲击荷载模型折减系数研究
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王国波 1 , 梅华 1 , 殷耀 1 , 王建宁 2 , 何卫 3 , 翟玉新 4
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(5): 909-918
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(5): 909-918
考虑能量损失的强地表冲击荷载模型折减系数研究
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王国波1 , 梅华1, 殷耀1, 王建宁2, 何卫3, 翟玉新4
作者信息
  • 1.温州大学建筑工程学院,浙江 温州 325035
  • 2.中国机械工业集团有限公司,北京 100080
  • 3.中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 4.中铁建设集团有限公司,北京 100072

通讯作者:

王国波 (1979— ),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Reduction coefficient investigation of strong ground surface impact load models considering energy loss
Guobo WANG1 , Hua MEI1, Yao YIN1, Jianning WANG2, Wei HE3, Yuxin ZHAI4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Wenzhou University,Wenzhou 325035,China
  • 2.China National Machinery Industry Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100080,China
  • 3.Faculty of Engineering,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China
  • 4.China Railway Construction Group Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100072,China
出版时间: 2025-05-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.003
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强夯施工作业等引起的强地表冲击荷载对周围环境产生较大影响。传统研究方法将冲击荷载简化为三角形荷载,但未考虑冲击时的能量损失,导致计算结果偏大。本文基于某实际强夯工程实测数据,在验证数值方法的合理性后,开展针对关键影响因素的参数分析,建议合理的折减系数以修正目前的三角形荷载模型。计算结果表明:冲击能大小、场地土参数等是影响冲击振动响应的关键因素。低能级、中能级以及高能级的冲击能作用下,中软土的折减系数可分别取为0.85、 0.6和0.5,中硬土的折减系数则分别取为0.9、0.7和0.6。

折减系数  /  强夯  /  冲击荷载模型  /  冲击能  /  埋地管线

The strong surface impact loads caused by dynamic compaction and construction operations have significant implications on the surrounding environment. Traditional research methods often simplify the impact load as a triangular load for calculation. However, this simplification does not consider the energy loss during impact, leading to overestimation in the calculation results. This paper is based on the measured data from an actual dynamic compaction project. After validating the numerical method’s feasibility, a parametric analysis of key influencing factors is conducted. The paper proposes a reasonable reduction coefficient to modify the current triangular loading model. The objective is to improve the accuracy and applicability of the model for dynamic compaction projects. The calculation results indicate that the magnitude of impact energy and the soil parameters of the site are critical factors influencing the impact vibration response. It is suggested that for impact energy levels categorized as low, medium, and high, the reduction coefficients for medium-soft soil can be set as 0.85, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. For medium-hard soil, the reduction coefficients can be set as 0.9, 0.7 and 0.6 for the corresponding low, medium, and high energy levels.

reduction coefficient  /  dynamic compaction  /  impact load model  /  impact energy  /  buried pipeline
王国波, 梅华, 殷耀, 王建宁, 何卫, 翟玉新. 考虑能量损失的强地表冲击荷载模型折减系数研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (5) : 909 -918 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.003
Guobo WANG, Hua MEI, Yao YIN, Jianning WANG, Wei HE, Yuxin ZHAI. Reduction coefficient investigation of strong ground surface impact load models considering energy loss[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (5) : 909 -918 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.003
随着城市建设发展,不论是老城区的拆除还是新城区的建设,施工过程中都会不可避免地产生强地表冲击荷载(拆除导致房屋的塌落触地、强夯打桩等地基处理过程),对地上乃至地下结构的安全影响不可忽略。强夯冲击荷载是典型的强地表冲击荷载之一,因其适用范围广,且具有良好的经济性等诸多优点,被广泛应用于大跨度结构、高层建筑、高速公路、港口和机场等软土领域的工程中[1-2]。但是长期以来,强夯的研究主要集中在试验研究方面[3-4],并有学者据此建议了简化的三角形荷载模型,如SCOTT等[5]通过结构动力学原理建立了地基强夯模型,考虑夯锤落地速度对初始应力的影响,推导了锤底接触应力和夯沉量之间的关系。MAYNE等[6]根据动量定律和强夯的动力特性,得出了在夯锤中心处峰值动应力的近似表达式。MIAO等[7]基于冲击力做功和能量守恒推导出夯锤与土之间的最大接触应力,但该公式的应用与土层性质密切相关且难以预测每击的夯沉量。当前由于计算机的普及,数值模拟成为该领域研究的新方向,PAN等[8]利用ABAQUS对强夯荷载作用下的疏松土进行了数值研究,分析了夯锤高度、夯锤质量以及土壤性质对夯击周围土体的影响。WANG等[9]利用有限元LS-DYNA提出一种简化模型描述强夯引起的地基土变形,以此确定强夯时的最佳锤击次数。JIA等[10]提出了二维PFC/FLAC耦合的方法建立了强夯冲击下的数值模型,揭示了场地土在强夯过程中的宏观和微观机制。WANG等[11] 利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立了三维强夯荷载模型,并通过试验结果验证数值方法,确定了在强地表冲击荷载下的隔振措施,为实际工程提出了可参考的依据。LI等[12]设计了以能量等级、下落距离、下落物质量和直径为变量的大型室外强夯模型试验,结果表明土体阻尼比随强夯次数的增加而变化。WU等[13]根据某大型现场试验,确定了强夯冲击后的撞击区大致是一个圆柱形区域,直径与夯锤相同,位于夯锤的正下方。
强夯冲击通过改变土体内部的应力状态,起到加固地基的作用,但过大的地表冲击荷载会引发地表沉降过大甚至渗水[14]。而目前对于强地表冲击荷载的相关研究主要集中在研究振动的衰减规律[15]方面,对于强夯作用下实际冲击荷载的简化与荷载模型能量损失的分析相对较少。此外,现有研究主要集中在单次夯击引起的冲击荷载上,对于多次夯击情况下荷载的变化以及每次夯击导致的能量损失的研究相对不足。因此,本文旨在结合某实际工程,采用现场测试、理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,通过对比分析,建议相应的折减系数以考虑冲击过程中的能量损失,从而对传统的简化三角形荷载模型进行修正,使其更合理地反映冲击荷载的作用效应。
某软弱场地需采用强夯处理以提高地基承载力及降低工后沉降,在处理范围内有一埋地石油管道,场地与管道相对位置关系如图1(a)所示。由于管道年代较早,仅有的信息显示该管道为直径D=0.559 m,厚度T=0.0086 m的钢管。根据地勘报告可得场地土的具体参数(密度ρ,剪切波速VS,泊松比μ,静弹性模量E,粘聚力c等)如图1(b)所示。本次测试为初步试夯,以便为后续正式强夯确定相关试验参数,其中夯锤的直径为2.5 m,重34 t,从13.5 m高处落下,产生的夯击能量为4500 kN∙m。
现场试验设计了三种振动试验工况,分别为自由场试验、空沟试验和埋地管道试验。试验时每个工况均夯击4次,其中空沟试验中空沟壁距夯击点25 m,沟深2.5 m,沟宽0.5 m,沟长3 m;埋地管道试验中的管道包括铸铁管和PVC塑料管两种,长均为0.6 m,其中铸铁管外径为0.22 m,内径为0.212 m;PVC塑料管外径为0.32 m,内径为0.312 m,管道埋深2.5 m,由于现场试验时PVC塑料管破损,因此后续只关注铸铁管道。试验时通过速度传感器监测每次夯击下各个测点X向(沿测点布置的水平横向)、Y向(沿测点布置的水平纵向)和Z向(竖直方向)三个方向的振动速度,测点示意图如图2所示。自由场夯击试验测点均布置在地表;空沟隔振试验中3号和4号测点分别位于深度为1.25 m和2.5 m的沟壁上,其他测点位于地表;埋管夯击试验6号测点位于埋置铸铁管道拱顶,其他测点位于地表。
计算采用有限元软件LS-DYNA进行三维模拟。
土体采用经典的莫尔-库仑模型,考虑到振动问题是动力学问题,因此土体计算参数选取动力学参数,确定的方法是:先依据土体剪切波速VS和密度ρ得到土体的动剪切模量G,再结合泊松比μ最终得到土体的静弹性模量E。土体参数见图1(b),同时现场试验的埋管和夯锤均采用钢材,选取弹性模型进行计算,静弹性模量为210 GPa,密度为7800 kg/m3,泊松比为0.2。土体与管道之间采用TIE连接,即不考虑二者之间的相对滑移。
由于现场试验监测点的最远距离为90 m,地勘报告显示30 m即达到了基岩面,考虑到三维计算的效率,单侧土体长取为100 m,故模型的整体尺寸为:200 m(长)×30 m(宽)×30 m(深),并且根据现场实测划分多层土模拟,土层参数详见图1(b)
土体和夯锤采用8节点六面体实体单元,埋管则采用壳单元。对于单元网格划分,目前常规处理方法要求最大单元尺寸不大于波长的十分之一,即
ΔLλ10=VS10fmax 
式中,λ为波长;VS为土体剪切波速;fmax为所考虑的最高频率。
结合本次实测数据可以发现强夯引起的土体振动速度的频率在3~5 Hz,属于低频振动响应,最高频率在10 Hz以内,因此fmax取为10 Hz,同时结合土体参数,表层土的剪切波速为145 m/s,代入式(1)可得最大网格尺寸为1.45 m。为提高计算效率,本次计算时自由场网格尺寸均取为1 m,管道网格尺寸取为0.12 m,夯锤采用自适应网格划分,对于埋置管道附近土体,网格进行适当细化处理以满足土体与管道的接触要求,计算模型详见图3
土体阻尼采用经典的瑞利阻尼模型[16],依据本次强夯实测的振动速度衰减曲线,采用自由振动衰减法识别得到土体的阻尼比ξ=0.04。由此确定的瑞利阻尼系数分别为:α =0.6195,β =0.00258。
模型底部采用固定边界,四周采用无反射边界,表面则为自由边界。考虑到试验数据的时间间隔为0.5 ms,为了便于对比分析,本次计算的时间步长也定为0.5 ms。
为降低计算成本,本次模拟将夯锤直接置于地表,并根据自由落体公式定义夯锤竖向初速度为16.3 m/s,以此模拟夯锤落地冲击土体的过程,其中夯锤与土体之间采用自动面面接触。
限于篇幅,本文仅以埋管工况为例,选取距离夯击点20 m处的2号测点以及管道顶部的6号测点进行对比,其他工况的数值方法验证详见文献[11]。考虑到目前的相关标准以及地下结构的振动以竖向振动为主,仅对比分析土体及结构的竖向振动响应以验证数值方法的合理性。
图45分别为距离夯击点20 m处(2号测点)以及管道顶部(6号测点)的振速时程、频谱及振速幅值曲线,图中的Δ表示振动速度幅值的实测值与计算结果之间的误差,通过对比分析表明:
(1)数值模拟和试验的土体存在差别,实际试验场地的土体是不均匀的,而数值模拟时的场地土是匀质土体,未考虑实际试验中土体的空间变异性。
(2)数值模拟中振动衰减得更快,因为模型中的瑞利阻尼是恒定的,但是在实际情况下,远夯处的阻尼要小于近夯处。但从总体来看,数值计算与实测结果在振动速度幅值、频谱特征和变化趋势上保持了较好的一致性,且相对误差基本保持在10%以内。
因此,可认为数值方法是合理可行的,同时由直接冲击模拟得到的结果与实测的结果相对误差较小,模拟精度是能够接受的,可将其作为后续折减系数研究的精确解。但是直接冲击模拟通常在计算时更为复杂,因为要考虑夯锤与土体接触时的运动、振动、摩擦系数等多个物理因素,并会产生过多的非线性问题导致计算收敛困难,因此计算的效率相对较低,成本也较高。故而通常使用等效三角形荷载来简化计算,以提高计算效率,便于工程实际应用。
本节以埋管试验为例,对比实测数据、直接冲击荷载以及三角形冲击荷载的结果,旨在探究直接冲击及三角形荷载与实测数据之间的差异。
计算中常将夯锤产生的冲击荷载简化为目前常用的三角形冲击荷载[17],依据以下经验公式确定相应的简化三角形荷载:
Pmax=v0MSπr2 
tN=πM/S 
S=2rE1μ2 
tR=(1412)tN 
式中,Pmax为夯锤与地表接触时的冲击应力;v0为夯锤落到地面时的瞬时速度;r为夯锤半径;M为夯锤质量;E为土体静弹性模量;μ为土体泊松比;S为弹性常数;tN为整个冲击应力产生过程的时间;tR为三角形荷载上升阶段的时间。
从上述参数可以看出,当夯锤的参数和冲击高度确定后,冲击荷载的大小和作用时间只与土体的静弹性模量E和泊松比μ有关,其中泊松比主要考虑土体类型依据经验取值,而对于土体静弹性模量,则是在第一次计算夯击荷载时,根据试验结果取的土体初始静弹性模量。在第二次夯击时,需要考虑夯坑深度变化导致的夯击能增加以及第一次夯击后土体密实引起的静弹性模量增加。本文采用钱家欢经验公式[18]确定夯击后的土体静弹性模量,再结合每次夯击所形成的夯坑深度(分别为0.97、0.49、0.31和0.50 m),确定第二次冲击荷载幅值和作用时间,第三次和第四次冲击荷载的确定则依次类推。
EN=E0×N0.516 
式中,ENN次夯击后的土体静弹性模量;E0为初始静弹性模量。结合本次夯击实测数据发现靠近夯击点的监测点衰减较快,而远离夯击点的衰减速率较慢,但一般均在1.5 s内完成衰减。因此,每次夯击时间均取为1.5 s,则4次夯击总的计算时间为6 s。荷载计算结果如表1所示,最终输入的夯击荷载如图6所示。
为验证上述依据经验公式所确定冲击荷载的精确性,本节以埋管试验为例,对比埋管工况下实测、直接冲击荷载、三角形冲击荷载的结果,如图7所示。
根据计算结果可知:
(1)直接冲击荷载的计算结果与试验数据更为接近,误差基本在10%以内,故可将直接冲击荷载得到的结果作为精确解,作为后续参数分析的依据;
(2)用三角形冲击荷载代替直接冲击荷载时误差会有所放大,相同测点下速度幅值差距最大达到20.8%,说明传统经验公式计算下的三角形冲击荷载存在较大误差,其主要原因在于没有合理考虑冲击过程中的能量损失,而在实际强夯过程中影响因素过多,且难以定量化。为此,本文拟通过数值参数分析,引入一个折减系数,以实现更加合理的模拟冲击过程。
本节拟引入折减系数以综合考虑冲击过程中的能量损失,并通过与实测数据的对比以建议适用于不同工况的折减系数。
在原计算结果(见表1)的基础上通过折减得到的三角形荷载如图8所示,并将试验与按0.7、0.65、0.6倍折减的计算结果进行对比,如图910所示。
由上述结果可知:
(1)将现场的埋管试验使用的直接冲击荷载简化为三角形冲击荷载是合理可行的,同时埋管顶部的时程曲线与频谱曲线都吻合得较好,波动规律也基本一致。
(2)基于试验及计算可知,将本次由经验公式进行计算的三角形荷载进行0.65倍折减时,模拟的整体效果更好,相对误差均在5%左右。
由式(2)~(4)可见冲击力大小取决于土体的静弹性模量,土体参数直接决定了冲击力大小。同时,不同土体的阻尼比也不同,直接影响振动的衰减和传播,因而不同性质的土层对地表冲击荷载的响应存在差异,影响折减系数的确定。另外,冲击能不同,土体振动响应和变形显然不同,波的传播和衰减也不同。本节针对这两个关键因素进行数值参数分析,旨在提出具有一般适用性的折减系数。
在实际工程中,由于遇到的场地土类型多以中软土与中硬土为主,所以本节以这两种常见的土体类型为代表,同时采用直接冲击计算作为标准以建议不同场地土类型下传统三角计算公式所需考虑的折减系数。其中管道距夯击点的距离为25 m,管径0.6 m,埋深3 m,冲击能为4500 kN·m,场地土参数见表2,不同场地类型下的冲击荷载如图11所示。在本节中,进行结果对比的测点为管道拱顶测点。
通过大量的试算,在中软土下将直接冲击荷载与按0.65、0.6、0.55倍折减后的结果进行对比,如图12(a)所示;在中硬土下将直接冲击荷载与按0.75、0.7、0.65倍折减后结果进行对比,如图12(b)所示。
由计算结果可知:
(1)在不同的场地土下,传统的冲击荷载简化公式均需要基于能量损失进行一定的折减计算才能达到更准确的范围。
(2)不同场地土下折减的程度也存在差异,基于大量试算验证本次模拟下中软土折减系数取为0.6时,结果与直接冲击荷载最为接近,误差范围在5%以内;中硬土折减系数取为0.7时,结果与直接冲击荷载最为接近,误差范围也在5%以内。
一般在现场施工时可以将夯击能大小划分为低级夯击能(<4000 kN∙m)、中级夯击能(4000~6000 kN∙m)和高级夯击能(6000~8000 kN∙m)[19]。为探究不同冲击能对简化冲击荷载的影响,分别取2000 kN∙m(低能级)、4500 kN∙m(中能级)和8000 kN∙m(高能级)三种典型的冲击能进行对比,其他参数同上。
对于中软土情形:(1)选取2000 kN∙m冲击能时(低能级),将直接冲击荷载结果与按0.9、0.85、0.8倍折减后的结果进行比较,如图13(a)所示;(2)选取4500 kN∙m冲击能时(中能级),将直接冲击荷载结果与按0.65、0.6、0.55倍折减后的结果进行比较,如图13(b)所示;(3)选取8000 kN∙m冲击能时(高能级),将直接冲击荷载结果与按0.55、0.5、0.45倍折减后的结果进行比较,如图13(c)所示。
对于中硬土情形:(1)选取2000 kN∙m冲击能时(低能级),将直接冲击荷载结果与按0.95、0.9、0.85倍折减后的结果进行比较,如图14(a)所示;(2)选取4500 kN∙m冲击能时(中能级),将直接冲击荷载结果与按0.75、0.7、0.65倍折减后的结果进行比较,如图14(b)所示;(3)选取8000 kN∙m冲击能时(高能级),将直接冲击荷载结果与按0.65、0.6、0.55倍折减后的结果进行比较,如图14(c)所示。
由上述结果可知:
(1)相同的冲击能水平下,中软土的建议折减系数较小,而中硬土的建议折减系数较大。
(2)在相同土层类型下,随着冲击能的增加,所建议的折减系数逐渐减小。
(3)在考虑不同场地土及不同夯击能的组合时,将三角形荷载乘以相应的折减系数,可得到接近实际的冲击荷载。综合上述计算及分析最终建议三角形荷载折减系数的相应方案如表3所示,可为实际工程提供参考,使用合理的折减系数以确保冲击荷载计算的准确性和合理性。
本文通过实际强夯现场实测数据验证了三维数值方法的合理性,并对关键影响因素进行参数分析,引入了相应的建议折减系数以考虑强冲击过程中的能量损失,对目前的冲击荷载模型进行了优化,主要结论如下:
(1)基于本文数值模型得到的计算结果与实测结果在变化趋势及频谱特性上能保持较好的一致性,表明本文数值方法的合理性和可行性。
(2)采用直接冲击荷载的方法虽然可以合理地考虑强地表冲击荷载,但计算效率低,不适合工程应用。
(3)基于对不同场地土及不同冲击能组合下的数值分析结果:建议在低能级冲击下将中软土的折减系数定为0.85,中硬土的折减系数定为0.9;在中能级冲击下将中软土的折减系数定为0.6,中硬土的折减系数定为0.7;在高能级冲击下将中软土的折减系数定为0.5,中硬土的折减系数定为0.6,可使结果与实际更加吻合。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078386)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878529)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2022M720456)
  • 中国机械工业集团有限公司青年科技基金培育项目(QNJJ-PY-2022-02)
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2025年第38卷第5期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.05.003
  • 接收时间:2023-08-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-05
  • 修回日期:2023-09-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078386)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878529)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2022M720456)
中国机械工业集团有限公司青年科技基金培育项目(QNJJ-PY-2022-02)
作者信息
    1.温州大学建筑工程学院,浙江 温州 325035
    2.中国机械工业集团有限公司,北京 100080
    3.中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    4.中铁建设集团有限公司,北京 100072

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王国波 (1979— ),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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