Article(id=1228805185162637921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=1713715200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899586239, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899586239, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899586239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899586239, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805175335383281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='663', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899583895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901458539, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813038325789525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813038329983830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=750, endPage=760, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805185468822136, articleId=1228805185162637921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=High-accuracy identification for instantaneous frequency of non-stationary response signals from time-varying structures based on LOMS-STFRFT, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the accuracy of instantaneous frequency(IF)identification for non-stationary response signals of time-varying structures,a locally optimized multi-synchrosqueezing-short time fractional Fourier transform(LOMS-STFRFT)algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the local rotation parameters of the short time fractional Fourier transform(STFRFT)are optimally selected in this method. Subsequently,the time-frequency coefficient matrix projected to the fractional domain is obtained through STFRFT. After that,IF estimation and multiple iterations are performed on the time-frequency coefficient matrix. The time-frequency coefficient matrix is reassigned by the multi-synchrosqueezing operator,and IF curves are then extracted via the local mode maxima method. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated through a numerical example of a multi-component signal and a linearly time-varying cable test. The results demonstrate that the proposed LOMS-STFRFT algorithm behaves better than traditional multi-synchrosqueezing transform on IF identification of non-stationary signals from time-varying structures.

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为提高时变结构非平稳响应信号的瞬时频率识别精度,提出一种局部优化多重同步挤压-短时分数阶傅里叶变换(locally optimized multi-synchrosqueezing-short time fractional Fourier transform,LOMS-STFRFT)。该算法对短时分数阶傅里叶变换(short time fractional Fourier transform,STFRFT)进行局部旋转参数的优化选取,通过STFRFT得到时频分布投影在分数域上的时频系数矩阵;对时频系数矩阵进行瞬时频率估计和多次迭代;采用多重同步挤压算子对时频系数矩阵进行重排并通过局部模极大值法提取瞬时频率曲线。通过一个多分量信号数值算例和一个线性时变拉索试验验证了所提方法的精确性。研究结果表明:相比传统的多重同步挤压算法,LOMS-STFRFT针对时变结构非平稳信号的瞬时频率识别效果更佳。

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廖飞宇(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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刘景良(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121424569455403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805185162637921, language=CN, label=图13, caption=实测加速度响应信号的瞬时频率识别结果, figureFileSmall=rALgD4T5ocbqaN6aLBUXnw==, figureFileBig=yA+t1x/Awu8CHDShM8yIzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121424712061747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805185162637921, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The instantaneous frequency identification accuracy of the noisy y(t)

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分量信号RMSE
MSSTLOMS-STFRFT
RMSE-IF10.63590.4218
RMSE-IF20.64510.5214
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含噪y(t)的瞬时频率识别精度

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分量信号RMSE
MSSTLOMS-STFRFT
RMSE-IF10.63590.4218
RMSE-IF20.64510.5214
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Comparison of the effectiveness of the searching algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LOMS-STFRFT算法运行所需时间/sRMSE
RMSE-IF1RMSE-IF2
基于二维峰值搜索法699.4480.56900.6312
基于改进搜索算法134.2450.40990.5032
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搜索算法效果对比

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LOMS-STFRFT算法运行所需时间/sRMSE
RMSE-IF1RMSE-IF2
基于二维峰值搜索法699.4480.56900.6312
基于改进搜索算法134.2450.40990.5032
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Theoretical values of instantaneous frequency under tensile linear variation conditions

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拉力/kN理论值/Hz拉力/kN理论值/Hz
21.815.6725.516.88
22.015.7226.017.02
22.515.9326.517.20
23.016.0827.017.34
23.516.2628.517.47
24.016.4129.017.62
24.516.5429.517.89
25.016.7330.018.20
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拉力线性变化工况下不同瞬时频率理论值

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拉力/kN理论值/Hz拉力/kN理论值/Hz
21.815.6725.516.88
22.015.7226.017.02
22.515.9326.517.20
23.016.0827.017.34
23.516.2628.517.47
24.016.4129.017.62
24.516.5429.517.89
25.016.7330.018.20
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The instantaneous frequency identification accuracy of the measured acceleration response signal

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方法RMSE
MSST0.1830
LOMS-STFRFT0.1372
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实测加速度响应信号的瞬时频率识别精度

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方法RMSE
MSST0.1830
LOMS-STFRFT0.1372
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基于LOMS-STFRFT高精度识别时变结构非平稳响应信号的瞬时频率
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刘景良 1 , 戴逸宸 1 , 郑文婷 2 , 廖飞宇 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(4): 750-760
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(4): 750-760
基于LOMS-STFRFT高精度识别时变结构非平稳响应信号的瞬时频率
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刘景良1 , 戴逸宸1, 郑文婷2, 廖飞宇1
作者信息
  • 1.福建农林大学交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 2.福建理工大学土木工程学院,福建 福州 350118
  • 刘景良(1983—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

廖飞宇(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
High-accuracy identification for instantaneous frequency of non-stationary response signals from time-varying structures based on LOMS-STFRFT
Jingliang LIU1 , Yichen DAI1, Wenting ZHENG2, Feiyu LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Transportation and Civil Engineering,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350108,China
  • 2.College of Civil Engineering,Fujian University of Technology,Fuzhou 350118,China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.010
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为提高时变结构非平稳响应信号的瞬时频率识别精度,提出一种局部优化多重同步挤压-短时分数阶傅里叶变换(locally optimized multi-synchrosqueezing-short time fractional Fourier transform,LOMS-STFRFT)。该算法对短时分数阶傅里叶变换(short time fractional Fourier transform,STFRFT)进行局部旋转参数的优化选取,通过STFRFT得到时频分布投影在分数域上的时频系数矩阵;对时频系数矩阵进行瞬时频率估计和多次迭代;采用多重同步挤压算子对时频系数矩阵进行重排并通过局部模极大值法提取瞬时频率曲线。通过一个多分量信号数值算例和一个线性时变拉索试验验证了所提方法的精确性。研究结果表明:相比传统的多重同步挤压算法,LOMS-STFRFT针对时变结构非平稳信号的瞬时频率识别效果更佳。

时变结构  /  局部优化  /  短时分数阶傅里叶变换  /  多重同步挤压变换  /  瞬时频率

To enhance the accuracy of instantaneous frequency(IF)identification for non-stationary response signals of time-varying structures,a locally optimized multi-synchrosqueezing-short time fractional Fourier transform(LOMS-STFRFT)algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the local rotation parameters of the short time fractional Fourier transform(STFRFT)are optimally selected in this method. Subsequently,the time-frequency coefficient matrix projected to the fractional domain is obtained through STFRFT. After that,IF estimation and multiple iterations are performed on the time-frequency coefficient matrix. The time-frequency coefficient matrix is reassigned by the multi-synchrosqueezing operator,and IF curves are then extracted via the local mode maxima method. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated through a numerical example of a multi-component signal and a linearly time-varying cable test. The results demonstrate that the proposed LOMS-STFRFT algorithm behaves better than traditional multi-synchrosqueezing transform on IF identification of non-stationary signals from time-varying structures.

time-varying structure  /  local optimization  /  short time fractional Fourier transform  /  multi-synchrosqueezing transform  /  instantaneous frequency
刘景良, 戴逸宸, 郑文婷, 廖飞宇. 基于LOMS-STFRFT高精度识别时变结构非平稳响应信号的瞬时频率. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (4) : 750 -760 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.010
Jingliang LIU, Yichen DAI, Wenting ZHENG, Feiyu LIAO. High-accuracy identification for instantaneous frequency of non-stationary response signals from time-varying structures based on LOMS-STFRFT[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (4) : 750 -760 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.010
在役土木工程结构因材料老化、环境侵蚀、极端荷载等因素影响会产生不同程度的损伤,这不仅降低了结构的安全性与可靠性,而且威胁到人民的生命安全和财产安全。因此,及时发现这些损伤并对在役土木工程结构进行维护加固就显得至关重要[1]。事实上,在役工程结构的损伤会导致物理参数发生改变,而物理参数的改变又会使得固有频率等模态参数发生变化。因此,环境激励下的在役土木工程结构本质上是时变结构,其响应信号也会呈现出非平稳特性[2]。传统的模态参数识别方法如时域法和频域法完全剥离了频域或时域信息,因而无法同时反映信号在时频域的内在特征。而时频分析方法能够在时间与频率联合域内将信号能量同时展开,十分适用于时变结构非平稳信号的瞬时特征提取。经典的时频分析方法主要有短时傅里叶变换(short time Fourier transform,STFT)、Wigner-Ville分布(Wigner-Ville distribution,WVD)、小波变换(wavelet transform,WT)、S变换(s-transform,ST)等。然而,这些方法都引入了窗函数这一概念,因此受到Heisenberg测不准原理的影响而出现时频聚集性受限和时频图模糊等现象。为增强非平稳信号的时频聚集性,同步挤压变换(synchrosqueezing transform,SST)等后处理算法应运而生[3]。SST通过时频重排将分散的时频能量重新排序至正确的瞬时频率位置,从而获得了更高的时频聚集性。然而,在面对强调频信号时,SST的时频分辨率会逐渐降低,频率估计误差也会随着信号的快速变化而逐步增大[4]。同步提取变换(synchroextracting transform,SET)[5]通过保留估算瞬时频率位置处的时频系数提高了时频分辨率,但它仅适用于振幅恒定的谐波,导致SET在分析强调频以及强时变信号时的时频效果并不理想[6]。为解决这一问题,YU等[7]提出了多重同步挤压变换(multi-synchrosqueezing transform,MSST)。首先,对窗函数求偏导从而获得瞬时频率估计算子;然后,将瞬时频率估计算子多次迭代以减小其与理论瞬时频率之间的误差;最后,针对迭代后的瞬时频率估计算子进行时频重排以获得更为清晰的时频谱。然而,基于MSST的时频估计对于强调频的时变非平稳信号来说仍然是有偏估计,因此存在未重排点问题,这大大降低了信号的时频分辨率[8]。不仅如此,MSST算法作为后处理算法,其识别精度仍然受到前处理时频分析方法的影响。为此,将具有更高时频聚集度的时频分析方法与MSST算法相结合以提高非平稳信号的时频分析精度将会是一种不错的选择。
作为一种新型时频分析方法,短时分数阶傅里叶变换(short time fractional Fourier transform,STFRFT)本质上属于标准分数阶傅里叶变换(fractional Fourier transform,FRFT)的一种推广变换。它摒弃了STFT采用固定窗的思想,转而采用了解调窗口。由于FRFT本身的旋转特性,STFRFT在分析多分量非平稳信号时不受交叉项的干扰[9]。与STFT相比,STFRFT的能量聚集性与频域分辨能力不再随着信号调频率的增大而降低[10],因此是一种有前景的非平稳信号时频分析工具。截至目前,STFRFT已在故障诊断和参数识别等领域获得了广泛应用。宋秀等[11]将STFRFT用于异步电机的转子故障诊断,从而解决了故障信号和工频信号难以分离和不易提取的问题。TAO等[12]分析了STFRFT的理论框架,具体包括时频分辨率、最优窗参数选取、基础性质、逆变换以及计算复杂度。 LU等[13]从理论上推导了分数阶傅里叶变换的时频表征,从而验证了时频域的分数阶傅里叶变换本质上是一种结合了自适应伸缩平移解调窗口的标准傅里叶变换算法。 LI等[14]先将FRFT与后处理算法SST结合,并得到分数阶同步挤压变换(fractional synchrosqueezing transform,FRSST),然后将其应用于滚动轴承多分量信号的瞬时频率识别并获得了时频聚集性更高的分析结果。CAPUS等[15]通过旋转角度的选取将STFRFT区分为全局优化和局部优化STFRFT。其中,全局优化STFRFT是对所有时间窗采用同一种旋转参数,其优点是计算效率高,时间成本低。然而,由于旋转参数的固定,全局优化算法在面对强调频信号时会出现时频分辨率局部模糊的现象。局部优化STFRFT则是对每一时刻的时间窗选取不同的最优旋转参数。相比全局优化算法,该算法虽然耗时较高,但面对不同非线性调频信号可以采用不同的旋转参数,因而克服了全局优化STFRFT在识别非线性调频信号时出现的时频分辨率局部模糊问题。
鉴于局部优化的STFRFT能够较好地解决MSST因前处理算法带来的频率估计偏差问题,本文提出一种局部优化多重同步挤压-短时分数阶傅里叶变换(locally optimized multi-synchrosqueezing short-time fractional Fourier transform,LOMS-STFRFT)。首先,LOMS-STFRFT改进了局部优化短时分数阶傅里叶变换的旋转参数选取方法,并将时频分布投影至分数阶傅里叶域,从而获得了精度更高的时频系数矩阵;然后,对时频系数矩阵求取时间的偏导以估计瞬时频率位置;最后,通过多次迭代估计的瞬时频率位置获得高聚集性与高精度的时频分布谱图。通过一个数值模拟算例和一个线性时变拉索试验验证所提方法的有效性,研究结果表明:与既有的MSST方法相比,LOMS-STFRFT能够有效识别时变结构的瞬时频率且识别精度更高。
基于局部优化多重同步挤压-短时分数阶傅里叶变换的流程图如图1所示。该方法分为四个模块:(1)局部优化选取最优旋转参数;(2)基于STFRFT的时频分析;(3)基于MSST的时频重排;(4)基于局部模极大值的脊线提取。
当FRFT旋转阶数达到最优时,投影在分数阶傅里叶域内的时频代表值将产生最高的聚集性。然而,实际工程中信号的波动趋势并非一成不变的,此时全局优化的STFRFT采用的固定旋转阶数并不能满足自适应要求,这必然导致时频分布投影分散、聚集性降低以及时频分辨率模糊等现象。因此,采用局部优化STFRFT来解决这一问题成为一种有效的途径。传统的局部旋转参数估计方法主要有二维峰值搜索法、拟牛顿法等,但是这些方法的运算速度较慢且不满足实时处理需求。相较于传统的二维峰值搜索算法,本文提出一种改进的旋转参数优化选取方法。该方法首先通过STFT得到时频分布图,然后通过局部模极大值进行脊线提取,最后对提取后的脊线采用局部加权回归(locally weighted regression,LOESS)[16]进行平滑拟合。作为一种非线性局部拟合算法,LOESS在面对复杂波动性离散数据时平滑效果较好,其具体步骤如下:
(1)设定初始出发点和拟合窗口。若提取的脊线时间序列为{(x1y1),(x2y2,…,(xNyN)},N表)示数据点个数,以拟合窗口内时间序列的起点(x1y1)为出发点,然后确定拟合窗长度L。拟合窗内数据点的个数k=L=ψ×Nψ表示拟合窗范围内的数据点占总数据点的比例。如果ψ取值过大,将出现欠拟合现象;反之ψ值过小则会出现过拟合的情况。根据本文的具体研究内容,建议ψ取值为0.1。
(2)求解任意第i个拟合点。由于第i个拟合窗口内的数据点为{(xiyi),(xi+1yi+1),…,(xi+ kyi+ k)},首先根据下式计算拟合窗口内k个数据点相对于(xiyi)的归一化距离
式中,为数据点与拟合点之间的归一化距离;xq (q=i+1,…,i+k)为拟合窗口内除拟合点外所有数据点的横坐标;xi为第i个需拟合数据点(xiyi)的横坐标;Δ(xi)=max{(xixi+1,…,xk }为拟合窗内最远数据点与第i个数据点(xiyi)之间的距离。
其次,根据下式所定义的三次权重函数求解第i个数据点(xiyi)相对于拟合点的权重
式中,为三次权重函数;为权重值。
再次,根据加权最小二乘法和获得的权重vi构建如下式所示的损失函数J(θc):
式中,J(θc)为损失函数;θc为最佳回归系数矩阵。
最后,将最佳回归系数θc代入多项式进行拟合即可获得加权回归后的拟合点。至于多项式的拟合次数则根据实际效果决定,本文经过多次尝试建议采用二次多项式。
(3)重复上述步骤并对所有数据点进行加权线性回归,从而获得所有拟合点。最后,连接所有拟合点并形成平滑曲线。需要注意的是,当拟合窗口移动至时间序列最右端时,此时窗口内的数据点自(xN-k+1yN- k+1)到时间序列末端数据点(xNyN)均采用当前窗口进行拟合。
通过对比平滑曲线每一时刻的瞬时频率位置大小,可得到每一时刻窗函数所截取信号在时频平面上的斜率。然后,根据斜率的正负设定旋转阶数的粗略搜索范围。若斜率为正,则搜索范围在[1,2]之间;若斜率为负,则搜索范围在[0,1]之间。在获得粗略搜索范围后,引入旋转角度α下分数阶傅里叶变换的四阶原点矩作为目标优化函数[17],如下式所示:
式中,Xp(u)为FRFT变换系数;u为分数阶傅里叶频率。
在此基础上,对旋转阶数开展精确搜索,具体步骤如下:(1)以∆ρ=0.1为搜索步长,在粗略搜索范围内逐步计算所有旋转阶数各自对应的时间窗截取信号的分数阶傅里叶四阶原点矩,然后以四阶原点矩最大值所对应的阶数为初始最优阶数值p0;(2)在获得初始最优阶数值p0之后,再将搜索范围调整为[p0-∆ρp0+∆ρ],最后将∆ρ1=(∆ρ)2作为新的搜索步长。当搜索到新的最优阶数p1后,再以p1为中心点搜索[p1-∆ρ1p1+∆ρ1]区间范围内的最优旋转阶数;(3)重复上述步骤直至∆ρ2=(∆ρ1)2且[p2-∆ρ2p2+∆ρ2]内的最优旋转阶数搜索完毕时,循环终止。此时可获得局部最优旋转阶数p,而局部最优旋转角度α=pπ/2。
由于STFRFT的基础是FRFT,因此首先介绍FRFT。任意实信号x(t)的FRFT定义为:
式中,u为分数阶傅里叶频率;Kα为核函数,其定义为:
式中,n为正整数;旋转角度α=pπ/2;δ为狄利克雷函数;p为局部最优旋转阶数,且p∈[0,2],其通过1.1节的优化算法进行选取。
FRFT的物理意义为:信号在时频域绕原点逆时针旋转且旋转角度为α[18-19],如图2所示。若α=π/2,则FRFT退化为传统的傅里叶变换。当旋转角度最佳时,|Xp(u)|将出现极大值,此时x(t)在分数阶傅里叶域内的投影具有最佳的聚集性。
由分数阶傅里叶特性可知:当p=0时,Xp(u)=x(t),表示FRFT的结果为原信号不变;当p=1时,则有Xp(u)=FT[x(t)],即表示结果为原信号x (t)的标准傅里叶变换;当p=2时,则有Xp(u)=x(-t),表示结果为原信号的奇偶变换;当p=3时,则有Xp(u)=FT-1[x (t)],表示结果为原信号的标准傅里叶逆变换;当p=4时,FRFT结果与p=0时的结果相同[20]。因此,为避免重复计算,本文所有的p皆限定在[0,2]范围内。
STFRFT将窗函数与FRFT进行卷积,可视为在时间-分数阶傅里叶域内对时频关系进行定位[21],其定义为:
式中,窗函数gt)是以t为中心时刻的高斯窗,即,其中σ为高斯窗标准差。
虽然STFRFT的时频聚集性比STFT更高,但是STFRFT的时频结果仍然是由较粗的频带组成,不能准确反映信号的幅度、频率、相位等动态特征。因此,有必要对STFRFT时频系数进行后处理以获得更加精细的时频代表值。
局部优化多重同步挤压-短时分数阶傅里叶变换方法借助时间窗对非线性调频信号进行分段且每一段短时窄窗内的信号都可以近似为线性调频信号[22]。假定线性调频(linear frequency modulated,LFM)信号模型为:
式中,f0为初始频率;μ0为调频率。
设定窗函数为高斯窗,当旋转角度为α时,x(t)的短时分数阶傅里叶变换为:
将式(8)代入式(9),可得:
式中,u为分数阶频率;t为时间;
,根据高斯积分,式(10)可变为:
为了获得更高的时频聚集性,需要估算瞬时频率位置。因此,对式(11)求取时间的偏导,可得:
根据文献[23]可知:当μ0=-cotα时,旋转角度α所对应的分数阶傅里叶域为最佳分数阶傅里叶域,此时时频分布投影在u轴上的能量高度集中,且u=fcscα[24]。将μ0u同时代入式(12)中,可得STFRFT的瞬时频率估计算子如下式所示:
通过对STFRFTα(tu)进行时频重排,可得时频能量重排算子STFRFTα,LOMS,具体迭代过程如下式所示:
式中,上标“[1]”和“[2]”分别表示第一次和第二次同步挤压;为同步挤压算子。
通过对短时分数阶傅里叶时频系数矩阵不断挤压,可将估计频率位置的能量压缩至瞬时频率处。当迭代次数为Q时,上述迭代过程终止,其最终结果为:
式中,Q为正整数,本文选取Q=10。
为了更好地捕捉时变结构非平稳的瞬时频率,采用局部模极大值算法提取时频系数矩阵中每一时刻的局部瞬时频率模极大值位置,进而连接成脊线。局部模极大值算法的定义如下式所示:
式中,P表示每一时刻η上的脊点,即该时刻时频系数模极大值所在的瞬时频率位置;H为滑动窗宽参数。
为验证LOMS-STFRFT对非平稳信号瞬时频率的识别效果,考虑由两个单分量分段信号y1(t)和y2(t)组成的信号y(t),其具体表达式为:
该信号在0~6 s内为强调频信号,在6~14 s内为弱调频信号。
设定采样频率为100 Hz,采样时长为14 s。考虑到实际结构在测量过程中会受到环境噪声的影响,对y(t)添加20 dB高斯白噪声,噪声强度由信噪比(signal noise ratio,SNR)确定,SNR的定义为:
式中,AsAn分别表示目标信号与噪声信号的均方根幅值,噪声水平为之间的比值。
含噪信号y(t)的时域波形如图3所示。
首先,通过对含噪信号y(t)进行傅里叶变换,获得如图4所示的频谱图。根据图4可知:频率谱图中并没有明显的峰值,这说明该信号在频域内呈现模态密集和混叠现象。
其次,对含噪信号y(t)分别进行STFT和STFRFT变换,结果如图5(a)和(b)所示。然后,对图5(a)和(b)中4.5~7 s内的识别结果进行局部放大,结果如图5(c)和(d)所示。根据图5可知:分量信号y1(t)和y2(t)之间存在模态密集现象,具体表现为时频图上二者的时频代表值(明亮区域)不仅十分靠近,而且在某些时间段混叠在一起。显然,这些模态密集现象影响了瞬时频率的精确识别。然而需要注意的是,根据图5(c)和(d)可知:STFRFT的时频代表值相比STFT要更加清晰明亮。
再次,对STFT和STFRFT获得时频系数分别进行时频重排,即可得到基于MSST和LOMS-STFRFT的时频分析结果,如图6(a)和(b)所示。在此基础上,针对4.5~7 s内的识别结果进行局部放大,结果如图6(c)和(d)所示。根据图6可知:由于STFRFT不受交叉项干扰,基于该算法的LOMS-STFRFT在噪声环境下的时频表征要比MSST更加平滑稳定。
最后,采用局部模极大值算法对基于MSST和LOMS-STFRFT的时频分析结果进行瞬时频率曲线提取,结果如图7(a)所示。为更好地体现瞬时频率的提取效果,对0~2 s、2~4 s和4.5~7 s内的识别结果进行局部放大,结果如图7(b)、(c)和(d)所示。由图7可知:相较于MSST,基于LOMS-STFRFT的瞬时频率识别结果与理论值更加吻合。
为量化上述两种算法在时频分析精度上的差异,采用均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)指标[25]来量化瞬时频率识别精度,其表达式为:
式中,M为响应信号的数据点个数;fa(t)为信号的瞬时频率理论值;fb(t)为提取的瞬时频率。RMSE值越小说明误差越小,即时频分析精度越高。
表1分别给出了基于MSST与LOMS-STFRFT的RMSE值。其中,RMSE-IF1和RMSE-IF2分别代表y1(t)和y2(t)两个分量信号的RMSE值。由表1可知:基于LOMS-STFRFT的RMSE值更小,这表明该算法的瞬时频率识别精度要优于MSST算法。
为验证本文所提出的改进旋转参数搜索算法的有效性,对信号y(t)分别采用基于二维峰值搜索算法的LOMS-STFRFT和基于改进搜索算法的LOMS-STFRFT,结果如表2所示。由表2可知:经过旋转参数优化选取后LOMS-STFRFT的运算时间降低,且时频分析精度提升。
通过文献[26]中的线性时变拉索试验来验证所提算法的有效性。试验拉索为7Φs5的钢绞线,其弹性模量为1.95×105 MPa,截面积为1.374×10-4 m2,线密度为1.1 kg/m。拉索一端用反力架锚固,另一端固定于电液伺服加载系统(MTS)。两锚点间索长为4.55 m,将加速度传感器竖向布置在索中部,试验装置如图8所示。试验前对索施加20 kN预拉力。随后连续改变索力,使得拉索刚度随时间不断变化,从而改变索的固有频率。激励设备为一个LC-03冲击力锤。加速度传感器采用德国HBM生产的压电式传感器。通过“冻结法”[2]求解拉索的一阶固有频率(基频)并作为理论值,如表3所示。
试验时,索的拉力从20 kN开始以1.67 kN/s的速率线性增加,然后采集拉索冲击加速度响应,测得的加速度响应信号、索拉力变化曲线如图910所示。首先,分别对实测加速度响应信号进行STFT和STFRFT操作,获得的时频分布结果如图11所示。由图11可知:时变拉索加速度响应信号中存在两个频率分量,一个分布在30~40 Hz之间,另一个分布在10~20 Hz之间,即基频分量。
然后,对前处理结果进行瞬时频率估计与时频重排,结果如图12所示。由图12可知:相比MSST,基于LOMS-STFRFT的时频代表值更为清晰,且在信号末端仍能保持不被噪声分量完全湮没。
最后,同样采用局部模极大值算法提取基频分量的瞬时频率曲线,结果如图13(a)所示。为方便对比,对5.5~6 s内的瞬时频率识别结果进行放大,结果如图13(b)所示。由图13可知:相比于MSST,基于LOMS-STFRFT算法的瞬时频率识别结果更加贴近理论值,其识别精度更佳。然而需要注意的是,瞬时频率曲线末端出现了端点效应。造成这种现象的原因是信号末端的幅值和能量已经大幅度衰减,因此容易被噪声湮没而导致识别的瞬时频率值出现较大偏差。
同样地,采用RMSE指标来量化两种算法的瞬时频率识别精度,结果如表4所示。由表4结果可知:基于LOMS-STFRFT算法的RMSE值更小,这表明其瞬时频率识别结果与理论值更加接近,且比MSST的识别精度更高。
为有效识别时变结构非平稳响应信号的瞬时频率,本文提出了一种新的LOMS-STFRFT方法并对旋转参数进行了优化选取。通过一个多分量信号数值算例以及一个线性时变拉索试验对所提方法的有效性和准确性进行验证,主要结论如下:
(1)LOMS-STFRFT方法同时具有STFRFT无交叉项干扰的能力和MSST高分辨率的优点,在面对密集强调频多分量信号时具有更佳的时频特征刻画效果。
(2)LOMS-STFRFT不但能够有效识别线性时变拉索的加速度响应信号的瞬时频率,而且其识别精度优于既有的MSST算法。
(3)改进后的旋转参数选取算法,不仅节省了整体算法的时间成本,同时也提高了算法的时频分析精度。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(51608122)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展专项(2022L3007)
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01581)
  • 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2024J01423)
  • 福建省住房和城乡建设行业科技研究开发计划项目(2022-K-266)
  • 福建农林大学科技创新专项基金项目(KFB24050A)
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2025年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.010
  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
  • 修回日期:2024-04-22
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(51608122)
中央引导地方科技发展专项(2022L3007)
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2020J01581)
福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2024J01423)
福建省住房和城乡建设行业科技研究开发计划项目(2022-K-266)
福建农林大学科技创新专项基金项目(KFB24050A)
作者信息
    1.福建农林大学交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
    2.福建理工大学土木工程学院,福建 福州 350118

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廖飞宇(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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