Article(id=1228805182151132128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689004800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-11, revisedDate=1695052800000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899585520, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899585520, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899585520, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899585520, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805175335383281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='663', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899583895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901458539, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813038325789525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813038329983830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=706, endPage=714, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805182394401769, articleId=1228805182151132128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Research on vibration and contact characteristics of axle-box bearing of high-speed train under braking condition, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The axle-box bearing is a key component of high-speed trains,and the wheel-rail excitation caused by complex braking conditions leads to extremely complex vibration and contact characteristics of axle-box bearings and it is unclear until now. Therefore,a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model of a high-speed train considering braking systems and axle-box bearings is established. Moreover,the braking system,axle-box bearing and vehicle system are dynamically coupled via the nonlinear friction of the braking interface,wheel-rail interactions,nonlinear contact of the axle-box bearing and suspension systems. Further,the field tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the established model. Based on this,the vibrations,bearing internal force,and contact characteristics of axle-box bearings under different braking conditions are systematically studied. The results indicate that train braking increases the longitudinal force of the axle-box bearings on the first and second wheel-set,and enhances the longitudinal vibration. The vertical vibration of the axle-box is slightly influenced by braking. In addition,when the train brakes,the friction between disc and pad makes the pitch motion for bogie frame,causing changes in the primary suspension force on the first and second wheelset,resulting in a decrease in the vertical force of axle-box bearing on the first wheel-set,an increase in the vertical force of the axle-box bearing on the second wheel-set,and ultimately an increase in the maximum roller-raceway and contact stress of the axlebox bearing on the second wheel-set.

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轴箱轴承是高速列车的关键部件,复杂制动条件带来的轮轨激励会导致轴箱轴承振动与接触特性极其复杂且尚不明确。为此,建立了考虑制动系统及轴箱轴承的高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型,并通过制动界面非线性摩擦、轮轨相互作用、轴箱轴承非线性接触和悬挂系统,实现了轴箱轴承、制动系统与车辆系统的动态耦合。进一步,开展线路试验验证了模型的有效性。基于此,研究了不同制动力下轴箱系统的振动、内部力及滚子-滚道接触特性。结果表明,车辆制动引起一位与二位轮对上的轴箱轴承纵向力增大,并引起轴箱系统纵向振动加剧,而车辆制动对轴箱系统的垂向振动影响较小。此外,车辆制动时盘-片摩擦使构架发生点头运动,这将改变一位与二位轮对的一系悬挂力,进而引起一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承垂向力分别减小和增大,并导致二位轮对轴箱轴承滚子-滚道最大接触应力增大。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王志伟(1991—),男,博士,助理教授。E-mail:
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楚明(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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楚明(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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label=Fig. 6, caption=The installation position of vibration acceleration sensors in the field experiment, figureFileSmall=F2+m4/D/esaj2JPVK1jwJQ==, figureFileBig=XvEKubljBbS7pe6OTXiORA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121418466742653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=图6, caption=线路试验振动加速度传感器安装位置, figureFileSmall=F2+m4/D/esaj2JPVK1jwJQ==, figureFileBig=XvEKubljBbS7pe6OTXiORA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121418571600260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time-domain signal of vibration acceleration obtained by experiment and simulation, figureFileSmall=z+nUNoygGPRFlomY3Nu5iA==, figureFileBig=l/xcSzbaCi4ri4cCW3ujhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121418668069258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=图7, 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figureFileSmall=NocxpKzCHvprf6a5zCWoIQ==, figureFileBig=LuobVi0TIeD/4jMugsdCPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121419230106029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=图9, caption=轴箱纵向振动加速度, figureFileSmall=NocxpKzCHvprf6a5zCWoIQ==, figureFileBig=LuobVi0TIeD/4jMugsdCPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121419334963638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Vertical vibration acceleration of axle-box, figureFileSmall=UK88tI7oMg+3zSWl8r4hpA==, figureFileBig=V48lWfWRbXcK2BxouBYKGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121419427238333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=图10, caption=轴箱垂向振动加速度, figureFileSmall=UK88tI7oMg+3zSWl8r4hpA==, figureFileBig=V48lWfWRbXcK2BxouBYKGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121419515318722, 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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=图12, caption=忽略与考虑制动下轴箱轴承的轴承力, figureFileSmall=Yd2RPOdtG57+0n6Sg5bPSg==, figureFileBig=BDTKbDrGBrCqZa4Ni2eBuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121420018635231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=RMS values of bearing force of axle-box bearing under different braking forces, figureFileSmall=IrpIILQf1eG9FgT8AiBZKQ==, figureFileBig=QqVnHY5ioAoFNZX6B1crWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121420136075751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同制动力下轴箱轴承的轴承力均方根值, figureFileSmall=IrpIILQf1eG9FgT8AiBZKQ==, figureFileBig=QqVnHY5ioAoFNZX6B1crWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121420257710575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, 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ArticleFig(id=1229121421272732204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Degrees of freedom of components of vehicle system dynamics model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆部件自由度
伸缩横移浮沉侧滚点头摇头
车体SvYvZvαvβvγv
构架(i=1,2)SbiYbiZbiαbiβbiγbi
轮对(i=1,2,…,4)SwiYwiZwiαwiβwiγwi
轴箱(i=1,2,…,8)SaiYaiZaiβai
吊架(i=1,2,…,6)βki
夹钳(i=1,2,…,12)γji
), ArticleFig(id=1229121421398561333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

车辆系统动力学模型中部件的自由度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆部件自由度
伸缩横移浮沉侧滚点头摇头
车体SvYvZvαvβvγv
构架(i=1,2)SbiYbiZbiαbiβbiγbi
轮对(i=1,2,…,4)SwiYwiZwiαwiβwiγwi
轴箱(i=1,2,…,8)SaiYaiZaiβai
吊架(i=1,2,…,6)βki
夹钳(i=1,2,…,12)γji
), ArticleFig(id=1229121421524390462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Material property parameters of flexible braking components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称弹性模量E/GPa泊松比ν密度ρ/(kg‧m-3)
制动盘2060.307850
制动夹钳1690.287800
吊架1690.287800
), ArticleFig(id=1229121421612470851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

柔性制动部件材料属性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称弹性模量E/GPa泊松比ν密度ρ/(kg‧m-3)
制动盘2060.307850
制动夹钳1690.287800
吊架1690.287800
), ArticleFig(id=1229121421713134157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Main geometric parameters of axle-box bearing

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参数取值
外径D /mm240
内径d /mm130
节径dm /mm192.045
单列滚子数目19
滚子平均直径Db /mm25.6
滚子长度l /mm52.93
滚子锥角/(°)2°26′
), ArticleFig(id=1229121421817991765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805182151132128, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

轴箱轴承主要几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
外径D /mm240
内径d /mm130
节径dm /mm192.045
单列滚子数目19
滚子平均直径Db /mm25.6
滚子长度l /mm52.93
滚子锥角/(°)2°26′
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制动条件下高速列车轴箱轴承振动与接触特性研究
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楚明 1 , 杨林川 1 , 王志伟 1, 2 , 王权 1 , 莫继良 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(4): 706-714
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(4): 706-714
制动条件下高速列车轴箱轴承振动与接触特性研究
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楚明1 , 杨林川1, 王志伟1, 2 , 王权1, 莫继良1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
  • 2.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031
  • 楚明(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王志伟(1991—),男,博士,助理教授。E-mail:
Research on vibration and contact characteristics of axle-box bearing of high-speed train under braking condition
Ming CHU1 , Linchuan YANG1, Zhiwei WANG1, 2 , Quan WANG1, Jiliang MO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.005
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轴箱轴承是高速列车的关键部件,复杂制动条件带来的轮轨激励会导致轴箱轴承振动与接触特性极其复杂且尚不明确。为此,建立了考虑制动系统及轴箱轴承的高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型,并通过制动界面非线性摩擦、轮轨相互作用、轴箱轴承非线性接触和悬挂系统,实现了轴箱轴承、制动系统与车辆系统的动态耦合。进一步,开展线路试验验证了模型的有效性。基于此,研究了不同制动力下轴箱系统的振动、内部力及滚子-滚道接触特性。结果表明,车辆制动引起一位与二位轮对上的轴箱轴承纵向力增大,并引起轴箱系统纵向振动加剧,而车辆制动对轴箱系统的垂向振动影响较小。此外,车辆制动时盘-片摩擦使构架发生点头运动,这将改变一位与二位轮对的一系悬挂力,进而引起一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承垂向力分别减小和增大,并导致二位轮对轴箱轴承滚子-滚道最大接触应力增大。

刚-柔耦合  /  轴箱轴承  /  振动与接触特性  /  制动系统  /  高速列车

The axle-box bearing is a key component of high-speed trains,and the wheel-rail excitation caused by complex braking conditions leads to extremely complex vibration and contact characteristics of axle-box bearings and it is unclear until now. Therefore,a rigid-flexible coupled dynamics model of a high-speed train considering braking systems and axle-box bearings is established. Moreover,the braking system,axle-box bearing and vehicle system are dynamically coupled via the nonlinear friction of the braking interface,wheel-rail interactions,nonlinear contact of the axle-box bearing and suspension systems. Further,the field tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the established model. Based on this,the vibrations,bearing internal force,and contact characteristics of axle-box bearings under different braking conditions are systematically studied. The results indicate that train braking increases the longitudinal force of the axle-box bearings on the first and second wheel-set,and enhances the longitudinal vibration. The vertical vibration of the axle-box is slightly influenced by braking. In addition,when the train brakes,the friction between disc and pad makes the pitch motion for bogie frame,causing changes in the primary suspension force on the first and second wheelset,resulting in a decrease in the vertical force of axle-box bearing on the first wheel-set,an increase in the vertical force of the axle-box bearing on the second wheel-set,and ultimately an increase in the maximum roller-raceway and contact stress of the axlebox bearing on the second wheel-set.

rigid-flexible coupled  /  axle-box bearing  /  vibration and contact characteristics  /  brake system  /  high-speed train
楚明, 杨林川, 王志伟, 王权, 莫继良. 制动条件下高速列车轴箱轴承振动与接触特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (4) : 706 -714 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.005
Ming CHU, Linchuan YANG, Zhiwei WANG, Quan WANG, Jiliang MO. Research on vibration and contact characteristics of axle-box bearing of high-speed train under braking condition[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (4) : 706 -714 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.005
轴箱轴承作为高速列车转向架的核心部件之一,起到连接车轴并支撑构架的重要作用[1-2]。车辆实际服役过程中,轴箱轴承面临复杂的线路条件和工况条件,这将会影响轴箱轴承的动态行为[3],甚至导致结构失效,威胁行车安全。因此,准确获取轴箱轴承的振动与内部接触特性对保障列车运行安全具有重要意义。
目前,国内外学者在轴箱轴承服役状态[4]、失效特征及寿命预测[5]方面开展了大量研究。如,查浩等[6]分析了轨道激扰对轴箱轴承滚道接触载荷特性的影响,发现轨道激扰使轴承滚子-滚道接触载荷波动更为剧烈。 CHENG等[7]根据轴箱轴承温度信号,提出了一种轴承状态监测方法。WANG等[8]建立了车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,研究了轴承滚道局部缺陷下轴箱轴承的振动特征,并指出轨道不平顺激励对轴箱振动影响较大,导致轴承内部滚道缺陷特征不明显。刘德昆等[9]基于实测轴箱弹簧和转臂载荷数据,以ISO-281:2007方法为基础,给出了轴箱轴承寿命预测方法。上述研究对了解轴箱轴承动态特性具有重要意义。
然而,目前关于轴箱轴承的研究往往忽略了车辆制动的影响。车辆制动对轮轨相互作用、车辆系统的动态响应具有显著影响[10]。如,WU等[11]研究了制动盘-片自激振动对轮轨作用的影响,发现在制动盘-片自激振动作用下,车轮产生不同阶次的多边形磨耗。ZENG等[12]研究了摩擦系数、制动单元质量等参数对车辆系统的稳定性的影响,发现参数不合理将引起车辆系统失稳。WANG等[13]对比分析了车辆忽略与考虑制动时轮轨及悬挂响应的影响,发现车辆制动时轮对的扭转振动增强,且不同轮对的一系悬挂响应有较大差异。WANG等[14]研究了制动系统摩擦块孔径的大小对制动界面黏滑振动的影响,发现特定孔径的摩擦块将增强制动盘-块的黏滑振动,降低制动时转向架系统的稳定性。
高速列车实际服役过程中,需要频繁实施不同工况制动,比如紧急制动和坡道制动等。相比于车辆惰行工况,车辆制动会导致轮轨作用、悬挂力及车辆系统运动等动态响应更为复杂。而轴箱轴承作为车辆系统的重要子系统,在这种复杂服役工况下的动态特性尚不明确。
为此,本文基于有限元及车辆动力学理论,建立了考虑轴箱轴承、制动系统的高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型。该模型详细考虑了制动系统的盘-片摩擦和轴承内部非线性接触等因素,相比于传统动力学模型,本文模型能够模拟不同制动工况下轴箱轴承的动态特性。并通过模型数据与线路实测数据的对比,验证了模型有效性。基于此,系统分析了不同制动条件下高速列车轴箱轴承的振动、内部力及滚子-滚道接触特性,以期为改善制动条件下高速列车轴箱轴承的服役性能提供理论支撑。
考虑制动系统和轴箱轴承的高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型基于SIMPACK平台搭建。模型主要包含1个车体、2个构架、4对轮对、6组基础制动单元、8个轴箱,车辆各个部件之间的相互作用由弹簧-阻尼元件表示。通过施加在制动夹钳单侧单点稳定均衡的制动力F实现车辆制动,如图1所示。
为了模拟轴箱轴承真实的服役环境,轴箱考虑了伸缩、横移、浮沉、点头4个自由度。轮对、转向架、车体均考虑了6个自由度。模型中具体部件的自由度如表1所示。车辆系统二阶振动微分方程可以写成矩阵形式[15]
式中,M为质量矩阵;C阻尼矩阵;K为刚度矩阵;x (t)为系统各自由度的位移列向量;F (t)为外部激励列向量。
为了真实模拟车辆在制动盘-片强摩擦作用下轴箱轴承的振动及接触特性,本文详细考虑了制动盘、制动夹钳、吊架在运动过程中的柔性变形。图2为制动部件的有限元模型。由于自由度较多,为了提高柔性动力学模型的计算效率,基于子结构模态缩减技术缩减复杂有限元模型主结构自由度,并将缩减自由度后的柔性模型导入SIMAPACK,以实现柔性制动部件与车辆系统的集成。仿真计算时,柔性体模型的变形及振动通过模态叠加法计算获得[16],柔性制动部件的具体建模流程如图3所示,其材料属性参数如表2所示。
制动盘-片之间的相互作用是模拟车辆制动的关键。因此,建立了考虑制动盘-片滑动摩擦的摩擦模型,如图4所示。图4中,ω为制动盘转速,xDyDzD分别为制动盘的纵向、横向和垂向位移。
制动盘-片之间的界面法向力可以通过下式计算:
式中,rdpyvdpy分别为制动盘上点d与制动闸片点p之间的横向相对位移和相对速度;KypCyp分别为制动盘与制动闸片之间的刚度和阻尼。
点d和点p之间的横向相对位移可以通过下式计算[13]
式中,yp为制动闸片上点p的横向位移;θxθy分别为制动盘绕xy轴的旋转角度;rpyrpx分别为点p相对于制动盘中心的相对横向位移和纵向位移。
那么,点d和点p之间的横向相对速度可以由下式计算:
为了模拟高速列车实际服役过程中复杂且恶劣的运行工况,如坡道制动、紧急制动工况,在仿真过程中,车辆制动时保持车辆速度恒定。此外,根据坡道制动及紧急制动时制动系统的常用制动力[17],模型仿真中选取制动力为0~10 kN。由于车辆高速制动,没有考虑制动盘与闸片之间的黏滑作用[18]。制动界面摩擦力可表示为:
式中,μslip为滑动摩擦系数。
中国某型高速列车的轴箱轴承采用双列圆锥滚子轴承,轴箱轴承内圈与轮轴固定连接,外圈固定在轴箱上,表3为轴箱轴承主要几何参数。拖车动力学模型中,轴箱轴承通过轮轴与轴箱之间建立88号力元进行等效模拟,将滚子考虑为一个弹簧元件,考虑其与内/外圈的接触响应,如图5(a)所示。单个圆锥滚子的受力状态如图5(b)所示。图中,MxMyMz分别为轴承承载绕xyz轴的力矩,CjK j分别为第j个滚子与轴承外圈之间的阻尼系数和刚度系数。
单个圆锥滚子与内圈和挡边的接触载荷Q iQf可以分别由下式计算:
式中,Qe为圆锥滚子与外圈的接触载荷;Fc为圆锥滚子受到的离心力;αeαiαf分别为圆锥滚子与外圈滚道、内圈滚道和内圈挡边的接触角。
滚子的离心力可以表示为:
式中,m为滚子的质量;dm为轴箱轴承的节径;ωc为保持架公转角速度。
接下来,推导滚子与滚道接触载荷计算方法。考虑轴承初始径向间隙σr,当轴承内/外圈具有轴向和径向相对位移时,圆锥滚子在运行中任意旋转角位移ψ1jψ2j时与外圈滚道之间的压缩量可分别通过下式计算[4]
式中,δ1ejδ2ej分别为第一列和第二列编号为j的圆锥滚子与外圈滚道之间的压缩量;δrδa分别为轴承内/外圈垂向和轴向相对位移。
Kqej为第q列(q=1,2)中第j个圆锥滚子和外滚道之间的等效接触刚度,可通过下式计算:
式中,le为圆锥滚子与外圈滚道有效接触长度;Db为滚子的平均直径。ci通过下式计算[19]
由式(9)~(12)可得,第q列中第j个圆锥滚子与外滚道之间的接触力为:
将式(13)代入式(6)和(7),即可得到单个滚子与轴承内圈及挡边的接触载荷。最终,所有滚子对轴箱轴承外圈的纵向力Fx、横向力Fy和垂向力Fz,可分别通过下式计算:
式中,QexQeyQez分别为单个滚子对轴箱轴承外圈的接触力Qe在纵向、横向和垂向的分量。
车辆运行时,轴箱轴承内圈转频可以表示为:
式中,v为车辆运行速度;R为车轮名义滚动半径。
为了验证所建立的高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型的有效性,在京沪轨道直线线路上进行无制动且车速为300 km/h的线路试验。线路试验采集了轴箱与构架的垂向振动加速度,采样频率为5000 Hz,振动加速度传感器的安装位置如图6所示。同时对建立的拖车动力学模型开展相同运行工况下的仿真计算,轴箱轴承及构架的振动测点位置如图1所示。
线路试验与模型仿真获取的轴箱、构架的振动加速度时域信号和频谱结果分别如图78所示。时域分析中采用均方根(RMS)值来比较仿真结果与线路试验结果之间的差异。图7表明,线路试验与仿真结果获取的轴箱垂向振动加速度RMS值分别为2.51g与2.20g,线路试验与仿真中构架的垂向振动加速度RMS值分别为0.21g与0.18g,误差分别为12.3%与14.2%。模型仿真计算的结果略小于线路试验结果,这是由于模型忽略轨道、轮对等关键零部件的柔性变形、模型简化及轨道线路不平顺激励无法完全与实际线路一致引起的。
图8表明,模型仿真计算与线路试验数据的频谱结果具有一致的主频成分,轴箱频谱结果均出现64.4 Hz的主频,该频率是由轨道不平顺激励导致的。构架频谱结果中均出现86.1 Hz的主频,该频率为车轮转频的倍频。因此,建立的高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型基本可靠,可以用来研究实际服役过程中轴箱轴承振动及内部接触特性。
为了研究车辆制动对轴箱振动特性的影响,对比分析了车辆运行速度为350 km/h时,忽略与考虑制动(F=10 kN)条件下一位轮对轴箱的纵向振动加速度,如图9所示。结果表明,考虑车辆制动时,轴箱纵向振动加速度的标准差(STD)为4.0 m/s2,相较于忽略制动的结果增大了122.2%,这是由于车辆制动导致轴箱轴承承载较大的纵向力所致。此外,图9(b)表明,忽略与考虑制动时轴箱振动加速度均出现了33.6 Hz的频率,这是轴箱轴承内圈转频,且转频为单一谱线,这是由于制动采用拖曳制动工况,制动过程中车辆的速度保持不变所致。
图10为忽略与考虑制动(F=10 kN)条件下,轴箱垂向振动加速度的时域与频域图。可以看出,忽略与考虑车辆制动时轴箱的垂向振动加速度标准差分别为15.8与15.5 m/s2,两者差异较小。这表明轴箱的垂向振动主要受轨道不平顺激励影响,而车辆制动对其影响较弱。图10(b)表明,考虑与忽略制动条件下,其频谱中均出现64.4 Hz的主频,该频率是由轨道不平顺激励导致的。
图11所示为车辆在不同制动力条件下一位与二位轮对轴箱纵向和垂向振动加速度的标准差。可以看出,一位与二位轮对轴箱纵向振动加速度标准差随着制动力的增大而不断增大,且二位轮对轴箱纵向振动更为剧烈,这是由于车辆制动时构架发生点头运动,二位轮对轮轨垂向力减小,且承载较大纵向力所致。而不同制动力下,一位与二位轮对轴箱的垂向振动加速度标准差差异较小,表明车辆制动力对轴箱垂向振动影响较小。
服役过程中,轴箱轴承滚子与滚道接触力是反映轴承动态特性的重要指标。以所有承载滚子与滚道接触力的合力(纵向与垂向力)为具体分析对象,开展了轴箱轴承内部力特性分析。
图12为车辆运行速度为350 km/h时,忽略与考虑制动(F=10 kN)时轴箱轴承的纵向力与垂向力计算结果。图12(a)表明,当车辆忽略制动时,一位与二位轮对轴箱轴承纵向力的差异较小。当车辆制动时,一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承的纵向力最大值分别为27.7和24.9 kN,相较于忽略制动工况,分别增长了369.4%和479.1%,且波动更为剧烈,这是由于制动时车辆发生点头运动和轮轨纵向蠕滑力增大所致。图12(b)表明,车辆忽略制动时,一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承的垂向力最大值分别60.6和60.8 kN,两者差异较小。车辆考虑制动(F=10 kN)时,一位和二位轮对上轴箱轴承垂向力最大值分别为42.8和86.5 kN,相较忽略制动工况,分别减小了29.3%和增大了42.3%。因此,车辆制动对轴箱轴承纵向力与垂向力有着重要影响。
图13所示为车辆在不同制动力下一位与二位轮对轴箱轴承的纵向力和垂向力的均方根值。可以看出,制动力为0时,一位与二位轮对上轴箱轴承纵向力与垂向力均方根值基本相同。图13(a)表明,一位与二位轮对轴箱轴承的纵向力均方根值随着车辆制动力的增大而增大,且相较于二位轮对,一位轮对轴箱轴承承载了更大的纵向力,这是由于制动时转向架重心前移所致。图13(b)表明,随着制动力的增大,一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承垂向力均方根值分别不断减小和增大,这主要是由于车辆制动引起一位和二位轮对一系悬挂力响应改变所致。
为了分析制动条件下不同轮对上轴承内部垂向力存在显著差异的原因,深入探究了不同制动力下制动界面摩擦力、转向架点头角度及一系悬挂力的变化情况。图14为车辆在不同制动力条件下,一位与二位轮对的制动界面摩擦力均值。可以看出,由于一位与二位轮对制动系统对称安装,车辆制动时,一位与二位轮对制动系统的界面摩擦力方向相反,这导致构架受到来自一位轮对制动系统垂直轨道向上(-Z方向)的摩擦力,同时受到二位轮对制动系统垂直轨道向下(Z方向)的摩擦力,进而引起构架发生点头运动,不同制动力下构架的点头角度时域图如图15所示。
构架点头运动将导致不同轮对的一系悬挂力有所差异。不同制动力下的一系悬挂力均值如图16所示。结果表明,随着制动力的不断增大,一位和二位轮对一系悬挂力分别不断减小和增大,这最终导致二位轮对轴箱轴承内部垂向力大于一位轮对。因此,在轴箱轴承的设计及评估中,需要考虑车辆制动的影响。
为了研究车辆制动对轴箱轴承滚子-滚道接触特性的影响,对比分析了车速为350 km/h时,忽略与考虑制动(F=10 kN)条件下轴箱轴承在承载区域滚子-滚道的最大接触应力,如图17所示。结果表明,忽略制动时,一位与二位轮对上轴箱轴承滚子-滚道最大接触应力的差异较小。然而考虑车辆制动时二位轮对轴箱轴承滚子-滚道最大接触应力峰值为1087.4 MPa,相对于忽略车辆制动的结果增大了12.6%,这是由于垂向力为轴箱轴承的主要载荷,且车辆制动导致二位轮对轴箱轴承内部垂向力动态增大所致。
图18所示为仿真时间3~6 s时、不同制动力条件下轴箱轴承滚子-滚道的最大接触应力均方根值。结果表明,随着车辆制动力的增大,一位和二位轮对的轴箱轴承滚子-滚道最大接触应力均方根值分别不断减小和增大,这表明当车辆进行紧急制动时,可能加剧二位轮对轴箱轴承滚子-滚道的磨损,增大其失效概率,在轴箱轴承设计与评估中应予以考虑。
本文建立了高速列车刚-柔耦合拖车动力学模型,考虑了制动盘-片之间的滑动摩擦、制动部件的柔性振动及轴箱轴承内部非线性接触特性。研究了车辆不同制动力条件下轴箱轴承的振动、内部力及滚子-滚道接触特性,并揭示了不同轮对轴箱轴承动态特性存在差异的机理,得到以下结论:
(1)随着车辆制动力的增大,一位和二位轮对轴箱系统纵向振动加剧,垂向振动主要受轨道不平顺激励影响,车辆制动对其影响较弱。一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承纵向力不断增大,但垂向力分别不断减小和增大。
(2)轴箱轴承内部滚子-滚道最大接触应力的变化趋势与垂向力的变化趋势一致。当车辆制动力为10 kN时,二位轮对轴箱轴承滚子-滚道最大接触应力相比于忽略制动工况增大了12.6%,这可能加剧轴承内部滚子-滚道磨损,增大其失效的概率。
(3)车辆制动时,构架受到来自一位和二位轮对制动系统方向相反的界面摩擦力,进而发生点头运动,引起一位和二位轮对的一系悬挂力分别减小和增大,这将导致一位和二位轮对轴箱轴承内部力及滚子-滚道接触特性存在显著差异。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205217)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U22A20181)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB340-0703)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1964)
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2025年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.005
  • 接收时间:2023-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-07-11
  • 修回日期:2023-09-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52205217)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U22A20181)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB340-0703)
四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2022NSFSC1964)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学机械工程学院,四川 成都 610031
    2.西南交通大学轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610031

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王志伟(1991—),男,博士,助理教授。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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