Article(id=1228805180376936787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693670400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-03, revisedDate=1696521600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899585098, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899585098, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899585098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899585098, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805175335383281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='663', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899583895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901458539, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813038325789525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813038329983830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=860, endPage=868, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805180607623521, articleId=1228805180376936787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic response law and stability of live tree stump slope under train load, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the three-dimensional finite element slope dynamic analysis model which is validated through the test data of 1:7 indoor physical model for live tree stump,the attenuation characteristics of additional dynamic stress on live tree stump slopes,the stress response characteristics of taproot and lateral root of live tree stumps,and the influence of live tree stumps on slope stability are studied. The dynamic stability mechanism of live tree stump slope is explored. The research conclusion is as follows. The peak value of vertical dynamic soil pressure calculated by the three-dimensional finite element dynamic analysis model is close to the measured results of the indoor physical model. The method and calculation results of the three-dimensional finite element dynamic analysis model of the live tree stump slope established through Midas GTS NX are reliable. The peak value of additional dynamic stress on the slope is affected by the superposition effect of train axle load. The higher the train movement speed,the greater the peak value of vertical dynamic stress. The additional dynamic stress in the ballast layer is the largest,it rapidly decays and diffuses downwards showing a semicircular arc shape. Only small dynamic stresses are transmitted to the two rows of live trees on the upper slope. The degree to which the shear resistance of the taproot of live tree stumps varies at different positions,and the taproot at the foot of the slope is subjected to greater shear stress compared to the taproot at the shoulder of the slope. The taproot is similar to the anti-slide pile to exert its shear resistance ability. The side roots of live tree stumps growing inside the slope are similar to anchor rods,while the side roots growing outside the slope are similar to supports,and they form an anchor-support effect that synergizes with the main root to play a sliding resistance role. The existence of live tree stumps leads to a redistribution of stress in soil,and the shear stress concentration near the live tree stumps. The live tree stumps hinder the transmission of shear stress in soil,inhibit the connectivity of plastic zones,and improve slope stability. The degree of influence on the horizontal dynamic displacement of the slope is related to its distance to the location of the dynamic load,and the closer the distance,the greater the impact. The live tree stumps can reduce the horizontal dynamic displacement at various points on the slope,but the reduction at the foot of the slope is the greatest. The live tree stumps can significantly improve the stability of slopes under train power,and their slope safety factor can be increased by 15%~20%. The potential sliding surface of the live tree stump slope presents a circular arc shape,and the live tree stump moves the plastic zone towards the deep soil layer,thereby improving the stability of the slope. The research results can provide certain guidance for the application of live tree stumps in roadbed slopes.

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通过1∶7室内物理活树桩边坡模型试验数据验证的三维有限元边坡动力分析模型,研究了列车移动荷载作用下活树桩边坡附加动应力的衰减特征、活树桩主侧根应力响应特性和活树桩对边坡稳定性的影响规律,探讨了活树桩边坡的动力稳定机理。研究结果表明:基于三维有限元动力分析模型计算的竖向动土压力峰值与室内物理模型实测结果接近,通过Midas GTS NX构建活树桩边坡三维有限元动力分析模型的方法及其计算结果是可靠的。活树桩边坡附加动应力峰值受到列车轴载叠加效应的影响;列车移动速度越大,基床表层土体竖向动应力峰值越大。道砟层附加动应力最大,并呈现半圆弧状向下迅速衰减扩散,仅有较小动应力传递至坡面上部的两排活树桩。不同位置活树桩主根的抗剪能力发挥程度不一,坡脚活树桩主根相较于坡肩活树桩主根受到更大的剪应力作用,活树桩主根类似“抗滑桩”发挥抗剪能力。坡内生长的活树桩侧根类似锚杆,坡外生长的侧根类似支撑,形成“锚-撑”效应,协同主根一起发挥抗滑作用。活树桩的存在导致边坡土体应力重新分布,活树桩附近土体的剪应力集中。活树桩阻碍了土体剪应力的传递,抑制了土体塑性区的连通,提升了边坡稳定性。坡面水平动位移受影响程度与其到振动荷载作用位置的距离相关,距离越近,影响越大。活树桩可以减小坡面各处的水平动位移,但坡脚动位移的减小幅度最大。活树桩可以显著提高列车动力作用下边坡的稳定性,其边坡安全系数可提升15%~20%。活树桩边坡的潜在滑动面呈现圆弧状,活树桩使得塑性区向深部土层移动,从而提升了边坡的稳定性。可为活树桩应用于路基边坡提供一定的指导作用。

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杨慧(1981—),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
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江学良(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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articleId=1228805180376936787, language=CN, label=图14, caption=边坡塑性应变云图, figureFileSmall=sPSPNsOR59Mwno2HYGdC2A==, figureFileBig=KM6mFsZ4f0h98yRWIeZHNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121413777519433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Standard load parameters for the front 10 axles of Mugunghwa train

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编号轴间距/m轴载/kN
10.000220
21.854220
31.854220
48.789220
51.854220
61.854220
74.582220
81.854220
91.854220
108.789220
), ArticleFig(id=1229121413865599824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Mugunghwa型列车前10轴的标准荷载参数

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编号轴间距/m轴载/kN
10.000220
21.854220
31.854220
48.789220
51.854220
61.854220
74.582220
81.854220
91.854220
108.789220
), ArticleFig(id=1229121413983040341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Dynamic similarity constants of living tree stump slope model test

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物理量相似常数物理量相似常数
几何尺寸LCL=7振动加速度ACA=1
质量密度ρCρ=1振动持时TCT=2.646
动弹性模量EdCEd=1应力σdCσd=1
动泊松比μdCμd=7角位移θCθ=1
振动频率ωCω=0.378线位移SdCSd=7
重力加速度gCg=1应变εdCεd=1
上部基层结构自重PCP=343速度vCv=2.646
有效上覆土压力σvCσv=7加速度aCa=1
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414071120729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

活树桩边坡模型试验的动力相似常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理量相似常数物理量相似常数
几何尺寸LCL=7振动加速度ACA=1
质量密度ρCρ=1振动持时TCT=2.646
动弹性模量EdCEd=1应力σdCσd=1
动泊松比μdCμd=7角位移θCθ=1
振动频率ωCω=0.378线位移SdCSd=7
重力加速度gCg=1应变εdCεd=1
上部基层结构自重PCP=343速度vCv=2.646
有效上覆土压力σvCσv=7加速度aCa=1
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414222115681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Material parameters of sleeper-roadbed-live tree stump

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料层模型类型弹性模量E/MPa泊松比μ内摩擦角ϕ/(°)黏聚力C/(kN∙m-2)容重γ/(kN∙m-3)
轨枕弹性300000.2025
道砟层弹性2000.2524
基床表层摩尔-库仑1200.30335823
基床底层摩尔-库仑1100.30314522
路堤本体摩尔-库仑900.30173018
地基摩尔-库仑500.35152517
活树桩弹性6500.3511
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414314390374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

轨枕-路基-活树桩的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料层模型类型弹性模量E/MPa泊松比μ内摩擦角ϕ/(°)黏聚力C/(kN∙m-2)容重γ/(kN∙m-3)
轨枕弹性300000.2025
道砟层弹性2000.2524
基床表层摩尔-库仑1200.30335823
基床底层摩尔-库仑1100.30314522
路堤本体摩尔-库仑900.30173018
地基摩尔-库仑500.35152517
活树桩弹性6500.3511
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414423442284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Test loading conditions

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工况频率/Hz轴载/kN幅值/kN峰值/kN
1215.0014.129.10
2315.0014.129.10
3415.0014.129.10
4312.2414.126.65
5317.7614.131.86
6320.5214.134.62
7315.0011.125.10
8315.0017.132.10
9315.0020.135.10
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414545077110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验加载工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况频率/Hz轴载/kN幅值/kN峰值/kN
1215.0014.129.10
2315.0014.129.10
3415.0014.129.10
4312.2414.126.65
5317.7614.131.86
6320.5214.134.62
7315.0011.125.10
8315.0017.132.10
9315.0020.135.10
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414696072058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Safety factors of slope under different operating conditions

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工况活树桩作用时间/s安全系数
10.71.528
20.71.319
31.91.988
41.91.733
54.02.091
64.01.750
), ArticleFig(id=1229121414771569536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805180376936787, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工况下的边坡安全系数

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工况活树桩作用时间/s安全系数
10.71.528
20.71.319
31.91.988
41.91.733
54.02.091
64.01.750
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列车荷载作用下活树桩边坡的动力响应规律与稳定性
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江学良 1, 2 , 王自豪 2 , 杨慧 1, 2 , 郭佳慧 2 , 王浩冬 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(4): 860-868
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(4): 860-868
列车荷载作用下活树桩边坡的动力响应规律与稳定性
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江学良1, 2 , 王自豪2, 杨慧1, 2 , 郭佳慧2, 王浩冬2
作者信息
  • 1.广州航海学院土木与工程管理学院,广东 广州 510725
  • 2.中南林业科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 江学良(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨慧(1981—),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
Dynamic response law and stability of live tree stump slope under train load
Xueliang JIANG1, 2 , Zihao WANG2, Hui YANG1, 2 , Jiahui GUO2, Haodong WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Engineering Management,Guangzhou Maritime University,Guangzhou 510725,China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha 410004,China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.021
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通过1∶7室内物理活树桩边坡模型试验数据验证的三维有限元边坡动力分析模型,研究了列车移动荷载作用下活树桩边坡附加动应力的衰减特征、活树桩主侧根应力响应特性和活树桩对边坡稳定性的影响规律,探讨了活树桩边坡的动力稳定机理。研究结果表明:基于三维有限元动力分析模型计算的竖向动土压力峰值与室内物理模型实测结果接近,通过Midas GTS NX构建活树桩边坡三维有限元动力分析模型的方法及其计算结果是可靠的。活树桩边坡附加动应力峰值受到列车轴载叠加效应的影响;列车移动速度越大,基床表层土体竖向动应力峰值越大。道砟层附加动应力最大,并呈现半圆弧状向下迅速衰减扩散,仅有较小动应力传递至坡面上部的两排活树桩。不同位置活树桩主根的抗剪能力发挥程度不一,坡脚活树桩主根相较于坡肩活树桩主根受到更大的剪应力作用,活树桩主根类似“抗滑桩”发挥抗剪能力。坡内生长的活树桩侧根类似锚杆,坡外生长的侧根类似支撑,形成“锚-撑”效应,协同主根一起发挥抗滑作用。活树桩的存在导致边坡土体应力重新分布,活树桩附近土体的剪应力集中。活树桩阻碍了土体剪应力的传递,抑制了土体塑性区的连通,提升了边坡稳定性。坡面水平动位移受影响程度与其到振动荷载作用位置的距离相关,距离越近,影响越大。活树桩可以减小坡面各处的水平动位移,但坡脚动位移的减小幅度最大。活树桩可以显著提高列车动力作用下边坡的稳定性,其边坡安全系数可提升15%~20%。活树桩边坡的潜在滑动面呈现圆弧状,活树桩使得塑性区向深部土层移动,从而提升了边坡的稳定性。可为活树桩应用于路基边坡提供一定的指导作用。

活树桩支护  /  动力响应  /  边坡稳定性  /  列车荷载  /  数值模拟

Based on the three-dimensional finite element slope dynamic analysis model which is validated through the test data of 1:7 indoor physical model for live tree stump,the attenuation characteristics of additional dynamic stress on live tree stump slopes,the stress response characteristics of taproot and lateral root of live tree stumps,and the influence of live tree stumps on slope stability are studied. The dynamic stability mechanism of live tree stump slope is explored. The research conclusion is as follows. The peak value of vertical dynamic soil pressure calculated by the three-dimensional finite element dynamic analysis model is close to the measured results of the indoor physical model. The method and calculation results of the three-dimensional finite element dynamic analysis model of the live tree stump slope established through Midas GTS NX are reliable. The peak value of additional dynamic stress on the slope is affected by the superposition effect of train axle load. The higher the train movement speed,the greater the peak value of vertical dynamic stress. The additional dynamic stress in the ballast layer is the largest,it rapidly decays and diffuses downwards showing a semicircular arc shape. Only small dynamic stresses are transmitted to the two rows of live trees on the upper slope. The degree to which the shear resistance of the taproot of live tree stumps varies at different positions,and the taproot at the foot of the slope is subjected to greater shear stress compared to the taproot at the shoulder of the slope. The taproot is similar to the anti-slide pile to exert its shear resistance ability. The side roots of live tree stumps growing inside the slope are similar to anchor rods,while the side roots growing outside the slope are similar to supports,and they form an anchor-support effect that synergizes with the main root to play a sliding resistance role. The existence of live tree stumps leads to a redistribution of stress in soil,and the shear stress concentration near the live tree stumps. The live tree stumps hinder the transmission of shear stress in soil,inhibit the connectivity of plastic zones,and improve slope stability. The degree of influence on the horizontal dynamic displacement of the slope is related to its distance to the location of the dynamic load,and the closer the distance,the greater the impact. The live tree stumps can reduce the horizontal dynamic displacement at various points on the slope,but the reduction at the foot of the slope is the greatest. The live tree stumps can significantly improve the stability of slopes under train power,and their slope safety factor can be increased by 15%~20%. The potential sliding surface of the live tree stump slope presents a circular arc shape,and the live tree stump moves the plastic zone towards the deep soil layer,thereby improving the stability of the slope. The research results can provide certain guidance for the application of live tree stumps in roadbed slopes.

live tree stump support  /  dynamic response  /  slope stability  /  train load  /  numerical simulation
江学良, 王自豪, 杨慧, 郭佳慧, 王浩冬. 列车荷载作用下活树桩边坡的动力响应规律与稳定性. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (4) : 860 -868 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.021
Xueliang JIANG, Zihao WANG, Hui YANG, Jiahui GUO, Haodong WANG. Dynamic response law and stability of live tree stump slope under train load[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (4) : 860 -868 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.021
植物根系具有加固浅层土体、缓解表土冲蚀、防止水土流失、美化和改善环境的作用,被广泛应用于边坡生态防护[1-3]。受限于大多数植物的根系分布在地表浅层(1~2 m),现有植物边坡支护防治深层(>2 m)滑坡的效果十分有限[4-5]。活树桩是一种环境友好型的边坡支护形式,具有防治深层滑坡的潜力,它是将生命力强的活树苗(柳树或者榆树等)植入深部土层或将其枝条扦插至深部土层,一段时间后,根系沿着木质茎向外生长,在深部土层形成根-土复合体,从而起到边坡加固和防护作用[6],如图1所示。活树桩固坡作为边坡稳定的工程方法,已被应用于新西兰天然森林的季节性降雨区域的滑坡治理[7]。在瑞士、奥地利、英国和美国等温带地区,使用柳树、灌木和其他小型树种的边坡支护技术已被证明可以减小边坡的不稳定性[8]。本课题组的研究[9-11]也表明,活树桩的存在使得边坡的潜在滑动面向深部土层转移,潜在滑动面的深度与活树桩的根系深度有关,可达3~5 m,并能使边坡的安全稳定性系数提高30%~50%。当前,静力荷载作用下活树桩固坡机理和稳定性的相关研究已经取得了一些成果,但活树桩边坡在动力荷载作用下的响应规律和稳定性鲜有研究。活树桩边坡加固土层深度大,且施工操作简单、成本低廉,对边坡的加固效果随着树根的生长而逐渐增强[12],具有良好的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益,故将活树桩应用于高度不大、坡度较缓的铁路路堤边坡是一次有益的尝试。众所周知,列车的振动荷载是路堤边坡产生动力问题的最直接诱因[13],弄清列车振动荷载作用下活树桩边坡的响应规律和稳定性机理是将活树桩应用于铁路路堤边坡的关键。
以某一段有砟铁路路堤边坡为原型,模拟范围长×高×厚为33 m×20.5 m×18 m,边坡高H=12.5 m,坡角为45°。路堤填土为层状结构,基床表层为0.6 m,基床底层为1.9 m,路堤本体为10.0 m,基床层厚8.0 m。在道砟层上方构建Ⅲ型钢筋混凝土轨枕模型,其尺寸为2.6 m×0.28 m×0.19 m,间隔0.6 m布置,底面与道砟层耦合并限制其转动自由度。模型各种材料均为各向同性材料。利用Midas GTS NX的非线性时程分析对边坡进行有限元计算,以摩尔-库仑属性模拟土体材料,植入式梁单元模拟活树桩[14]。活树桩采用榆树根系,根据榆树根系在土中的生长规律和三维形态[15-16],将活树桩根系截面简化为圆形,当主根长为2.2 m时,主根顶部截面直径为0.15 m,底部截面直径为0.05 m;上侧根距离主根顶部为0.2 m,跨度为1.5 m;下侧根距离主根顶部为1.3 m,跨度为1 m。在路堤边坡布置4排活树桩,每排布置6个,每个树桩主根之间间隔3 m,如图2所示。数值模型侧面及底面添加曲面弹簧单元形成黏性边界以吸收振动能量,同时约束模型底部的三向位移。列车的模拟以Mugunghwa型列车为原型,选取前10个连续的车轴作为模拟的列车移动荷载,列车轴间距和轴载如表1所示。
确定模型试验几何相似比为1∶7,密度相似比为1∶1,加速度相似比为1∶1,重力加速度相似比为1∶1,其他量根据量纲分析法[17]求得,如表2所示。在长×宽×高为2.75 m×1.28 m×1.78 m的模型箱内填筑路堤边坡,轨枕、路基和活树桩的主要物理力学参数如表3所示。边坡模型的监测点布置如图3所示,图中,PV1~PV5为竖向动土压力监测点,D1~D5为水平位移监测点。在箱四周铺设厚5 cm的中高密度黑色聚乙烯泡沫板作为边界吸能材料,用以弱化模型箱对坡体的动力边界效应,如图4所示。有关研究[18]表明,丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)材料的弹性模量和强度与真实根系非常接近,适合用来模拟根系的力学特性,故活树桩由ABS材料经3D打印技术制作而成。列车荷载和行驶速度通过液压脉动疲劳试验机的激振荷载和振动频率进行模拟,试验共分为9个工况进行加载,如表4所示。
活树桩边坡物理模型试验工况2、工况4和工况5的实测结果和数值模拟结果的对比如图5所示(PV5仪器损坏,未测得结果)。竖向动土压力峰值的有限元模拟结果和边坡模型试验实测结果数值相近,且变化趋势趋同。提取模拟结果和实测结果进行比较分析可得,工况4基床表层处测点PV1的两者数值相差13.4%,工况2中的测点PV2的两者数值相差8.6%,工况5中的测点PV2的两者数值相差1.5%。表明构建的三维数值动力分析模型具有较好的准确度和可靠性,能够较好地模拟活树桩边坡的动力响应。
提取Y=5 m处轨枕中心点投影至基床表层上表面节点处的竖向动应力,分析其在不同列车速度运行状态下的时程曲线特征。图6(a)、(b)、(c)为轴载为200 kN,行驶速度分别为10、25、40 m/s时目标点处的竖向动应力。根据动应力峰值产生时间和特征可以判定,图6中各动应力响应峰值区域(如图6(c)中A、B、C、D处)分别是由表1中轴载编号1~3、4~6和10的冲击效应导致的。各轴轴载一致,但产生的动应力响应却不同,A处的峰值最大,B、C处次之,D处的最小,这是因为轴间距越小,轴载的叠加效应就会越大。行驶速度分别为10、25、40 m/s时,A处的动应力峰值分别为72.93、74.60、87.55 kPa,峰值随着速度的增加而持续增加,表明列车速度越大,基床表层土体的竖向动应力越大。
图7为列车轴载为245 kN,行驶速度为25 m/s时,边坡纵向中轴面上的附加动应力云图,图中SZZ表示Z轴方向的附加动应力。从图7中可以看出,道砟层的附加动应力最大,为-212 kN/m2;附加动应力大小以轨枕中部为圆心,呈现半圆弧状的分布特征,且在道砟层内附加动应力迅速衰减,当扩散至基床表层时,其大小约为-44 kN/m2,衰减了约80%。附加动应力的衰减与到列车振动荷载位置的距离密切相关,距离越远,衰减越大。附加动应力主要分布在轨枕正下方的道砟层、基床表层、基床底层以及路堤本体顶部较小区域,仅有5 kN/m2左右的动应力传递至第1和2排活树桩,位于坡面中部和坡脚处的活树桩几乎没有受到附加动应力的影响。
列车轴载为245 kN,速度为25 m/s,重力场叠加列车动荷载作用时,活树桩主根的剪应力云图如图8所示。从坡肩至坡脚依次布置第1~4排活树桩。第1和2排主根主要以上部承受剪应力,其剪应力峰值分别为5.84和5.34 kN,且剪应力从主根顶部至底部逐渐减小。第3排主根产生的剪应力峰值最小,为4.78 kN,且各个部位的剪应力分布较为均匀。第4排主根主要以中部承受剪应力,剪应力峰值为33.35 kN,且自主根顶部逐渐增大至中部,然后再减小至底部。通过对比4排树桩的剪应力峰值可以明显地看出,位于边坡底部的第4排树桩产生的剪应力最大,在抵抗周围土体变形中发挥的作用最大,活树桩工程应用时,应注意加强坡面底部的支护,以充分发挥活树桩的抗剪能力。显然,所有活树桩主根的抗剪能力都得到了不同程度的发挥,其发挥程度与活树桩位置和边坡位移有关。活树桩主根类似“抗滑桩”,主要发挥其抗剪能力。所有活树桩下侧根以下的主根产生的剪应力很小,未能发挥抗剪的作用,表明该工况下侧根以下主根附近土体没有产生剪应变,边坡潜在滑面位于下侧根以上位置。
图9为列车轴载为245 kN,速度为25 m/s,行驶时间0.7 s并叠加重力场作用时,活树桩侧根的轴力云图。可以看出,向坡内生长的侧根受拉,向坡外生长的侧根受压。活树桩内侧根类似锚杆,外侧根类似支撑,通过发挥坡内生长侧根的受拉和坡外生长侧根的受压,达到“拉-压”平衡,形成“锚-撑”效应,协同活树桩主根发挥抗滑作用。分析不同位置处侧根的轴力峰值可以看出,坡脚处活树桩侧根的轴力明显大于坡面上部活树桩侧根的轴力,这是因为坡脚处的水平位移相对坡肩处较大,潜在滑动面穿过坡脚处的活树桩,造成侧根轴力相对较大。
图10为列车动荷载耦合重力荷载作用下有/无活树桩支护时,边坡的最大剪应力云图,图中Smax表示最大剪应力。由图10可知,路堤边坡坡面土体产生了剪应力集中的现象,主要分布在坡面中下部区域,与第3和4排活树桩的植入位置重合,可以判定是活树桩引起了土体剪应力集中的现象。
对比图10(a)和(b)中坡面各点的剪应力数值,可以看到活树桩的存在使得其周边土体的剪应力急剧增加,但各点剪应力增加幅度不一。无活树桩支护时,第3排活树桩位置土体剪应力分别为31.59、50.16、46.67 kN/m2;有活树桩支护时,土体剪应力分别为73.93、69.09、97.30 kN/m2。无活树桩支护时,第4排活树桩位置土体剪应力分别为34.54、29.56、56.24 kN/m2;有活树桩支护时,土体剪应力分别为136.36、210.66、137.16 kN/m2,显然第4排活树桩位置的土体剪应力集中程度比第3排活树桩要高。结合上述第3和4排活树桩主侧根的应力变化,可知活树桩的存在导致了边坡应力的重新分布,使得活树桩附近土体的剪应力集中,在第4排活树桩位置处尤其显著;活树桩的存在阻碍了土体剪应力的传递,抑制了土体塑性区的连通,提升了边坡稳定性。
列车荷载作用前,自重作用下边坡的水平位移云图如图11所示,图中TX表示水平位移。当轴载为245 kN,行驶速度为25 m/s,作用0.4 s时,边坡的水平位移云图如图12所示。由图可知,边坡坡面水平位移指向坡外,坡顶位移最小,位移从坡顶向坡底逐渐增大,坡底处最大;坡面水平位移最大,越向坡体内部,水平位移越小,呈现半圆弧状分布;列车动荷载使得坡面位移发生较大变化,坡面水平位移受影响程度与到坡顶振动荷载作用位置的距离密切相关,距离越近,影响越大。对比图1112中从坡肩至坡脚的测点L1~L6的位移值可知,列车振动荷载使坡面各测点的位移分别增加了9.22、9.27、8.66、7.24、5.63、4.17 mm,位于坡肩附近的测点受到振动荷载的影响最大。
图13为不同列车行驶状态下有/无活树桩支护时坡面的水平动位移。图13(a)~(c)表示列车速度为25 m/s,轴载分别为200、245、290 kN时的水平动位移,反映了轴载对坡面水平动位移的影响;图13(d)~(f)表示列车轴载245 kN,车速分别为10、25、40 m/s时的水平动位移,反映了车速对坡面水平动位移的影响。
图13各分图的位移分布规律类似,均为坡肩附近的测点动位移大,坡脚处的动位移小;列车轴重和车速对坡面动位移的影响较小,轴重和车速的变化仅能引起各点动位移产生0.1 mm左右的位移波动。这是因为附加动应力在道砟层和基床层快速衰减,导致传递至坡面的附加动应力非常小,进而使得坡面的动位移受列车行驶状态的影响较小。另外,活树桩可以减小不同列车轴载和车速条件下坡面各处的水平位移,但活树桩减小水平位移的作用更加明显地体现在坡面中下部水平位移的变化上。以图13(a)~(c)中测点L1~L6处有/无活树桩支护时的位移变化量为例,三种轴载作用下各处的位移减小量接近,有活树桩支护较无支护时的坡面位移分别减少了1.3%、1.9%、2.9%、5.2%、8.9%、13.4%,活树桩主要在坡面中下部发挥抵抗坡面动位移的作用。这与上述分析的活树桩附近土体剪应力集中现象在坡面中下部区域更加明显的结果相对应,越接近坡脚的活树桩承担的土体滑动产生的剪应力越多,在抑制坡面位移时发挥的作用越大。
表5所示为不同列车作用时间和有/无活树桩支护条件下得到的边坡安全系数。列车作用时间0.7 s代表列车的前半段行驶在模拟路段;1.9 s代表列车的后半段行驶在模拟路段;4 s代表列车驶离模拟路段时,坡体仍存在些许余振时的工况。列车轴载245 kN,行驶速度为25 m/s。
边坡的安全系数受瞬时应力状态的影响,当作用在坡顶的轴载总和较大时,边坡的安全系数相应较小,当列车驶离模拟路段后,边坡的安全系数恢复,这是因为土体在列车荷载作用后恢复了部分弹性变形。对比工况1和2,工况3和4,工况5和6可以看出,在列车动荷载和边坡重力场作用下,活树桩边坡的安全系数均大于无支护边坡,且安全系数分别提高了15.8%、14.7%、19.5%,表明活树桩发挥了稳定边坡的作用。
图14(a)为列车作用0.7 s,无支护时边坡的塑性应变云图;图14(b)为列车作用0.7 s,活树桩支护时边坡的塑性应变云图。对比可知,边坡的潜在滑动面呈现圆弧状分布,最大塑性变形出现在坡脚区域。活树桩边坡的潜在滑动面被第4排活树桩阻断,同时塑性区向深部土层传递;坡面下部的活树桩产生了较好的支护效果,活树桩发挥了类似抗滑桩的作用,提高了边坡的安全稳定性。
本文开展了活树桩边坡三维有限元动力分析模型的建模和计算结果的可靠性验证,并基于验证后Midas GTS NX三维动力数值模型,研究了列车移动荷载作用下活树桩边坡附加动应力的衰减特征、活树桩主侧根应力响应规律、活树桩边坡剪应力和水平动位移规律以及活树桩边坡的稳定性变化规律。主要结论如下:
(1)竖向动土压力峰值的有限元模拟结果和边坡模型试验实测结果数值相近,且变化趋势趋同,相关测点的两者数值偏差在15%以内,表明基于Midas GTS NX构建的三维数值动力分析模型具有较好的准确度和可靠性。
(2)基层表层竖向动应力峰值受列车轴间距和行驶速度的影响,轴间距越小,轴载叠加效应越大,动应力峰值越大;列车速度越大,动应力峰值越大。道砟层的附加动应力最大,并以半圆弧状迅速衰减,附加动应力仅对第1和2排活树桩有5 kN/m2的影响。
(3)边坡底部第4排树桩产生的剪应力最大,在抵抗周围土体变形中发挥的作用最大,活树桩主根的抗剪能力都得到了不同程度的发挥。活树桩主根类似“抗滑桩”,主要发挥其抗剪能力。活树桩内侧根类似锚杆,外侧根类似支撑,通过发挥坡内生长侧根的受拉和坡外生长侧根的受压,达到“拉-压”平衡,形成“锚-撑”效应,协同活树桩主根发挥抗滑作用。
(4)活树桩的加入使土体应力重新分布,导致活树桩附近土体的剪应力集中,在第4排活树桩位置处尤其显著。活树桩的存在阻碍了土体剪应力的传递,抑制了土体塑性区的连通,提升了边坡稳定性。
(5)列车动荷载使得坡面水平位移发生较大变化,坡面水平动位移受影响程度与到坡顶动荷载作用位置的距离密切相关,距离越近,影响越大。轴重和车速的变化仅能引起各点的动位移产生0.1 mm左右的位移波动;活树桩可以减小坡面各处的水平位移,坡面中下部水平位移的减小幅度较坡面上部更大。
(6)在列车动荷载和边坡重力作用下,活树桩边坡的安全系数均大于无活树桩支护边坡,安全系数提升幅度在15%~20%。活树桩的存在使得土体塑性区向深部土层移动,类似抗滑桩发挥边坡抗滑作用,坡底活树桩发挥了更好的抗滑效果。
  • 广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2023ZDZX4044)
  • 广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2023ZDZX4045)
  • 广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2022ZDJS092)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2022JJ31005)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31971727)
  • 湖南省科技创新计划项目(2022NK2056)
  • 湖南省林业科技创新计划项目(XLK202105-3)
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2025年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.021
  • 接收时间:2023-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-03
  • 修回日期:2023-10-06
基金
广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2023ZDZX4044)
广东省普通高校重点领域专项(2023ZDZX4045)
广东省重点建设学科科研能力提升项目(2022ZDJS092)
湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2022JJ31005)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31971727)
湖南省科技创新计划项目(2022NK2056)
湖南省林业科技创新计划项目(XLK202105-3)
作者信息
    1.广州航海学院土木与工程管理学院,广东 广州 510725
    2.中南林业科技大学土木工程学院,湖南 长沙 410004

通讯作者:

杨慧(1981—),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zdgcxb/CN/10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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