Article(id=1228805176123912434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681833600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-19, revisedDate=1685894400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899584084, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1744214400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899584084, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899584084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899584084, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805175335383281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='663', pageEnd='888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899583895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901458539, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813038325789525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813038329983830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805175335383281, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=663, endPage=676, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805176371376372, articleId=1228805176123912434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Virtual sensing of surface deformation for phased array antenna under complex experimental modal, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The electromagnetic performance of phased array antenna is greatly affected by the phased array antenna surface deformation. How to apply the strain measurement data of sparse fiber grating strain sensors to sense the shape of antenna array is the key to realize structural health monitoring and electromagnetic performance control. This paper proposes a virtual sensing method for structural deformation under complex experimental modes. In this method,the complex mode transformation is first used to process the complex mode data obtained from modal testing to obtain the corresponding real displacement modes,and then the full field expansion of finite real displacement modes is realized using mode expansion;Combining the extended real displacement modal and finite element modal data,two virtual sensing equations named CMT-SEREP(complex mode transformation-system equivalent reduction expansion process)and CMT-LC(complex mode transformation-local correspondence),which characterize the relationship between sparse measured strain information and the full field displacement of the structure,have been derived to achieve the real-time estimation of the deformation shape of the antenna structure from sparse measured strain information. Using the developed large phased array antenna array deformation experimental platform,experimental verification of different sensing methods was carried out under three deformation working conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reconstruct the full field displacement of the antenna array structure using sparse strain measurement information,and the sensing accuracy of CMT-LC is higher than that of CMT-SEREP. Compared to the traditional modal method,the relative percentage error of deformation sensing using CMT-LC method has been reduced by at least 6.105%. This method is not only suitable for deformation sensing of non-proportional damping antenna structures,but also suitable for other complex engineering structures,and it has a great application potential.

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相控阵天线阵面变形对电磁性能的影响较大,如何用稀疏光纤光栅应变传感器的应变测量信息实时感知天线阵面变形是实现结构健康监测和电磁性能调控的关键。本文提出了复实验模态下结构变形的虚拟感知方法。在该方法中,利用复模态转化方法处理模态测试获得的复模态数据以获得对应的实位移模态;利用模态扩展实现有限量实位移模态的全场扩展;结合扩展的实位移模态和有限元模态数据,推导了两个表征稀疏应变测量信息与全场位移映射关系的变形虚拟感知方程CMT-SEREP(complex mode transformation-system equivalent reduction expansion process)和CMT-LC(complex mode transformation-local correspondence),以实现利用稀疏应变测量信息来估计变形阵面结构形状。研制了大型相控阵天线阵面变形实验平台,并开展了三种工况下不同感知方法的对比实验。实验结果表明,所提方法能利用稀疏应变测试信息重构出天线阵面结构的全场位移,并且CMT-LC法比CMT-SEREP法的感知精度高;对比传统的模态法,CMT-LC变形虚拟感知的相对百分比误差至少降低了6.105%。该方法不仅适用于非比例阻尼天线结构的变形感知,也适用于其他复杂工程结构的健康监测。

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周金柱(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing2014,45(1):91-104., articleTitle=A local correspondence principle for mode shapes in structural dynamics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1229121432547020914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, awardId=52175247, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175247), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1229121432622518388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, awardId=2023-JC-JQ-43, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-JQ-43), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1229121432702210167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, awardId=2022YFB3306101, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3306101), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1229121432773513338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, awardId=30105010202, 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caption=裸光纤光栅应变传感器串的安装, figureFileSmall=TOzSPzMXS2dH25xc1HGYIA==, figureFileBig=vgcAJN0+3RtkT43iPuy+Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121429627785246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Antenna assembly of experimental platform, figureFileSmall=4tTjo25WD7VKgKVKJKteZA==, figureFileBig=iHCDPGk796rZfh/wONc9Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121429694894113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图8, caption=实验平台的天线装配, figureFileSmall=4tTjo25WD7VKgKVKJKteZA==, figureFileBig=iHCDPGk796rZfh/wONc9Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121429778780197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Modal test of experimental platform, figureFileSmall=eXTAF1bW3MeRpY9DzWo4PQ==, figureFileBig=XLUPydE1kQ0xV7NMS5Y0EQ==, 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articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Finite element model of antenna array surface, figureFileSmall=ZzDpqj8KAj26/I568XquyA==, figureFileBig=H8CLk9/4SwUrtVaijCmuAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430189822003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图11, caption=天线阵面的有限元模型, figureFileSmall=ZzDpqj8KAj26/I568XquyA==, figureFileBig=H8CLk9/4SwUrtVaijCmuAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430282096695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Positions of the adjusting mechanism, figureFileSmall=4D9vHHThv3KeZqquf1/9jg==, figureFileBig=f/ICpdTYPVBWEN9UInrX6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430361788473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图12, caption=调整机构的位置, figureFileSmall=4D9vHHThv3KeZqquf1/9jg==, figureFileBig=f/ICpdTYPVBWEN9UInrX6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430445674555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=MAC values on observation degrees of freedom, figureFileSmall=ze5gibzF9h+FVjikTng7WQ==, figureFileBig=E6ae27EJaMB2gwStY2LbUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430550532157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图13, caption=观测自由度上的MAC值, figureFileSmall=ze5gibzF9h+FVjikTng7WQ==, figureFileBig=E6ae27EJaMB2gwStY2LbUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430647001152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Comparison of sensing results of the array surface deformation under the first working condition, figureFileSmall=IyLmv1cNOrKsCuA/4pyhAw==, figureFileBig=KIcRAvmssCn7dxzqA9kp5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430768635969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图14, caption=工况一下阵面变形感知结果的对比, figureFileSmall=IyLmv1cNOrKsCuA/4pyhAw==, figureFileBig=KIcRAvmssCn7dxzqA9kp5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430860910658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Comparison of sensing results of the array surface deformation under the second working condition, figureFileSmall=R36CPbFZAAgoA4tPj9CicQ==, figureFileBig=TsK+mSnaIIVZkZEyNFfR5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121430932213828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图15, caption=工况二下阵面变形感知结果的对比, figureFileSmall=R36CPbFZAAgoA4tPj9CicQ==, figureFileBig=TsK+mSnaIIVZkZEyNFfR5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121431007711302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Dynamic displacements and reconstruction errors at the center of the experimental platform, figureFileSmall=Bv5FsY6mYdjnHw4fQbo/AA==, figureFileBig=Sd0HUmzzy+7VeMCtYevB0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121431070625864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=图16, caption=实验平台中心处的动态位移与重构误差, figureFileSmall=Bv5FsY6mYdjnHw4fQbo/AA==, figureFileBig=Sd0HUmzzy+7VeMCtYevB0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1229121431137734730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入:
实测复数模态矩阵H,复数特征值向量λ,有限元位移模态矩阵ΦFE,应变模态矩阵Ψ,传感器测量应变ε
感知:
1.依次利用式(6)、(7)、(8)得到降阶后的位移模态矩阵
2.依次利用式(9)、(10)、(11)得到实位移模态振型Φexp,a
3.利用式(16)计算扩展后的实验位移模态Φexp
4.利用式(17)计算结构变形后的全场位移ŷ
输出:
感知的全场位移ŷ
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431225815117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=算法1, caption=

CMT-SEREP虚拟感知

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入:
实测复数模态矩阵H,复数特征值向量λ,有限元位移模态矩阵ΦFE,应变模态矩阵Ψ,传感器测量应变ε
感知:
1.依次利用式(6)、(7)、(8)得到降阶后的位移模态矩阵
2.依次利用式(9)、(10)、(11)得到实位移模态振型Φexp,a
3.利用式(16)计算扩展后的实验位移模态Φexp
4.利用式(17)计算结构变形后的全场位移ŷ
输出:
感知的全场位移ŷ
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431297118287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入:
实测复数模态矩阵H及频率,复数特征值向量λ,有限元位移模态矩阵ΦFE及频率,应变模态矩阵Ψ,传感器测量应变ε
感知:
1.依次利用式(6)、(7)、(8)得到降阶后的位移模态矩阵
2.依次利用式(9)、(10)、(11)得到实位移模态振型Φexp,a
3.利用式(23)找到最大MAC值对应的最优模态数目
4.利用式(24)计算第i阶实验位移模态扩展后的模态;
5.重复步骤3和4,得到扩展后的所有实验位移模态;
6.利用式(25)形成扩展后的全场实验位移模态矩阵
7.利用式(26)计算结构变形后的全场位移ŷ
输出:
感知的全场位移ŷ
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431372615761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=算法2, caption=

CMT-LC虚拟感知

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入:
实测复数模态矩阵H及频率,复数特征值向量λ,有限元位移模态矩阵ΦFE及频率,应变模态矩阵Ψ,传感器测量应变ε
感知:
1.依次利用式(6)、(7)、(8)得到降阶后的位移模态矩阵
2.依次利用式(9)、(10)、(11)得到实位移模态振型Φexp,a
3.利用式(23)找到最大MAC值对应的最优模态数目
4.利用式(24)计算第i阶实验位移模态扩展后的模态;
5.重复步骤3和4,得到扩展后的所有实验位移模态;
6.利用式(25)形成扩展后的全场实验位移模态矩阵
7.利用式(26)计算结构变形后的全场位移ŷ
输出:
感知的全场位移ŷ
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431473279060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Wavelength setting of bare FBG strain sensor string

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(型号1)中心波长/nm编号(型号2)中心波长/nm
1151511515
2152221525
3152931535
4153641545
5154351555
6155061565
7155771575
81564
91571
101578
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431557165142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

裸光纤光栅应变传感器串的波长设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(型号1)中心波长/nm编号(型号2)中心波长/nm
1151511515
2152221525
3152931535
4153641545
5154351555
6155061565
7155771575
81564
91571
101578
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431620079704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of measured and simulated modal frequencies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态数实测模态频率/Hz仿真模态频率/Hz相对误差/%
114.39515.0214.35
216.36119.76820.82
320.97419.9714.78
421.86223.6268.07
532.31526.32718.53
633.42826.89919.53
734.15738.18611.79
839.00738.1952.08
943.71242.0313.85
1045.97745.2051.71
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431716548698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实测与仿真模态频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态数实测模态频率/Hz仿真模态频率/Hz相对误差/%
114.39515.0214.35
216.36119.76820.82
320.97419.9714.78
421.86223.6268.07
532.31526.32718.53
633.42826.89919.53
734.15738.18611.79
839.00738.1952.08
943.71242.0313.85
1045.97745.2051.71
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Comparison of modal frequencies before and after conversion

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模态数阻尼比/%实测模态频率/Hz转化后的模态频率/Hz相对误差/%
10.7514.39514.4260.22
20.7616.36117.3996.34
30.6620.97419.1938.49
40.9421.86222.3502.23
50.7032.31528.53811.69
60.4933.42833.1500.83
70.4634.15733.5502.36
80.8939.00742.2018.19
90.8243.71243.2031.16
100.9445.97748.5375.57
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431859155039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

转化前后的模态频率对比

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模态数阻尼比/%实测模态频率/Hz转化后的模态频率/Hz相对误差/%
10.7514.39514.4260.22
20.7616.36117.3996.34
30.6620.97419.1938.49
40.9421.86222.3502.23
50.7032.31528.53811.69
60.4933.42833.1500.83
70.4634.15733.5502.36
80.8939.00742.2018.19
90.8243.71243.2031.16
100.9445.97748.5375.57
), ArticleFig(id=1229121431938846817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

First order finite element displacement mode frequencies

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模态频率/Hz模态频率/Hz模态频率/Hz
115.0423.6738.1
219.7526.3838.2
319.9626.8
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第1阶有限元位移模态频率

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模态频率/Hz模态频率/Hz模态频率/Hz
115.0423.6738.1
219.7526.3838.2
319.9626.8
), ArticleFig(id=1229121432102424679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Comparison of virtual sensing accuracy between two experiments under the first working condition

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变形量感知方法虚拟感知误差
RMSE/mmMAE/mmRPE/%
位移11.2 mmCMT-SEREP法0.4700.66550.991
模态法0.1300.21015.110
CMT-LC法0.0850.1629.005
位移22.5 mmCMT-SEREP法0.621.0138.75
模态法0.390.7724.27
CMT-LC0.200.2113.12
), ArticleFig(id=1229121432177922153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

工况一下两组实验的虚拟感知误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变形量感知方法虚拟感知误差
RMSE/mmMAE/mmRPE/%
位移11.2 mmCMT-SEREP法0.4700.66550.991
模态法0.1300.21015.110
CMT-LC法0.0850.1629.005
位移22.5 mmCMT-SEREP法0.621.0138.75
模态法0.390.7724.27
CMT-LC0.200.2113.12
), ArticleFig(id=1229121432249225324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Comparison of virtual sensing accuracy between two experiments under the second working condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变形量感知方法虚拟感知误差
RMSE/mmMAE/mmRPE/%
位移11.2 mmCMT-SEREP法0.780.6245.32
模态法0.350.4536.15
CMT-LC法0.230.2713.26
位移22.5 mmCMT-SEREP法0.821.2548.72
模态法0.420.8234.27
CMT-LC法0.300.2815.14
), ArticleFig(id=1229121432404414575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805176123912434, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

工况二下两组实验的虚拟感知误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变形量感知方法虚拟感知误差
RMSE/mmMAE/mmRPE/%
位移11.2 mmCMT-SEREP法0.780.6245.32
模态法0.350.4536.15
CMT-LC法0.230.2713.26
位移22.5 mmCMT-SEREP法0.821.2548.72
模态法0.420.8234.27
CMT-LC法0.300.2815.14
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复实验模态下相控阵天线阵面变形的虚拟感知
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周金柱 1 , 赵征 1 , 王林 1 , 徐文华 2 , 成东明 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(4): 663-676
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(4): 663-676
复实验模态下相控阵天线阵面变形的虚拟感知
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周金柱1 , 赵征1, 王林1, 徐文华2, 成东明1
作者信息
  • 1.西安电子科技大学高性能电子装备机电集成制造全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710071
  • 2.中国电子科技集团公司第十四研究所,江苏 南京 210039

通讯作者:

周金柱(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Virtual sensing of surface deformation for phased array antenna under complex experimental modal
Jinzhu ZHOU1 , Zheng ZHAO1, Lin WANG1, Wenhua XU2, Dongming CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-performance Electronic Equipments,Xidian University,Xi’an 710071,China
  • 2.The 14th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Corporation,Nanjing 210039,China
出版时间: 2025-04-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.001
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相控阵天线阵面变形对电磁性能的影响较大,如何用稀疏光纤光栅应变传感器的应变测量信息实时感知天线阵面变形是实现结构健康监测和电磁性能调控的关键。本文提出了复实验模态下结构变形的虚拟感知方法。在该方法中,利用复模态转化方法处理模态测试获得的复模态数据以获得对应的实位移模态;利用模态扩展实现有限量实位移模态的全场扩展;结合扩展的实位移模态和有限元模态数据,推导了两个表征稀疏应变测量信息与全场位移映射关系的变形虚拟感知方程CMT-SEREP(complex mode transformation-system equivalent reduction expansion process)和CMT-LC(complex mode transformation-local correspondence),以实现利用稀疏应变测量信息来估计变形阵面结构形状。研制了大型相控阵天线阵面变形实验平台,并开展了三种工况下不同感知方法的对比实验。实验结果表明,所提方法能利用稀疏应变测试信息重构出天线阵面结构的全场位移,并且CMT-LC法比CMT-SEREP法的感知精度高;对比传统的模态法,CMT-LC变形虚拟感知的相对百分比误差至少降低了6.105%。该方法不仅适用于非比例阻尼天线结构的变形感知,也适用于其他复杂工程结构的健康监测。

相控阵天线  /  模态扩展  /  光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器  /  结构变形  /  虚拟感知

The electromagnetic performance of phased array antenna is greatly affected by the phased array antenna surface deformation. How to apply the strain measurement data of sparse fiber grating strain sensors to sense the shape of antenna array is the key to realize structural health monitoring and electromagnetic performance control. This paper proposes a virtual sensing method for structural deformation under complex experimental modes. In this method,the complex mode transformation is first used to process the complex mode data obtained from modal testing to obtain the corresponding real displacement modes,and then the full field expansion of finite real displacement modes is realized using mode expansion;Combining the extended real displacement modal and finite element modal data,two virtual sensing equations named CMT-SEREP(complex mode transformation-system equivalent reduction expansion process)and CMT-LC(complex mode transformation-local correspondence),which characterize the relationship between sparse measured strain information and the full field displacement of the structure,have been derived to achieve the real-time estimation of the deformation shape of the antenna structure from sparse measured strain information. Using the developed large phased array antenna array deformation experimental platform,experimental verification of different sensing methods was carried out under three deformation working conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reconstruct the full field displacement of the antenna array structure using sparse strain measurement information,and the sensing accuracy of CMT-LC is higher than that of CMT-SEREP. Compared to the traditional modal method,the relative percentage error of deformation sensing using CMT-LC method has been reduced by at least 6.105%. This method is not only suitable for deformation sensing of non-proportional damping antenna structures,but also suitable for other complex engineering structures,and it has a great application potential.

phased array antenna  /  modal expansion  /  fiber Bragg grating strain sensor  /  structural deformation  /  virtual sensing
周金柱, 赵征, 王林, 徐文华, 成东明. 复实验模态下相控阵天线阵面变形的虚拟感知. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (4) : 663 -676 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.001
Jinzhu ZHOU, Zheng ZHAO, Lin WANG, Wenhua XU, Dongming CHENG. Virtual sensing of surface deformation for phased array antenna under complex experimental modal[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (4) : 663 -676 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.001
相控阵天线广泛应用于雷达、通信和电子对抗等领域,其作用相当于人的“眼睛”。在服役中,相控阵天线通常会受到重力、振动、风载和高/低温等载荷的作用,阵面结构会变形,导致电性能恶化,影响其实战性能[1-2]。为了保障相控阵天线的高性能服役,可实时调控天线单元激励,补偿阵面变形的影响;然而,该方法需要准确感知天线阵面服役期间的结构变形[3-4]
目前,相控阵天线阵面变形感知方法分为非接触式测量和接触式测量[1]。非接触式测量主要采用光电检测技术获取被测对象上测量点的位移。常用的测量设备有经纬仪、激光跟踪仪、工业相机等。接触式测量通过埋入阵面结构中的有限应变或加速度传感器测量检测点的应变或加速度,然后利用重构算法实现天线阵面变形的虚拟感知。对比接触式测量,非接触式测量需要在阵面前方布设测试仪器,如相机,这会影响电磁波的收发,难以满足服役中天线阵面变形的实时感知。因此,在服役中,通常使用接触式测量实现阵面变形的监测。在接触式测量技术中,光纤光栅应变传感器具有体积小、抗干扰以及易与结构集成的特点,已成功应用于智能蒙皮天线和相控阵天线阵面[13-4]。然而,由于阵面安装空间和传感器成本的限制,实际应用中通常在有限位置处布置应变传感器,如何利用稀疏传感器的测量信息估计感兴趣位置或全场位移成为关键。
虚拟感知是一种利用可测位置处的传感器测量信息和感知模型来估计感兴趣位置处或全场物理量(如应变、位移和温度等)的方法,它也被称为软测量或响应重构等[5]。感知模型是实现虚拟感知的关键,它需要包含系统动力学和传感器的相关信息,构建方法包含物理建模、数据建模和混合建模[5-6]。物理建模方法通常使用有限元模型信息构建系统感知模型,然后使用传感器的测试信息和感知模型计算感兴趣位置或全场的物理量。例如,根据加速度测量值和有限元模型信息构建应变场感知模型,进而利用应变场评估结构的疲劳寿命[7]。数据建模方法利用机器学习算法建立难以直接测量的目标物理量和传感器测量信息之间的经验映射关系,该方法通常应用到难以应用物理建模的工业过程等领域[8-10]。混合建模是物理建模和数据建模的结合,近年来该方法逐渐获得了应用。例如,KULLAA[11]提出了贝叶斯虚拟感知方法。通过结合模态扩展和贝叶斯估计算法消除测量噪声,进而实现全场响应的高精度估计[12]
在结构变形虚拟感知的研究领域,通常使用物理建模方法构建结构全场响应的感知模型。目前常用的系统感知方法主要包括模态展开、KO位移和逆有限元等。基于模态展开的系统感知方法不受模型复杂性的限制,它是利用模态叠加原理推导出应变与位移之间的感知模型,然后根据应变测量信息,利用感知模型实现任意几何复杂结构的全场位移感知。该方法在风力发电叶片、海洋平台、桥梁等领域获得了成功应用[13-16]。KO位移是NASA根据经典梁理论提出的机翼变形虚拟感知公式,利用该公式和有限量的应变测量信息可估计机翼变形[17-18]。逆有限元法是利用加权最小二乘泛函的最小化来实现全场位移的虚拟感知,该方法在板、梁和壳等简单结构的变形感知中获得了成功应用[19-20]。然而,相控阵天线阵面结构中通常安装了很多离散的天线单元,并且单元的几何形状复杂,难以利用逆有限元单元和KO位移实现天线阵面变形的高精度感知[21]。考虑到基于模态展开的虚拟感知方法不受结构模型复杂性的限制,因此,该方法在相控阵天线阵面变形的感知中具有较大的应用潜力。
模态展开是一种基于模态振型展开系统响应的线性变换方法,它利用有限量的加速度、位移或应变测试信息和感知模型来估计结构的全场位移或应变场。在该领域中,FOSS等[22]首先利用应变模态、位移模态和实测应变构建了虚拟感知模型。随后,很多研究利用该虚拟感知模型实现了由稀疏光纤布拉格光栅(fiber Bragg grating,FBG)应变传感器测量信息来实时感知全场位移[13-16]。系统等效约简展开过程(system equivalent reduction expansion process,SEREP)是另一种利用结构模态振型和最小二乘方法来找到可用于展开或缩减数据的传递矩阵(矩阵的逆)的方法[23]。例如,PAK[24]用KO位移法将测量的机翼应变进行积分以获得挠度,然后使用SEREP法将其扩展到全场位移,通过翼形平板验证了其有效性。最近,研究人员使用SEREP和有限元应变模态构建了结构应变场的感知模型,实现了利用有限量测量应变、估计结构应变场[25]。然而,上述基于模态展开的全场位移或应变虚拟感知结果依赖结构有限元模型的准确度,一旦模型建模误差较大,全场应变或位移的感知精度会受到很大影响。
在模态扩展方法中,利用实验模态振型代替有限元模态振型能够提高感知精度。扩展实验模态振型本质上是对有限元模型的更新,它能够降低有限元模型的建模误差。文献[26-28]提出并进一步发展了扩展实验模态振型的方法。该方法通过找到实验模态和分析模态之间的线性关系来改善精度。通常,实验模态振型具有一组空间有限的自由度,而分析模型具有更大的自由度集。LEVINE-WEST等[29]将扩展方法分为三类:直接法、投影法和误差法。TARPØ等[30-31]通过对实验模态振型的扩展,实现了海洋实验平台结构的应变场虚拟感知,然后利用感知的应变场评估其疲劳寿命。随后,TARPØ等[32]将扩展实验模态振型推广到非线性时变系统的应变场估计中,并通过数值仿真和实验测试验证了该方法提高应变场估计的准确性。然而,TARPØ没有研究利用扩展实验模态振型来构建全场位移感知模型的方法。
本文提出基于复数实验模态扩展的结构变形虚拟感知方法,以实现从稀疏应变测量信息来实时估计天线阵面结构的变形形状。考虑到实际中相控阵天线阵面结构复杂,各组成部件之间的连接装配存在阻尼或摩擦,天线阵面结构的模态测试结果通常是复实验模态,难以直接利用实验模态振型实现阵面变形的感知。为此,本文首先给出复实验模态转化为实位移模态的计算方法;然后利用模态扩展方法实现有限实位移模态的全场扩展;最后结合扩展后的实位移模态和天线阵面结构有限元模态数据,推导两个全场位移虚拟感知方程CMT-SEREP(complex mode transformation-system equivalent reduction expansion process)和CMT-LC(complex mode transformation-local correspondence),进而利用虚拟感知方程和稀疏应变测量信息估计变形天线阵面形状。
在服役中,天线阵面在风载、振动、气动、重力等外部载荷作用下会发生变形,影响阵面中安装的天线单元位置,天线单元位置变化影响最终的天线电性能。在前期的工作中,本文作者提出了嵌入光纤光栅应变传感器的智能天线阵面结构[14]。在该结构中,利用应变传感器的测量信息实现阵面结构变形感知和电性能主动补偿,以保障天线可靠服役[13-4]
在实际中,相控阵天线阵面结构中通常安装了很多离散天线单元,如图1(a)所示。考虑到安装空间、电磁干扰和传感器成本的限制,工程中通常使用有限量的光纤光栅应变传感器,如图1(b)所示,这意味着不是在每个天线单元位置处都要布设应变传感器。然而,相控阵天线服役期间的电性能主动补偿需要准确地感知每个天线中心处的位移[13-4]。因此,如何利用稀疏的光纤光栅应变传感器测量的应变信息来实时估计阵面变形或感知每个天线单元位置处的位移是一个难题,也是实现服役中变形相控阵天线电性能主动补偿的关键技术,如图2所示。
结构的模态分析理论为稀疏应变测量信息下的天线阵面变形虚拟感知提供了一个解决途径。根据模态叠加理论[313],天线阵面结构中任意位置处的位移响应y表示为:
式中,Φ=[ϕ1  ϕ2 …  ϕr]为N×r阶的位移模态矩阵,其中ϕr表示第r阶位移模态向量;qrRr×1为模态坐标向量;r为截取模态数;N表示全场点的个数。
与上述位移响应相同,阵面结构任意位置处的应变ε可以表示为各阶应变模态的线性组合:
式中,Ψ=[φ1  φ2 …  φr]为m×r阶的应变模态矩阵,其中,φr表示第r阶应变模态向量,m为传感器数目。
由式(2)可知,当传感器数目m大于等于截取模态数r时(即mr),模态坐标向量可以求解为:
式中,ΨΨ的伪逆矩阵,即Ψ=(ΨTΨ)-1ΨT
当应变传感器的数目为m×r时,把式(3)代入式(1),得到变形阵面结构的全场位移计算公式:
如果使用有限元模型提取的位移模态矩阵ΦFE代替式(4)中的Φ,式(4)就是传统的基于模态法的变形虚拟感知方程[13-1622]
该方程利用提取的全场有限元位移模态矩阵ΦFE建立测量应变到全场位移的转换矩阵,然后通过稀疏的应变测量信息(rm < N)实现全场位移的虚拟感知。然而由于相控阵天线阵面结构复杂,实际中不可避免地存在有限元的建模误差,从天线阵面结构的有限元模态分析结果中提取的位移模态矩阵ΦFE与实际模态通常存在较大的差距,导致阵面变形的虚拟感知精度较低。为此,本文提出利用实验模态代替有限元模态,并通过模态扩展实现从稀疏应变测量信息到全场位移的虚拟感知。
大型相控阵天线阵面通常使用很多螺栓安装大量的离散天线单元,阵面结构属于非比例阻尼结构,其实验模态的测试结果通常为复数模态。因此,方程(5)中ΦFE不能直接使用实测的复数位移模态矩阵实现变形阵面结构的全场位移感知。为此,本节提出基于复实验模态扩展的结构变形虚拟感知方法,以实现稀疏应变测量信息下阵面结构变形的实时估计,如图3所示。
该方法包括三个阶段:第一阶段是建立有限元模型,为实验模态测试提供参考数据,并通过模态分析获得有限元位移模态和应变模态。第二阶段是通过实物模态测试获得复数实验模态,并通过复模态到实模态的转化获得对应实模态;然后利用模态扩展方法获得扩展后的实验位移模态,并代替式(5)中的有限元位移模态矩阵ΦFE,获得基于实验模态的全场位移虚拟感知方程。第三阶段是利用稀疏测量应变信息和虚拟感知方程计算全场位移,以实现变形阵面结构的全场位移感知。
针对工程中实验模态测试结果为复模态的问题,本节给出从复模态到实模态的复模态(complex mode transformation,CMT)转化方法,为实现全场位移虚拟感知方程的推导奠定基础。
首先利用模态测试仪对实物结构进行模态测试。假设模态测试后获得的复数模态矩阵和复数特征值向量分别用HCa×nλCn×1表示,其中,an分别表示模态测试中使用的传感器数目和模态仿真中提取的结构模态阶数,并且满足a > n
根据文献[33]中给出的复模态转化方法,首先利用H的实部构造特征向量XRa×n
式中,Re(hi)∈Ra×1(i=1,2,…,n)表示对H的第i列向量hi取实部运算。
然后利用奇异值分解方法处理实数矩阵X,可以得到:
式中,TRa×nΣRn×nVRn×n
考虑到模态测试后获得的复数模态矩阵H和复数特征值向量λ中的每一个元素都是复数,为此,将它们分别扩展为复共轭模态矩阵HconCa×2n和复共轭特征向量,然后利用矩阵THcon进行降阶,得到降阶后的位移模态矩阵
代入有阻尼结构的特征值方程中,得到:
式中,模态向量为矩阵的第i列;λi为复数特征值向量λ的第i个元素;MKC分别表示结构的质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵。
上述2n个方程可以同时求解M-1 KRn×nM-1CRn×n。然后,利用M-1 K构建无阻尼结构对应的特征值方程:
利用MATLAB中的eig函数计算式(10),可以得到M-1 K对应的特征向量和特征值ω2
最后,通过矩阵TRa×n和特征向量,求出复数位移模态矩阵对应的实位移模态矩阵:
利用前面复模态到实模态的转化方法,可以获得a个位置处测量的实位移模态Φexp,aRa×n。本节结合这些实测模态数据和仿真模态数据,推导了两种从稀疏测量应变到变形阵面全场位移的虚拟感知方程。下面首先给出两种模态数据的处理方法。
上述Φexp,a不是结构所有位置处(N > a)的位移模态矩阵。为此,本节将利用模态扩展获得全场的实验位移模态矩阵,然后代替式(4)中的矩阵Φ以形成基于实验位移模态扩展的结构变形虚拟感知方程。
首先,将实位移模态Φexp,a中的每一阶位移模态振型向量ϕexp,i(即第i列)都分为拟合自由度振型集和观测自由度振型集:
式中,ϕexp,iRa×1表示第i阶实验位移模态向量;ϕexp,fit,iRf×1表示拟合自由度振型,其中f表示拟合点个数;ϕexp,obs,iRo×1表示观测自由度振型,其中o表示观测点个数。
然后,建立实物结构的有限元模型,通过模态分析提取仿真位移模态ΦFERN×n,并将其分为与实验模态测试位置对应的激活自由度有限元模态ΦFEaRa×n和剩余自由度模态ΦFEdRd×nd为剩余自由度个数);然后再将ΦFEa分为与实验位移模态具有相同维数的拟合自由度振型ΦFE,fitRf×n和观测自由度振型ΦFE,obsRo×n,即
利用上述实测模态数据Φexp,a和有限元模态数据ΦFEa,首先,根据系统等效缩减展开过程原理(SEREP)[2334],把这a个位置处测量的实位移模态Φexp,a扩展到全场位移模态;然后,利用扩展的全场位移模态代替式(4)中的Φ,进而得到基于SEREP的全场位移虚拟感知方程,具体做法如下:
根据系统等效缩减展开过程原理,有限测点处的实验位移模态可以表示为有限元位移模态振型的线性组合:
式中,TSEREPRn×n为转换矩阵。
式(14)两边左乘后求逆,得到转化矩阵:
式中,表示ΦFEa的伪逆矩阵。
根据SEREP的原理[23]和式(13),利用全场有限元模态ΦFEΦexp,a进行扩展,得到下式:
式中,ΦexpRN×n表示扩展后的全场实验位移模态。
利用扩展后的实验位移模态Φexp代替式(4)中的Φ,得到基于复模态转化(CMT)和SEREP的全场位移虚拟感知方程(简称CMT-SEREP):
当已知传感器测量的稀疏应变信息ε时,利用方程(17)可以快速估计阵面变形的全场位移ŷ
上述CMT-SEREP利用固定有限元模态扩展有限量实验位移模态以形成全场实验位移模态。不同于上述方法,本节利用局部对应(local correspondence,LC)原理[35]选择有限元模态振型的最佳子空间来扩展实验位移模态,进而形成基于复模态转化(CMT)和LC原理的全场位移虚拟感知方程(简称CMT-LC)。
根据文献[35]中的LC原理,第i阶实验位移模态ϕexp,i可以表示为有限元仿真位移模态的线性组合:
式中,表示投影向量。
为了利用测量的实位移模态Φexp,aRa×n求解,需要根据第i阶实验位移模态对应频率到有限元位移模态对应频率的距离大小,由近到远地选择最佳有限元位移模态振型。为此,本文引入选择矩阵S(mi),从激活自由度有限元模态ΦFEa中选择最佳子振型。因此,第i阶实验位移模态可以表示为:
式中,S(mi)∈Rn×n为主对角线元素为0或1的对角矩阵;mi表示第i阶实验位移模态对应的选择矩阵中主对角线元素为1的个数。
图4给出了使用2阶有限元位移模态扩展第i阶实验位移模态时的选择矩阵案例,图中coli表示第i阶频率对应的拟合自由度位移模态振型。在一般情况下,第i阶实验位移模态对应的频率与有限元位移模态对应的频率fi最接近,那么第二接近的有限元位移模态频率是fi+1(或fi-1),故选择矩阵第ii+1(或i-1)列的主对角元素为1,其他元素为0。
根据式(12)和(13),拟合自由度振型和观测自由度振型都满足方程(19)。因此,在拟合自由度集下,式(19)经伪逆运算后,得到其投影向量
将式(20)代入观测自由度振型的计算公式:
式中,为计算的观测自由度振型。
利用模态置信准则(modal assurance criterion,MAC)评估上述计算振型与测量振型的拟合质量:
最后,利用下式找到最大MAC值对应的最优模态数目,并确定选择矩阵
式(23)使用枚举法求解,其过程如下。当扩展第i阶实验位移模态时,按照频率差值由小到大的顺序选择有限元位移模态,如图4所示。首先,选取频率差值最小的第i阶有限元位移模态,其次选择邻近的第i-1或i+1阶有限元位移模态。如果选取mi个有限元位移模态,利用式(22)计算得到MAC值为Fobs,i(mi);当mi从1取到n时会产生n个MAC值,即Fobs,i(1),Fobs,i(2),…,Fobs,i(n),从求得的n个MAC值中选取最大的MAC值,其对应的模态数目为最优振型数,进而确定了第i阶实验位移模态的最优选择矩阵
根据式(20),确定了就相当于已知了投影向量。然后,根据式(18)并利用模态扩展原理,第i阶实验位移模态经过扩展后的全自由度位移模态可以表示为:
式中,表示扩展后的第i阶实验位移模态,其自由度大于扩展前的实测自由度a,即N > a
通过方程(24),实现了第i阶实验位移模态自由度的全场扩展。重复上述过程,直到完成所有阶实验位移模态自由度的全场扩展。最后将扩展后的向量组成扩展实验位移模态矩阵
使用代替式(4)中的Φ,得到基于复实验位移模态扩展后的全场位移虚拟感知方程(CMT-LC):
代入稀疏FBG应变传感器测量的应变ε,利用式(26)计算变形量ŷ,以实现全场位移虚拟感知。
上面推导了复模态下两个变形虚拟感知方程CMT-SEREP和CMT-LC,下面给出方程的应用。
本文使用相控阵天线阵面变形实验平台开展验证,其详细介绍见文献[1]。该平台的阵面是由长、宽和厚分别为2780、1734和10 mm的铝板、天线单元、FBG应变传感器和作动器等组成,如图5所示。在图5(a)中,阵面背面通常安装微波收发组件电路,FBG应变传感器埋入阵面结构中的有限位置。
该平台主体是由天线面板、控制面板形状的9个调整机构和平台的支撑骨架组成。天线面板安装在9个调整机构上,通过控制9个调整机构使天线面板产生不同的阵面变形以模拟实际服役工况,如图5(b)所示。本实验利用调整结构使天线阵面产生变形,并通过有限量FBG应变传感器测量的稀疏应变信息和虚拟感知方程来估计天线阵面结构变形。
图5(a)中的天线阵面结构埋入了4串裸光纤光栅应变传感器。通过在一根光纤上布置多个光纤布拉格光栅应变传感器,可以实现分布式应变测试。工程中通常有两种制作裸光纤光栅串的方法:第一种是将单个光纤光栅通过光纤熔接机熔接在一起;第二种是根据传感器位置的需求,设计并制备裸光纤光栅应变传感器串。
本文使用第二种方法设计并制备了两种型号的光纤光栅串,以避免多个光纤光栅熔接形成的信号衰减而导致的应变测试误差。图6给出了本文设计的两种型号的光纤光栅应变传感器串。两种型号的栅区长度均为10 mm。型号1设计了10个栅区,栅区间距均为170 mm;型号2设计了7个栅区,栅区间距是不均匀的,即从传感器1到传感器7的栅区间距分别为:600、315、665、665、315和600 mm。
为了避免波长变化对相邻波长信号的影响,将相邻波长间隔分别定为7和10 nm,波长设置如表1所示。裸光纤光栅应变传感器串的涂层材料为聚酰亚胺。对比传统的丙烯酸酯,聚酰亚胺具有较好的力学性能和可靠性。
利用上述设计的FBG应变传感器串,本文制备了型号1和型号2的裸光纤光栅应变传感器串各两条。然后,将这些应变传感器串埋入天线阵面结构面板的沟槽中,其在阵面的布局如图7(a)所示。最后,将这4条传感器串与解调仪的4个通道相连,其中,第1、2通道连接型号1的两条传感器串,第3、4通道连接型号2的两条传感器串。
FBG应变传感器的安装质量决定最终应变测试的准确性。在安装时,首先用砂纸打磨需要粘贴传感器的位置并用酒精擦拭,以确保粘贴位置的清洁;然后用胶带在栅区外的两端初步固定其位置,在此过程中要保证安装的传感器栅区处有一定初始应力;接着按照1∶1的比例混合调制出环氧树脂胶,并轻轻涂抹在栅区的位置以保证胶的厚度适宜;最后经过晾干固化后,传感器便安装完成,如图7(b)所示。
完成应变传感器粘接后,通过螺栓连接,在铝板正面装配8块天线子阵,每个天线子阵中安装了32个天线辐射单元。图8给出了该实验平台的天线装配。
利用上述相控阵天线实验平台开展模态测试,并根据2.1节给出的复模态到实模态的转化方法计算出其对应的实模态,为后面基于实验模态扩展的虚拟感知提供实位移模态数据。
相控阵天线实验平台安装完成后,利用模态测试实验获得该实验平台的模态数据。模态测试实验如图9所示。
根据有限元位移模态振型以及相控阵天线实验平台的大小和形状,在天线阵面上布置113个模态测点,如图10所示。图中,红色方框代表拟合自由度,紫色三角框代表观测自由度。模态实验中使用两种测试方式:一是使用移动加速度传感器固定点锤击的方式进行模态测试(在模态测点8处进行多次敲击,每次移动6个加速度传感器);二是在模态测点1、7、53、61、107、113处粘贴加速度传感器,移动力锤敲击。通过这两种测试结果的对比,获得较为准确的结果。
根据上述实物建立其有限元模型,如图11所示。然后通过模态分析提取位移模态、应变模态和频率。表2给出了模态测试获得的频率和有限元模型分析获得的频率,并用相对误差E评估二者的差异:
式中,fmfc分别表示实验模态频率和有限元模态频率。
表2可知,第2、5、6和7阶的频率相对误差较大,其原因可能是由有限元建模中螺栓连接部分的建模误差引起的。
上述阵面结构属于非比例阻尼结构,其实验测试的位移模态振型属于复模态。为此,利用2.1节的复模态到实模态的转化方法,将模态实验测得的前10阶复实验位移模态转换为实位移模态。实验测试的模态频率和转化后的无阻尼结构实模态频率对比如表3所示。由表3可知,复模态转化为实模态后,不仅转化后的模态频率相对误差较小,并且通过转化获得了该结构的实位移模态振型数据,为后续的变形虚拟感知奠定了基础。
利用上述实验平台的实验模态数据和变形实验装置,本节将评估复模态下的两种变形虚拟感知方程CMT-SEREP和CMT-LC的有效性。除此之外,本节还使用工程中常用的基于有限元模态的虚拟感知方法[13-1622]与本文提出的CMT-SEREP法和CMT-LC法进行对比。为了评估阵面变形感知的精度,本文使用均方根误差RMSE、最大误差MAE、相对百分比误差RPE三个指标对结果进行评估:
式中,ŷ表示利用虚拟感知方程计算的位移值;ym表示实际测量位移,本实验使用郑州辰维科技股份有限公司的摄影测量系统进行位移测量;N表示全场位移虚拟感知点的数量。
利用相控阵天线实验平台背面安装的调整机构,使阵面产生变形以模拟相控阵天线服役中的阵面结构变形。如图12所示,9个调整机构连接在面板背部,通过控制调整机构的伸缩位移使面板产生前后运动,从而导致阵面产生不同的结构变形。
利用下述实验装置,在相同的阵面变形工况和应变测试信息下,本文使用模态法[13-1622]和两种感知方法(CMT-SEREP法和CMT-LC法)分别实现阵面变形形状的虚拟感知,然后与摄影测量结果进行对比,以评估不同感知方法的有效性。
在实验中,直接利用有限元模型提取的位移模态振型和传感器测量的应变数据,通过式(5)实现全场位移虚拟感知。在应用CMT-SEREP法和CMT-LC法时,首先需要开展模态测试,然后通过复模态转化方法将实验测得的复位移模态转换为位移实模态,进而利用式(17)和(26)分别实现全场位移的虚拟感知。最后,利用摄影测量结果评估阵面变形的虚拟感知。在该实验中,三种方法都使用前8阶模态振型实现虚拟感知。
在应用CMT-LC法时,需要将部分模态测点自由度分为拟合自由度和观测自由度两组,然后利用拟合自由度对实验位移模态进行扩展,最后利用观测自由度来观测拟合的质量。
首先,需要选定图10中所示的测点1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15、18、20、22、24、27、29、31、33、36、38、40、42、45、47、49、51、54、56、58、60、63、65、67、69、72、74、76、78、81、83、85、87、90、92、94、96、99、101、103、105、107、109、111、113等52个测点为拟合自由度。测点2、4、6、10、12、14、19、21、23、28、30、32、 37、39、41、46、48、50、55、57、59、64、66、68、73、75、77、82、84、86、91、93、95、100、102、104、108、110、112等39个测点为观测自由度。然后,从有限元模型中找到与上述52个拟合自由度测点和39个观测自由度测点对应的有限元模型节点编号,从而使实验模态信息和有限元模态信息相对应。
下面以第1阶实验位移模态(表3中的第1阶模态频率14.395 Hz)的扩展为例,说明CMT-LC法在本实验中的实验位移模态扩展实现过程。
首先,根据有限元位移模态所对应的频率到所需扩展实验位移模态频率之间的距离,由近到远排列有限元位移模态振型。表4为扩展第1阶实验位移模态建立的有限元位移模态频率,有限元第1阶模态频率与第1阶实验位移模态频率最相近,故有限元第1阶模态会包含第1阶实验位移模态最多振型信息。
根据式(22)计算得到各阶有限元位移模态扩展第1阶实验位移模态的MAC值,然后利用MAC值评估拟合质量。图13给出了本实验中扩展第1阶实验位移模态的MAC值。
当有限元的模态阶数为7时,MAC值最大,拟合质量最好。当加上第8阶模态时,MAC值下降,表明出现了过拟合现象。因此,取表4中的前7阶有限元位移模态建立投影向量去扩展第一阶实验位移模态时,能够得到最高的拟合质量。
重复上述流程可以扩展其他阶的实验位移模态。扩展后的实验位移模态可用于方程(26)中,以实现稀疏应变测量信息下的全场位移虚拟感知。
根据相控阵天线服役中的典型变形情况,本实验设计了两个静态变形工况和一个动态变形工况开展实验验证工作。
(1)工况一
在该工况下,图12所示的相控阵天线实验平台的左右两端六个作动器固定,中部三个作动器4、5和6同时向前施加相同的位移,导致阵面中部出现弯曲变形。本研究开展了变形位移分别为1.2和2.5 mm的两个实验。根据这些实验数据,利用模态法、CMT-SEREP法和CMT-LC法分别实现阵面结构中256个目标点位移的虚拟感知。图14给出了三种方法的虚拟感知结果和实测变形形状的对比。从图14中可以看到,CMT-LC法和模态法的变形感知结果最接近实测变形形状。
利用均方根误差RMSE、最大误差MAE和相对百分比误差RPE定量评价这三种方法的感知精度。表5给出了工况一下的虚拟感知误差对比结果。从表5中可以看到,CMT-SEREP法的全场位移感知误差最大,而CMT-LC法的感知误差最小。根据表5中的数据,如果利用相对百分比误差的差值作为变形感知误差降低的评价指标,那么在两种变形下,CMT-LC法比工程中常用模态法的相对百分比误差分别降低了6.105%和11.15%。
(2)工况二
在该工况下,图12所示的实验平台左右两端六个作动器及中部上下两个作动器固定,中间的作动器5做前后运动,导致阵面中部凸起变形。本文通过给作动器5分别施加位移为1.2和2.5 mm的两种变形量,以评估不同虚拟感知方法的有效性。根据这些实验数据,利用三种方法分别实现阵面结构中256个目标点位移的虚拟感知。图15给出了阵面变形感知结果的对比。
表6给出了工况二下的三种方法虚拟感知误差对比结果。由图15表6可知,在工况二下,CMT-LC法的感知精度最高,CMT-SEREP法的感知精度最低。根据表6中的数据,如果利用不同方法的相对百分比误差差值作为变形感知误差降低的评价指标,那么在这两种变形下,CMT-LC法比模态法的相对百分比误差分别降低了22.89%和19.13%。
对比工况一和工况二,三种虚拟感知方法在工况二的感知精度降低。原因可能是工况二下的有限元模型建模误差大,造成有限元位移模态与实验位移模态差距增大,导致虚拟感知误差增大。尽管如此,在同样的有限元建模误差和输入数据下,CMT-LC法比其他方法具备更高的感知精度。
(3)工况三
在该工况下,实验平台左右两端六个作动器及中部上下两个作动器固定,中间的作动器5做前后伸缩运动,其运动轨迹如图16所示。根据阵面布设的光纤光栅应变传感器测量的应变信息,利用CMT-LC法进行天线阵面变形的虚拟感知,然后与测量的真实位移进行对比。图16给出了实验平台中心处的感知位移与真实位移的对比结果。
图16中可知,CMT-LC法能够利用稀疏传感器测量的应变信息实现未布设应变传感器位置处动态位移的虚拟感知,其感知误差随着结构变形量的增加而增加。当作动器5伸出量的最大位移为5 mm时,其最大的感知误差小于0.4 mm。
从上述实验结果可知,本文提出的CMT-LC法比CMT-SEREP法能更准确地实现稀疏应变测量信息下的阵面位移感知。主要原因如下:CMT-SEREP法通过选择固定有限元振型的子空间来扩展少量实验模态振型,以形成扩展的全场实验位移模态,然而固定有限元振型的使用会导致过拟合,进而导致感知误差大;CMT-LC法通过选择有限元模态振型的最佳子空间来扩展少量实验模态振型,并通过MAC值的计算以避免其过拟合。 CMT-SEREP法比模态法的感知精度低,主要原因是本研究利用模态测试结果对实验平台的有限元模型进行了修正,使得修正后的仿真模型与实际结果非常接近。对比工程中常用的模态法,CMT-LC法变形感知的相对百分比误差至少降低了6.105%。考虑到实际中复杂结构的有限元模型建模误差通常比较大,因此,CMT-LC法比模态法的变形感知精度会更高。
相控阵天线阵面变形感知精度的需求与其工作频率密切相关,其工作频率越高,要求的变形感知精度越高。在本案例中,天线工作频率是10 GHz,其对应的工作波长λ=30 mm。根据工程经验和机电耦合分析可知,当天线单元中心变形量小于0.02λ时,变形对其电性能的影响非常小。因此,本案例中的最大感知误差小于0.4 mm可以满足需求。
本文提出的CMT-LC法和CMT-SEREP法是通过实验模态扩展形成全场位移感知方法。不仅如此,该方法也可以拓展到应变场虚拟感知中,以实现结构损伤定位和疲劳寿命预测等。除此之外,与传统基于有限元模型的模态法一样,该方法不受结构模型复杂度的限制,通用性强。该方法不仅适用于复杂天线阵面的全场位移感知,也适用于其他复杂结构的健康监测,具有工程应用价值。
(1)提出了复实验模态下结构变形的虚拟感知方法。该方法首先利用复模态转化获得对应的实模态,然后通过模态扩展,推导了两个全场位移虚拟感知方程CMT-SEREP和CMT-LC,以实现从稀疏应变测量信息来实时估计结构变形。
(2)研制了相控阵天线阵面变形实验平台,并开展了不同变形工况和虚拟感知方法的实验验证。实验结果表明:提出的CMT-LC虚拟感知方程能更准确地实现变形天线阵面结构的全场位移感知。
(3)本文方法适用非比例阻尼结构的变形感知,通过结合有限元模态和实测模态数据以提高稀疏应变测量信息下全场位移的感知精度,并且该方法不受几何结构复杂性的限制,通用性好。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175247)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-JQ-43)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3306101)
  • 国防基础科研项目(30105010202)
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2025年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.04.001
  • 接收时间:2023-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-19
  • 修回日期:2023-06-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52175247)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2023-JC-JQ-43)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3306101)
国防基础科研项目(30105010202)
作者信息
    1.西安电子科技大学高性能电子装备机电集成制造全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710071
    2.中国电子科技集团公司第十四研究所,江苏 南京 210039

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周金柱(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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