Article(id=1228654094466876057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667232000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-01, revisedDate=1676044800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863563409, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863563409, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863563409, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863563409, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228654089437901468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='12', pageStart='1993', pageEnd='2167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863562211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863940325, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655675413299456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655675413299457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2066, endPage=2077, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228654094701757083, articleId=1228654094466876057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Study of the energetic properties of P1 wave reflected on the free boundary of unsaturated soil, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the porous medium theory and the continuum medium fluctuation theory,this paper studies the amplitude reflection and energy reflection properties of the plane P1 wave reflection on the unsaturated semi-space free boundary. Using Helmholtz decomposition theorem and specific free boundary conditions,the analytical expressions of the amplitude reflection coefficient and energy reflection coefficient of four types of reflected waves (reflection P1 wave,reflection P2 wave,reflection P3 wave,and reflection S wave) generated by the plane P1 wave are obtained,and the effects of incidence and saturation,frequency and porosity on energetic properties is analyzed. The results show that the amplitude reflection coefficient and energy reflection coefficient not only are affected by the angle of incidence,but also have significantly changed with the change of saturation,and the reflected P1 wave and reflected S wave carry the vast majority of the incident wave energy.

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基于多孔介质理论和连续介质波动理论,研究了非饱和半空间自由边界上平面P1波反射时,各类反射波的振幅反射以及能量反射特性。利用Helmholtz分解定理和具体的自由边界条件,得到了由平面P1波斜入射产生的4种反射波(反射P1波、反射P2波、反射P3波和反射S波)的振幅反射系数及能量反射系数的解析表达式,并通过数值算例分析了入射角度以及饱和度、频率和孔隙率等物理参数对能量特性的影响规律。结果表明:各反射波的振幅反射系数及能量反射系数不仅受到入射角的影响,同时也随着饱和度的改变而发生显著变化;入射波能量主要由反射P1波和反射S波携带。

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周凤玺(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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Physical parameters of the soil material

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参数名称参数符号/单位数值
孔隙率n0.23
土颗粒密度/(kg·m-3)3060
液体密度/(kg·m-3)1000
气体密度/(kg·m-3)1.3
液体体积模量Kw/GPa2.25
气体体积模量Kg/MPa0.11
骨架体积模量Kb/GPa1.02
Lame常数λ/GPa4.4
剪切模量μ/GPa2.8
固有渗透率kint/ m21×1010
液体动力黏滞系数/[kg·(m·s)-1]1×10-3
气体动力黏滞系数/[kg·(m·s)-1]1.8×10-5
V-G模型参数/Pa-11×10-4
0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228724755877003305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094466876057, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土体材料的物理参数

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参数名称参数符号/单位数值
孔隙率n0.23
土颗粒密度/(kg·m-3)3060
液体密度/(kg·m-3)1000
气体密度/(kg·m-3)1.3
液体体积模量Kw/GPa2.25
气体体积模量Kg/MPa0.11
骨架体积模量Kb/GPa1.02
Lame常数λ/GPa4.4
剪切模量μ/GPa2.8
固有渗透率kint/ m21×1010
液体动力黏滞系数/[kg·(m·s)-1]1×10-3
气体动力黏滞系数/[kg·(m·s)-1]1.8×10-5
V-G模型参数/Pa-11×10-4
0.5
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P1波在非饱和土自由边界上反射的能量特性研究
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周凤玺 1, 2 , 姚桃岐 1 , 柳鸿博 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(12): 2066-2077
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(12): 2066-2077
P1波在非饱和土自由边界上反射的能量特性研究
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周凤玺1, 2 , 姚桃岐1, 柳鸿博3
作者信息
  • 1兰州理工大学土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 2兰州理工大学西部土木工程防灾减灾教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 3东南大学土木工程学院,江苏 南京 211189
  • 周凤玺(1979—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

Study of the energetic properties of P1 wave reflected on the free boundary of unsaturated soil
Feng-xi ZHOU1, 2 , Tao-qi YAO1, Hong-bo LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University of Technology,Lanzhou 730050,China
  • 3School of Civil Engineering,Southeast University,Nanjing 211189,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.008
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基于多孔介质理论和连续介质波动理论,研究了非饱和半空间自由边界上平面P1波反射时,各类反射波的振幅反射以及能量反射特性。利用Helmholtz分解定理和具体的自由边界条件,得到了由平面P1波斜入射产生的4种反射波(反射P1波、反射P2波、反射P3波和反射S波)的振幅反射系数及能量反射系数的解析表达式,并通过数值算例分析了入射角度以及饱和度、频率和孔隙率等物理参数对能量特性的影响规律。结果表明:各反射波的振幅反射系数及能量反射系数不仅受到入射角的影响,同时也随着饱和度的改变而发生显著变化;入射波能量主要由反射P1波和反射S波携带。

非饱和土  /  平面P1波  /  波的反射  /  反射系数  /  能量分配

Based on the porous medium theory and the continuum medium fluctuation theory,this paper studies the amplitude reflection and energy reflection properties of the plane P1 wave reflection on the unsaturated semi-space free boundary. Using Helmholtz decomposition theorem and specific free boundary conditions,the analytical expressions of the amplitude reflection coefficient and energy reflection coefficient of four types of reflected waves (reflection P1 wave,reflection P2 wave,reflection P3 wave,and reflection S wave) generated by the plane P1 wave are obtained,and the effects of incidence and saturation,frequency and porosity on energetic properties is analyzed. The results show that the amplitude reflection coefficient and energy reflection coefficient not only are affected by the angle of incidence,but also have significantly changed with the change of saturation,and the reflected P1 wave and reflected S wave carry the vast majority of the incident wave energy.

unsaturated soil  /  plane P1-wave  /  wave reflection  /  reflection coefficient  /  energy distribution
周凤玺, 姚桃岐, 柳鸿博. P1波在非饱和土自由边界上反射的能量特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (12) : 2066 -2077 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.008
Feng-xi ZHOU, Tao-qi YAO, Hong-bo LIU. Study of the energetic properties of P1 wave reflected on the free boundary of unsaturated soil[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (12) : 2066 -2077 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.008
弹性波在多孔介质(如天然土、岩石等)中的传播问题一直是岩土工程、石油工程、海洋工程、声学、地球物理学中重要的研究课题,已有研究表明,弹性波在不同介质的交界面处垂直入射时会发生多次反射、透射与绕射,而在斜入射条件下还会发生压缩波(P波)与剪切波(S波)的波型转换1-2。上述现象使得交界面处的介质同时受到挤压和剪切作用,进而会引发一系列工程问题。例如,地震作用下,弹性波将在土层与空气分界处发生多次反射和透射现象,从而导致地面建筑物倾斜、开裂,甚至倒塌。此外,海底滑坡等自然灾害与弹性波在不同介质交界面处的反射和透射行为密不可分3。因此,研究弹性波在不同介质分界面处的反射与透射问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。基于Biot双相多孔介质波动模型4,对弹性波在饱和土中的反射与透射问题已经有一系列的研究成果5-10。近年来,周凤玺等11、周来江等12、陆建飞等13、印兴耀等14和杨春等15针对饱和多孔介质边界上弹性波的反射和透射问题,先后从不同层面开展了相关的研究。
然而,在工程实践中经常遇到处于地下水位以上的非饱和土,由于孔隙中气相和液相不同的物理力学特性使得其波动行为明显有别于饱和土体,因此弹性波在非饱和土中的传播特性研究显得十分重要。文献[16-18]基于连续介质力学的混合物理论建立了非饱和多孔弹性介质的波动方程,通过数值算例系统分析了非饱和多孔弹性介质中各类体波的波速和衰减系数随饱和度、频率和渗透系数等物理力学参数的变化规律。翟睿智等19通过考虑土颗粒间的吸应力建立了一类非饱和土三相波动模型,且基于V-G模型得到了非饱和土中体波的波速和衰减系数的解析表达式,并通过试验数据验证了其理论分析结果的有效性。LIU等20和ZHOU等21进一步对非饱和土中弹性波的衰减特性进行了研究。在此基础上文献[22-26]研究了非饱和多孔介质中不同界面上弹性波的反射与透射问题。
目前,关于弹性波在非饱和土中的传播特性研究主要集中在波速、波衰减以及在不同分界面上反射和透射过程中各种波引起的位移、应力等方面,但对于能量分配的研究还不完善。本文研究了平面P1波在非饱和土自由边界处反射时的能量变化行为。本文在多孔介质理论和非饱和土力学框架内对弹性波在非饱和半空间表面的反射及其能量特性进行了理论分析,并且考虑到平面P1波是体波中传播速度最快、衰减最慢的波。因此,不失一般性,文中仅对P1波的振幅反射和能量反射特性进行分析和讨论。
非饱和土是由固相、液相和气相组成的三相多孔介质,其动力学波动方程为21
式中  为剪切模量;为孔隙率;为Hamilton微分算子;为Cartesian坐标系中的Laplace算子;分别为液相和气相相对于固体骨架的相对位移矢量,可以表示为,其中分别表示固相、液相和气相的位移矢量;分别表示液相和气相的饱和度;分别表示固相、液相和气相的密度,非饱和土的总密度可表示为,其中固相、液相和气相的表观密度分别为;系数的具体表达式见附录A。
为便于分析,引入固‒液‒气三相介质位移矢量的Helmholtz势函数分解形式:
式中  分别为固体骨架、孔隙水和孔隙气体的标量势函数;分别为固体骨架、孔隙水和孔隙气体的矢量势函数。
将式(2a)~(2c)代入式(1a)~(1c),则波动方程表示如下:
式(3a)~(3f)的一般解可假设为以下形式:
式中  为虚数单位;表示角频率,其中表示频率。为对应势函数的振幅;分别表示压缩波和剪切波的复波数。
将式(4)代入式(3),并对方程两端进行散度和旋度运算,得到非饱和多孔弹性介质中体波的特征方程如下:
式(5a)表示压缩波的特征方程,式(5b)表示剪切波的特征方程,两个方程中的元素详见附录B。
通过式(5a)可解出6个复波数,式(5b)可解出2个复波数,其中Re和Im分别为实部和虚部,Re反映常规波数,Im反映波的衰减特性。由于波的振幅沿着波传播的方向衰减,所以。这意味着只有3个有意义的复根,即为3类压缩波(按照波速由大到小的顺序分别记为P1波、P2波和P3波)的复波数,压缩P波的波速和衰减系数分别为。同样,只有1个有意义的复根,即为剪切S波的复波数,其波速和衰减系数分别为
不失一般性,考虑非饱和土中有一频率为的平面P1波以任意角度入射至非饱和土半空间自由表面,在边界处将产生反射P1波、反射P2波、反射P3波和反射S波共4种反射波,如图1所示。
此时,入射波和各反射波的势函数可以分别表示为:
入射P1波:
式中  表示入射P1波引起的相位移的标量势函数;分别表示P1波的复波数和波速;分别表示入射P1波在x方向和z方向上的矢量值。
反射P波(包括反射P1波、P2波、P3波):
式中  分别表示反射P1波、反射P2波和反射P3波的复波数;分别表示反射P1波、反射P2波和反射P3波的波速;分别表示反射P1波、反射P2波和反射P3波在x方向和z方向上的矢量值。
反射S波:
式中  表示反射S波的位移矢量势函数;分别表示S波的复波数和波速;分别表示反射S波在x方向和z方向上的矢量值。
从式(5a)和(5b)以及非饱和多孔介质的波动方程可得如下各势函数幅值的关系为:
考虑非饱和土自由表面处的边界条件如下:
式中  为法向应力;为剪切应力;分别为孔隙液体压力和孔隙气体压力。
根据位移矢量的Helmholtz分解,可以得到应力‒位移势之间的关系,将势方程代入式(10)后可以得到:
将式(6)~(8)代入式(11)并结合边界条件(10),考虑对于任意的都成立,则要求指数函数中前面的系数恒相等,可以得到:
考虑前面的系数相等,有:
通过式(12)和(13)可以得到弹性波的传播Snell定理:
将式(6)~(8)代入式(10),并且考虑Snell定理(14),可以得到矩阵形式的位移势振幅之间的关系式:
式中 矩阵中的各元素详见附录C。
假设入射波的固相位移幅值,则中的系数分别表示自由界面上4种反射波的振幅反射系数:
式中  分别表示反射P1波、反射P2波、反射P3波和反射S波的振幅反射系数。
为了验证上述推导出的振幅反射系数的正确性,可以利用所得到的振幅反射系数来计算每个反射波所携带的能量通量,然后根据是否满足能量守恒来判断其正确性。根据文献[1727]的研究,经过非饱和土表面的能量通量可以通过表面牵引力和单位面积的粒子速度的标量积来表示。因此,在与z方向垂直的表面上入射波和反射波的平均能量强度可以表示为:
通过进一步展开以上方程,入射波和各反射波的能量通量可以写成如下形式:
以上方程中的符号表达式详见附录D。
将各反射波的能量通量分别除以入射P1波的能量通量,即可得出该波的能量比例系数(即能量反射比),从而得到入射波携带的能量在分界面处的分配情况。
式中  分别表示反射P1波、反射P2波、反射P3波和反射S波的能量反射系数;
由于入射波所携带的能量在反射过程中不消散16。因此根据能量守恒,在界面处的每个反射波的能量比满足以下公式:
式中  表示所有反射波的能量反射系数之和。
为了验证上述理论结果的正确性,通过求解本文P波和S波的特征方程而得出4种体波的波速,与文献[28]中所得的结果进行了对比,由于在4种波形的体波中,P2波和P3波的波速很慢且衰减快,故不予讨论。在验证计算中取与上述文献相同的物理参数,非饱和土的物理参数如表128所示。图2给出了本文解与文献解的对比图,从图中可以看出二者的计算结果基本一致,说明本文研究的正确性。随后通过数值计算,分析讨论了平面P1波的入射角度、饱和度、频率和孔隙率等物理参数对各反射波振幅反射系数和能量反射系数的影响。
图3~8分别给出了在不同饱和度、频率和孔隙率条件下振幅反射系数和能量反射系数随入射角变化的情况。图3~8中各反射波随着不同参数变化的曲线表示为左右两图:左图为各反射波对应反射系数在所考虑的物理参数范围内均匀变化的曲线;右图为取其中三个数值时的曲线。从各图中可以看出振幅系数和能量系数的大小随着P1波入射角度变化而发生变化,并且当P1波垂直射在自由界面时(入射角度为0°),无反射P2波、反射P3波、反射S波,只存在反射P1波。同样,当P1波掠入射时(入射角度为90°),也只存在反射P1波。
图3(a)~(d)分别表示在非饱和土半空间自由表面产生的4种反射波的位移势振幅反射系数与入射角和饱和度之间的变化关系。本文中考虑孔隙率为0.23,频率f=500 Hz的情况,该频率处于工程地震勘探常用的频谱范围内28。需要说明的是,本文并未考虑孔隙尺寸效应对于弹性波反射的影响,这主要是由于:多项研究表明,虽然在频率较高时孔隙尺寸效应对弹性波的传播具有一定影响,但在本文频率取值条件下(f=500 Hz),尽管孔隙尺寸效应对于多孔介质的位移和应力会产生一定影响,但相对较小29-33;此外,本文目标旨在重点研究P1波在反射和透射过程中的能量分配特性。鉴于上述原因,本文对孔隙尺寸效应的影响不作重点讨论。由图3(a)~(d)可见,入射角度和饱和度的变化对各反射波的振幅影响较大。对于反射P1波,其振幅随着入射P1波的角度增大先减小,当入射角在65°附近时达到最小值,然后随着入射角增加而增加。当土体接近完全饱和(饱和度接近1)时,反射P1波的振幅有明显的增大趋势。反射P2波的振幅随入射P1波入射角的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。类似反射P1波,当饱和度接近1时,反射P2波振幅迅速增大,但量级较反射P1波要小很多。这说明当土体接近完全饱和时,反射P2波受饱和度的影响才比较明显。对于反射P3波,当土体为完全水饱和(饱和度为1)或完全气饱和(饱和度为0)时,反射P3波将消失。这是因为P3波的出现是由于土介质中气体与液体间压力差的存在5-7,当饱和度为1或0时,压力差消失,此时反射P3波也随之消失。与反射P1波变化趋势相反,当土体接近完全饱和时,反射S波幅值迅速降低,当入射角接近90°时,反射S波振幅反射系数接近0。
图4(a)~(d)分别表示4种反射波的能量反射系数与入射角和饱和度之间的变化关系。从图4(a)~(d)看出,饱和度变化对各反射波能量分配情况的影响较明显,且反射P1波和反射S波携带了绝大部分的反射波能量。数值计算结果验证,在任何情况下4种反射波的能量反射系数之和恒等于1,这说明整个反射过程中没有发生能量的耗散。另外,从式(19)可以看出弹性波的传播能量与其振幅的二次方有一定的比例关系,故图4中各反射波能量比的变化趋势和图3中振幅比变化趋势类似。当饱和度较高,即接近饱和时,其各反射波的能量都会发生显著变化。
为了研究入射P1波的频率对各反射波的振幅比和能量比的影响,考虑土体孔隙率为0.23,饱和度为0.6,且其他的物理参数保持不变。图5(a)(d)分别给出了频率在 Hz范围变化时各反射波的振幅反射系数随入射角的变化曲线。从图5(a)(d)可以看出,频率变化不会引起反射P1波和反射S波位移势振幅反射系数的变化。而对于反射P2波和反射P3波,当频率较小时频率变化不会引起其位移势振幅系数的变化,当频率接近103 Hz时振幅反射系数将随着频率的增加而增加。
图6(a)(d)分别给出了4种反射波的能量反射系数与入射角和频率之间的变化关系。比较图56,能量比的变化趋势与其振幅比的趋势相似,反射P1和反射S波的能量反射系数在本文考虑的频率范围内不会发生变化。而对于反射P2波和反射P3波而言,当频率接近103 Hz时,频率越高,其能量反射系数也越大。另外,数值计算结果验证,在任意的入射角和频率条件下4种反射波的能量反射系数之和恒等于1,也说明在整个反射过程中没有发生能量耗散。
为了分析非饱和土的孔隙率对各反射波的位移势函数振幅反射系数的影响,取土体饱和度为0.6,频率仍为500 Hz,孔隙率在0.1~0.5范围内变化时,图7(a)~(d)绘出了各反射波的振幅反射系数与入射角和孔隙率之间的关系曲线。由图7(a)~(d)可以看出,孔隙率变化对反射P1波和反射S波的振幅比没有影响,而对于反射P2波和反射P3波,振幅反射系数随着土体孔隙率的增大而减小。并且当孔隙率较小时,入射角对反射P2波和反射P3波的振幅反射系数的影响越大;随着孔隙率增大,入射角对其振幅反射系数的影响很小。
图8(a)~(d)分别给出了4种反射波的能量反射系数与入射角和孔隙率之间的变化关系。由图可以看出,能量比的变化趋势与图7所示振幅比的变化趋势相似,反射P1波和反射S波的能量反射系数不受孔隙率变化的影响。而对于反射P2波和反射P3波,能量反射系数随着土体孔隙率的增大而减小。并且当孔隙率较小时,入射角对反射P2波和反射P3波的能量反射系数的影响较大;当孔隙率较大时,能量反射系数几乎不受入射角变化的影响。同样,在任意的入射角和孔隙率条件下4种反射波的能量反射系数之和恒等于1,验证了反射过程中的能量守恒。
不同饱和度、频率和孔隙率下,P1波和S 波的曲线均重合。这是因为土体在接近饱和之前对反射系数没有影响,当土体接近饱和时反射系数才发生变化;本文研究频率对各反射波反射系数的影响时取值为0~1000 Hz,这个频率范围相对较小,在此范围内对反射系数基本没有影响;而孔隙率的增大本质上会导致土体中流体(包括水和气体)体积的增大,流体体积的增大会使P2波和P3波的反射系数发生变化,这是因为P2波是由水的存在产生的,P3波是由于水和气体的相互作用产生的,但对P1波和S波几乎没有影响。综上所述,本文所考虑的饱和度、频率和孔隙率条件下,对反射P1波和S波的反射系数几乎没有影响,所以二者的曲线比较相似。
考虑非饱和土中平面P1波以任意角度入射至半空间自由表面时,以P1波为例讨论了土体饱和度、入射频率、孔隙率和入射角度对4种反射波振幅和能量分配比例的影响。通过理论推导给出振幅反射系数和能量反射系数的理论表达式,并在此基础上进行了数值分析。主要得出以下结论:
(1) 入射角对各反射波影响较大,当P1波垂直入射在自由表面(入射角度为0°)时,只存在反射P1波;当P1波掠入射(入射角度为90°)时,也只存在反射P1波。
(2) 各反射波的振幅比和能量比随着饱和度和频率的增大而增大,随着孔隙率的增大而减小。
(3) 饱和度、频率和孔隙率的变化不仅对各反射波的振幅影响较大,还将显著影响到入射P1波的能量分配。通过对数值结果之间的比较表明,振幅和能量的反射系数对饱和度的变化更加敏感(相对频率和孔隙率变化而言)。
式(1)中系数的具体形式:
其中:
式中  为V-G模型的材料参数;为孔隙液体的有效饱和度,其中分别表示残余饱和度和完全饱和度,本文考虑;其他符号分别为
式(5a)和(5b)中元素的具体形式:
式(15)中矩阵中的各元素的具体形式:
式(18a)~(18e)中各元素的具体形式:
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11962016)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978320)
  • 甘肃省基础研究创新群体资助项目(20JR5RA478)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.008
  • 接收时间:2022-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-01
  • 修回日期:2023-02-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11962016)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978320)
甘肃省基础研究创新群体资助项目(20JR5RA478)
作者信息
    1兰州理工大学土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
    2兰州理工大学西部土木工程防灾减灾教育部工程研究中心,甘肃 兰州 730050
    3东南大学土木工程学院,江苏 南京 211189
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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