Article(id=1228654094131327662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1671552000000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-21, revisedDate=1676822400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863563329, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863563329, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863563329, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863563329, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228654089437901468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='12', pageStart='1993', pageEnd='2167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863562211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863940325, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655675413299456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655675413299457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1993, endPage=2002, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228654094336848564, articleId=1228654094131327662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A study of Kappa parameter(κ) of Luding Ms6.8 strong ground motion records, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ground motion simulation can provide reference for buildings seismic design in areas lacking earthquake records. High frequency attenuating factor (κ) is an important parameter in ground motion simulation,controlling the drop of Fourier spectrum shape in the high frequency interval. Luring magnitude 6.8 earthquake records within 150 km of the epicenter are selected to develop κ. Parzen window is used to smooth the cluttered Fourier amplitude spectrums (FAS). The frequency interval in FAS with the smallest pH function is selected to fit the κ. The approach improves accuracy of identifying lowest and upper frequency,and the stability of the calculation. κ are calculated based on 20 stations of horizontal records and the distribution trend of κ is analyzed. The results show that FAS is gradually smooth with the increase of the window width,and it is significantly different from the original spectrum when the window width is larger than 1 Hz. Compared with 12 window widths,the window width of 0.4 Hz is the best. The window of 0.4 Hz width makes the curve smooth and the error of κ small. There is a significant directional difference in κ distribution. κ in EW direction increases with respect to epicenter distance,and κ in NS direction decreases with respect to PGA.

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地震动模拟通常为地震记录缺乏地区的建筑物抗震设防提供参考,高频衰减因子κ是地震动模拟的重要参数,控制着地震动傅氏谱高频下降的形状。本研究基于泸定6.8级地震记录,使用帕曾窗对原始记录的傅氏谱进行平滑,选择傅氏谱上pH函数最小的频率区间作为高频衰减频段,能够准确识别高频衰减的起止频率,提高了计算的稳定性。共计算了20个数据质量较高台站的水平向κ,并对κ分布趋势进行了分析,分析结果表明:随着帕曾窗窗宽的增大,傅氏谱逐渐平滑,窗宽大于1 Hz则会与原始谱出现明显偏离;比较12个窗宽的帕曾窗对傅氏谱平滑的效果,0.4 Hz窗宽最佳,可使曲线平滑且计算的κ误差小;κ分布有明显的方向性差异,在东西向κ随震中距增大而明显增大,在南北向随PGA的增大而明显减小。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王海云(1964―),男,博士,研究员。 E-mail:
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张潇男(1994—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

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张潇男(1994—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

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张潇男(1994—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

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figureFileBig=m4w/sWWfsP6nCjWWT9XvUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654103727894573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=东西向和南北向不同台站的起始频率(fL)和截止频率(fU)的分布, figureFileSmall=Vjble0O9xZRsnjpsk5R3DA==, figureFileBig=m4w/sWWfsP6nCjWWT9XvUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654103824363566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Variation trend of κ with respect to Parzen window widths, figureFileSmall=kH6F077FZa488KrgqiE1qQ==, figureFileBig=qPrazHUHDN7T9zZsxSgHZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654103891472433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=κ随帕曾窗宽的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=kH6F077FZa488KrgqiE1qQ==, figureFileBig=qPrazHUHDN7T9zZsxSgHZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654103971164211, 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articleId=1228654094131327662, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of records and noises, figureFileSmall=srmbwrO1Xr4qjz/wtyILoQ==, figureFileBig=MU3gXOA3wZmWHnZwEEYOLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654105917321306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=CN, label=图8, caption=本研究选用记录与其噪声的对比, figureFileSmall=srmbwrO1Xr4qjz/wtyILoQ==, figureFileBig=MU3gXOA3wZmWHnZwEEYOLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654106026373218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Information of stations and records in the study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站名称场地分类PGA-EW/galPGA-NS/gal经度(E)/(°)纬度(N)/(°)震中距/km
51LDJC110.171306.071102.2129.6916.20
51LDLC303.829199.335102.2329.7926.12
51LDSC62.93244.917102.2329.9138.67
51SMXC185.247178.248102.2829.2739.89
51SMMC394.684317.004102.4529.3048.15
51HYQC46.90776.757102.6229.5852.52
51SMCC88.26479.335102.3429.1356.91
51JLTB127.753147.054101.5129.0085.97
51HYWC37.74632.269102.9029.2289.53
51JLNC69.40488.884101.6828.76100.70
51YXXC31.49050.199102.5428.70108.52
51MNAC26.05029.193102.1728.61109.43
51MNJC25.20116.792102.1828.55116.14
51MNT86.73690.877102.1628.55116.22
51BXZB14.28613.494102.8930.47124.97
51EMS22.98613.717103.4429.58131.13
51MNSC14.01214.179102.2128.40133.44
51XDMC11.2278.789102.3128.36139.15
51QLYB3.3283.217103.2730.41145.93
51XDGC5.5924.507102.4128.30146.58
), ArticleFig(id=1228654106106065000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究选用台站及记录的信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站名称场地分类PGA-EW/galPGA-NS/gal经度(E)/(°)纬度(N)/(°)震中距/km
51LDJC110.171306.071102.2129.6916.20
51LDLC303.829199.335102.2329.7926.12
51LDSC62.93244.917102.2329.9138.67
51SMXC185.247178.248102.2829.2739.89
51SMMC394.684317.004102.4529.3048.15
51HYQC46.90776.757102.6229.5852.52
51SMCC88.26479.335102.3429.1356.91
51JLTB127.753147.054101.5129.0085.97
51HYWC37.74632.269102.9029.2289.53
51JLNC69.40488.884101.6828.76100.70
51YXXC31.49050.199102.5428.70108.52
51MNAC26.05029.193102.1728.61109.43
51MNJC25.20116.792102.1828.55116.14
51MNT86.73690.877102.1628.55116.22
51BXZB14.28613.494102.8930.47124.97
51EMS22.98613.717103.4429.58131.13
51MNSC14.01214.179102.2128.40133.44
51XDMC11.2278.789102.3128.36139.15
51QLYB3.3283.217103.2730.41145.93
51XDGC5.5924.507102.4128.30146.58
), ArticleFig(id=1228654106194145386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters and bandwidths of different windows

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窗名cn窗的带宽/Hz
矩形窗21
巴特利特窗12
帕曾窗0.754
), ArticleFig(id=1228654106278031471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同窗的参数及带宽

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窗名cn窗的带宽/Hz
矩形窗21
巴特利特窗12
帕曾窗0.754
), ArticleFig(id=1228654106353528945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Horizontal κ and lower and upper frequencies of selected stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站名称EWNS
fL/HzfU/Hzκ /msfL/HzfU/Hzκ/ms
51LDJ103029.8322369.45
51LDL32554.1543047.05
51LDS43041.9062540.37
51SMX52747.5572656.05
51SMM23034.9222234.51
51HYQ32118.4142020.96
51SMC72252.4323060.48
51JLT103027.3853021.31
51HYW22617.759217.56
51JLN93057.24103049.92
51YXX22369.9423062.65
51MNA23040.4922020.01
51MNJ23065.4423064.24
51MNT103057.9463067.46
51BXZ93072.7032435.78
51EMS51558.3963064.43
51MNS21971.0432664.79
51XDM23037.4923038.08
51QLY22042.5581967.75
51XDG22057.4321949.83
), ArticleFig(id=1228654106441609331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654094131327662, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究选用台站水平向的κ及起止频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站名称EWNS
fL/HzfU/Hzκ /msfL/HzfU/Hzκ/ms
51LDJ103029.8322369.45
51LDL32554.1543047.05
51LDS43041.9062540.37
51SMX52747.5572656.05
51SMM23034.9222234.51
51HYQ32118.4142020.96
51SMC72252.4323060.48
51JLT103027.3853021.31
51HYW22617.759217.56
51JLN93057.24103049.92
51YXX22369.9423062.65
51MNA23040.4922020.01
51MNJ23065.4423064.24
51MNT103057.9463067.46
51BXZ93072.7032435.78
51EMS51558.3963064.43
51MNS21971.0432664.79
51XDM23037.4923038.08
51QLY22042.5581967.75
51XDG22057.4321949.83
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泸定6.8级地震强震动数据的Kappa参数研究
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张潇男 1, 2 , 王海云 1, 2 , 李强 1, 2 , 白云鹏 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(12): 1993-2002
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(12): 1993-2002
泸定6.8级地震强震动数据的Kappa参数研究
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张潇男1, 2 , 王海云1, 2 , 李强1, 2, 白云鹏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 张潇男(1994—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

王海云(1964―),男,博士,研究员。 E-mail:
A study of Kappa parameter(κ) of Luding Ms6.8 strong ground motion records
Xiao-nan ZHANG1, 2 , Hai-yun WANG1, 2 , Qiang LI1, 2, Yun-peng BAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration,Harbin 150080,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.001
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地震动模拟通常为地震记录缺乏地区的建筑物抗震设防提供参考,高频衰减因子κ是地震动模拟的重要参数,控制着地震动傅氏谱高频下降的形状。本研究基于泸定6.8级地震记录,使用帕曾窗对原始记录的傅氏谱进行平滑,选择傅氏谱上pH函数最小的频率区间作为高频衰减频段,能够准确识别高频衰减的起止频率,提高了计算的稳定性。共计算了20个数据质量较高台站的水平向κ,并对κ分布趋势进行了分析,分析结果表明:随着帕曾窗窗宽的增大,傅氏谱逐渐平滑,窗宽大于1 Hz则会与原始谱出现明显偏离;比较12个窗宽的帕曾窗对傅氏谱平滑的效果,0.4 Hz窗宽最佳,可使曲线平滑且计算的κ误差小;κ分布有明显的方向性差异,在东西向κ随震中距增大而明显增大,在南北向随PGA的增大而明显减小。

地震动  /  高频衰减因子  /  帕曾窗  /  傅氏谱  /  泸定地震

Ground motion simulation can provide reference for buildings seismic design in areas lacking earthquake records. High frequency attenuating factor (κ) is an important parameter in ground motion simulation,controlling the drop of Fourier spectrum shape in the high frequency interval. Luring magnitude 6.8 earthquake records within 150 km of the epicenter are selected to develop κ. Parzen window is used to smooth the cluttered Fourier amplitude spectrums (FAS). The frequency interval in FAS with the smallest pH function is selected to fit the κ. The approach improves accuracy of identifying lowest and upper frequency,and the stability of the calculation. κ are calculated based on 20 stations of horizontal records and the distribution trend of κ is analyzed. The results show that FAS is gradually smooth with the increase of the window width,and it is significantly different from the original spectrum when the window width is larger than 1 Hz. Compared with 12 window widths,the window width of 0.4 Hz is the best. The window of 0.4 Hz width makes the curve smooth and the error of κ small. There is a significant directional difference in κ distribution. κ in EW direction increases with respect to epicenter distance,and κ in NS direction decreases with respect to PGA.

ground motion  /  high-frequency attenuating factor  /  Parzen window  /  Fourier amplitude spectrums  /  Luding earthquake
张潇男, 王海云, 李强, 白云鹏. 泸定6.8级地震强震动数据的Kappa参数研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (12) : 1993 -2002 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.001
Xiao-nan ZHANG, Hai-yun WANG, Qiang LI, Yun-peng BAI. A study of Kappa parameter(κ) of Luding Ms6.8 strong ground motion records[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (12) : 1993 -2002 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.001
地震动模拟是工程地震研究的热点课题,尤其是在缺乏地震动记录的地区建设如核电站、大坝等重要基础设施,地震动随机模拟可以为重要建筑物的抗震设防提供依据1。在地震动模拟中,高频衰减因子κ控制地震动傅氏谱高频下降的形状,是不同场地条件下地震动模拟的关键参数1-3
κ的研究始于20世纪80年代,研究者通过观察实际地震动的傅氏谱,发现其在高频部分急剧衰减,地震动高频衰减的现象与BRUNE4提出的ω2震源谱模型设定不符,为了使地震动模拟更接近真实情况,需要在以往模型的基础上加入高频滤波器函数,由此展开了地震动高频衰减的研究。HANKS5提出高频截止频率(fmax)的概念,即高于此频率,地震动傅氏谱急速下降。ANDERSON等6认为地震动在高频情况下呈现典型的指数衰减特征,首次提出高频衰减因子κ的概念,并建立具有高频衰减的傅氏谱幅值模型如下:
式中  fE为指数衰减开始频率;A0为与震源特性和传播距离有关的常数,又称之为零频渐近线。κ可通过拟合半对数坐标系下的傅氏谱得到:
式中  fL为高频衰减起始频率;fU为高频衰减截止频率。通过线性回归得到κ,场地和路径对κ的影响得到了进一步的研究,并确立了回归公式的形式7-9
式中  为加速度傅里叶谱的高频衰减因子;表征地震动在场地下方垂直向上传播过程中土层构造引起的衰减,为场地效应的参数;为地震动在地壳中横向传播引起的衰减参数7。许多研究在此基础上对如何通过地震动记录计算κ进行了深入的分析10-12。采用经典方法计算κ无法彻底消除路径对高频衰减的影响,只能得到具有区域特点的κ。为了得到不受震源和路径影响的高频衰减因子,许多学者提出了计算方法。例如:基于参考傅氏谱和目标傅氏谱的传递函数测量得到场地特定的κ值,可以去除路径的影响13-15。AL ATIK等16基于以往的研究,根据地震动衰减关系得到反应谱,并使用逆随机振动方法得到傅氏谱,然后计算高频衰减因子,这种方式将地震动的震源和路径特点与高频衰减因子的计算结合起来,减少了震源和路径造成的误差。OTH等17基于KiK-net的井下记录,提出通过震源谱计算高频衰减因子,可以通过单个记录确定场地的κ,不必通过传统线性拟合方法得到,提高了对于数据较少地区的适用性。EDWARDS等18提出以宽带反演方法得到的傅氏谱为基础计算κ,由于高频衰减因子具有极高的区域性,不同地区的衰减因子的取值可能相差很大,因此必须根据不同场地、不同地区,分别给出相应高频衰减因子的取值范围。KILB等19使用南加州地区ANZA地震网数据库中的中小震数据对κ进行研究。由于κ呈现区域性特征,学者们对不同国家和地区的κ进行了大量研究20-23。针对中国发生的地震事件中κ的研究目前还比较少,近年来,SUN等24选择汶川地震主震 52 个台站的加速度时程计算了κ值,并指出其变化范围为 0.0034~0.0468 s,得到在东西、南北和竖向κ与距离的关系式;傅磊等25选用龙门山地区MS3.3~8.0级500多个主余震强震动记录对κ进行研究,分析了高程对场地高频衰减因子的影响,并提出了经验公式;随后,傅磊等26根据台站和地震事件分布将云南分为西南、西北、中部和东北4个区域,使用2008—2015年云南地区102个强震动台站记录的719组三分量强震动记录,计算得到了κ场地分量模型。在高频衰减因子研究中,采用原始傅氏谱的较多,然而地震动记录未经平滑,不仅曲线杂乱还会受到噪声的影响,难以识别出准确的高频衰减的频带。GÜLÜM等27比较了采用K-O窗平滑后的傅氏谱和未经平滑的谱,发现平滑后的傅氏谱可以提高选择频带准确性,但K-O窗对线性坐标系适用性不强,平滑的同时,也给κ估计带来了一定的误差,必须要选择合理的平滑方法和平滑参数,提高拾取起止频率准确性。选择合适的窗函数进行平滑对计算显得尤为重要,帕曾窗因其频谱泄漏小的特点,得到广泛的使用28
合理的起止频率才能回归出可信的κ,对于如何选取高频衰减频段,大量的研究提出了不同的标准。ANDERSON等6根据当时仪器灵敏度水平,对选取的EI波采用的频段为2~12 Hz,对于圣费尔南多记录选取2~18 Hz频段,过高的频率被认为是不可信的。高频衰减起始频率fL由研究者根据傅里叶谱形状和fmax选择。高频衰减截止频率fU与记录的信噪比有关,应当减少噪声的干扰。许多研究将fU定义为信噪比高于某个阈值(通常取为3)的频率29。TRIFUNAC30指出地震记录处理频率应该在25 Hz以内,尽管随着技术的发展已经可以将频率扩展到50 Hz。有研究提出了一个更标准化的替代方案,将95%的谱能量对应频率f95作为高频衰减的截止频率31。PURVANCE等32根据不同地震事件将选取频带分为10~30,25~45和10~45 Hz,PALMER等33对于加拿大地区岩石场地地震记录,研究选用频率范围为15~36 Hz,并根据地域细分为加东地区取21~36 Hz,加西地区取15~36 Hz,这给自动化选取高频衰减频带提供了可能;在此基础上发展了基于目标函数自动拾取频带的方法34。为了提高自动拾取起止频率的稳定性,有研究采用扩大起止区间,多次迭代来确定起止频率21。许多学者考虑到准确性依然是通过人工观察选取频带3134-35。由于记录的频率和噪声水平不同,为排除噪声的干扰和避免接近奈奎斯特频率导致的失真,有的研究根据地震动的差异和记录仪器有效带宽的不同,建议给出有差异的起止频率的选择范围25。本研究在以往研究的基础上,将傅氏谱进行谱窗平滑,在光滑的傅氏谱上选择使函数pH最小的频率组合作为起止频率,通过这些处理,减少了在选择频带时的人工干预,可以提高计算的稳定性。
2022年9月5日四川泸定发生6.8级地震(Mw=6.6),震源深度16 km,震源机制为走滑型地震,此次地震是中国近年发生的具有较大破坏力的地震之一,造成了人员伤亡和财产损失。地震发生后,中国地震局工程力学研究所强震动观测组发布了烈度仪和强震仪记录到的数据,其中强震仪数据质量较好,本研究选择震中距小于150 km且数据质量较好的20个强震台站,选择的是台站的水平向地震动记录。为了避免截取S波造成的误差,本研究选择整个地震动加速度时程进行研究,首先对这些记录的傅氏谱进行谱窗平滑,比较了0.1~3.0 Hz带宽帕曾窗平滑对傅氏谱的影响,发现0.4 Hz带宽的傅氏谱能够较准确地选择高频衰减的起止频率,减少了误差,计算稳定性得到提高,经0.4 Hz窗宽的帕曾窗处理后,傅氏谱可识别性得到提高,能够较准确地进行场地高频衰减因子的计算。结果显示不同水平向的κ有明显的差异,表明地震动方向性较为明显。最后与SUN等24、傅磊等25的研究进行了对比,由于震源和路径因素的影响,本研究计算的κ参数略大于傅磊等25的研究结果,由于选择起止频率带宽的差异,本研究计算的κ参数明显大于SUN等24给出的值。
国家地震烈度速报与预警工程建设有基准站(强震仪数据)、基本站(强震仪数据)和一般站(烈度仪)36。其中基准站和基本站的强震仪数据质量高,能较好地用于研究地震的高频衰减因子。本研究共选取了20个台站的强震仪水平向加速度记录,表1给出了选用台站和其记录的信息,包括水平向的峰值加速度(PGA)、坐标和震中距。数据选择和剔除的标准为:(1)选择的记录波形应当完整,防止数据记录不全造成的误差;(2)台站的震中距为0~150 km,因为震中距过大会导致地震动高频成分快速衰减;(3)每条记录的信噪比应当大于3,防止噪声对高频成分的干扰;(4)所有记录均使用4阶带通(0.01~30 Hz)巴特沃斯滤波器滤波以去除噪声部分,对滤波后的记录进行检查并剔除谱型改变较大的记录;(5)由于此次地震取得的竖向记录整体信噪比较低,且有些记录的波形不完整,因此舍弃竖向的记录。本研究选择的地震动记录动加速度峰值(PGA)和震中距分布如图1所示。
图1展示了台站位置分布和地震记录的PGA随震中距的变化趋势,可以得到:位于震中最近的51LDJ台站(震中距为16 km)的方向性较为明显,其位于震中的东北方向,东西向PGA显著小于南北向PGA;随着震源距增加,震中距大于100 km,东西向和南北向PGA趋于一致。震中距在16~100 km之间,PGA衰减不明显;震中距大于100 km,PGA快速下降。表1为本研究选择的地震动的台站及记录的相应信息。表1中最小震中距为16.20 km,最大震中距为146.58 km,南北向记录中PGA最大为51LDJ台站记录的306.071 gal,东西向记录中PGA最大为51SMM台站记录的394.684 gal。
地震动的傅氏谱存在许多锯齿状的尖点,对研究傅氏谱的变化趋势形成了干扰,为了使谱线尽可能的平滑,通常使用窗函数对傅氏谱进行处理。处理的方式是傅氏谱与频率的某个函数相乘,进行滑动平均,函数平滑后的傅氏谱如下28
式中  Gf)为原傅氏谱;f)为经平滑后的傅氏谱;Wf)为谱窗,谱窗的的使用不能改变原傅氏谱变化趋势。常用的谱窗有矩形窗、巴特利特窗和帕曾窗,这三种窗函数形式如下:
式中  u为与带宽相关的常数,单位为s;当c=2,n=1为矩形窗;当c=1,n=2为巴特利特窗;当c=0.75,n=4为帕曾窗。由于这三种谱窗并没有像矩形脉冲明确的带宽的计算方式,窗宽是先计算窗的标准差,然后对比具有相同标准差的矩形脉冲,将具有相同标准差的矩形脉冲的带宽作为窗的带宽,带宽的计算方式如表2所示。
表2可知,不同窗的u与带宽成反比,u越小则带宽越大,傅氏谱越平滑。在应用谱窗时,通常要注意泄漏的影响,矩形窗泄漏最大,帕曾窗泄漏最小,平滑后的傅氏谱接近原始谱的趋势,因此应用帕曾窗对地震动傅氏谱进行平滑是较好的方法。
高频消减频带选择标准不统一影响频带选择的准确性,研究者的主观原因造成频带选择误差,为了减少人工干预,本研究采用自动选择高频消减频带的算法。根据此次泸定地震的特性,本研究选定的起始频率不低于2 Hz。由于在对地震动时程进行快速傅里叶变化(FFT)时有尼奎斯特频率的存在,过高的频率导致信号噪声水平高,为避免尼奎斯特频率的影响,本研究选定的截止频率为30 Hz,同时也防止高频噪声引起的误差。在2~30 Hz范围内选择一个频率区间,选择起始和截止频率,起始和截止频率的差不小于10 Hz,防止因频带过小与傅氏谱的整体特征不符。为了选择符合要求的线性拟合的起止频率,根据SONNEMANN等34提出的方法,构造线性拟合均方根误差(rmse)和频带宽度(Δf)的商函数pH,如下式所示:
式中  Yi为拟合傅氏谱值;yi为傅氏谱值;N为总采样点数。fL为起始频率,选择范围在2~10 Hz之间;fU为截止频率,选择范围在15~30 Hz之间。在频率范围内逐个计算函数pH的值,pH最小时则可认为该频带为最佳拟合频带,即为高频衰减的频带,该频带的起始和终止频率即为高频衰减的起止频率。
图2展示了51LDJ台站东西向记录经过不同宽度的窗平滑后的傅氏谱与未经平滑的原始谱的对比。由图可得:该台站记录的高频衰减的频段在2~30 Hz之间,尤其是2~20 Hz区间有较大的衰减,在0~2 Hz区间傅氏谱逐渐增大,然后出现拐点,拐点即为起始频率(fL);未经平滑的原始谱十分杂乱,难以识别准确的高频衰减区间,存在大量的“尖点”,随着窗宽的增加,谱曲线逐渐平滑,特别是在窗宽大于1.0 Hz后,尖点现象得到很大程度的改善,变成平滑的曲线,但同时高频衰减的起止频率变得不够明显,存在过度平滑的现象,不能更准确地找到目标频率。窗宽越小,与原始谱越接近,保留的地震动特性就越多,0.1~0.4 Hz的窗宽平滑的傅氏谱总体上没有改变原始谱的特性;对于3.0 Hz的窗宽,谱线发生较大改变,偏离原始谱较多。图3展示了东西向和南北向记录的的起始频率(fL)和截止频率(fU)的分布。
采用帕曾窗进行平滑,选择合理的窗宽是取得稳定的高频衰减因子的基础,如果窗宽过大,则会改变地震动本身的特性,无法准确识别起止频率;如果窗宽过小,傅氏谱上仍然保留较多毛刺38,无法准确识别起止区间,因此平滑的原则是在尽量不丢失地震动本身高频成分的基础上,得到平滑的傅氏谱,便于识别高频衰减区间的起止频率。为了研究帕曾窗宽度与傅氏谱曲线的关系,选择了0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2,1.6,2.0和3.0 Hz这12个不同的窗宽值进行对比。51LDJ,51SMC和51JLN台站场地信息明确37,且震中距适中,下面以这三个台站为例,介绍不同窗宽对κ值的影响,并选择最佳窗宽。
图4展示了51LDJ,51SMC和51JLN三个台站的东西向和南北向记录经过不同窗宽的帕曾窗平滑后的κ值,不同窗宽平滑后的傅氏谱计算的κ值有一定的差异,在窗宽过小或者过大的情况下,均导致计算有一定的偏差。51LDJ的震中距为16 km,为距离震中较近的台站,可以看出,在窗宽较小的情况下,东西向(EW)记录傅氏谱计算的κ值小,随着窗宽的增大,κ值逐渐增加然后保持稳定,0.4 Hz窗宽是最小的能使κ值保持稳定的窗宽。51SMC台站震中距为56 km,当窗宽大于0.5 Hz时,东西向(EW)记录和南北向(NS)记录均逐渐出现了较大差异,这是由于窗宽过大导致平滑后地震动幅值谱趋势相对于地震动产生了较大改变,因此不能选择过大的窗宽39。51JLN台站震中距为101 km,可以看出,在0.4~1.0 Hz窗宽范围,对于不同震中距的台站和不同方向的记录,κ值能够保持稳定,不平滑或者窗宽过大的平滑都会导致拟合不稳定。
图5展示了51LDJ,51SMC和51JLN三个台站的东西向(EW)和南北向(NS)记录经过不同窗宽的帕曾窗平滑后的κ值。由图可得:(1)总体上拟合优度逐渐增大后趋于稳定,均方根误差则逐渐减小后趋于稳定;(2)拟合优度在窗宽为0.1~0.4 Hz区间内增长较快,0.5 Hz以上增长变慢并逐渐保持稳定;(3)均方根误差在窗宽为0.1~0.4 Hz区间内下降较快,0.5 Hz以上下降缓慢并保持稳定;(4)带宽取0.4 Hz时,拟合优度较高,均方根误差较小,同时也能尽可能保留地震动傅氏谱特征;(5)三个台站的东西向(EW)记录和南北向(NS)记录的均方根误差(rmse)出现明显差异,51LDJ台站东西向均方根误差最大,51JLN台站南北向均方根误差最小;与之相对比的是,51JLN台站南北向记录拟合优度相对较大,51LDJ台站东西向拟合优度最小。表3展示了东西向和南北向高频衰减因子及起止频率。
图6展示了不同台站东西向和南北向记录的κ的变化趋势及其线拟合值。图6(a)展示了κ随震中距的分布趋势,得到拟合公式为:κ=0.172R+32.005(东西向);κ=0.064R+40.591(南北向);台站的震中距在1~150 km范围内均匀分布,东西向κ值随震中距增加有明显的线性增加的趋势,而南北向的κ值随震中距的增加其线性增加趋势不明显。图6(b)展示了κPGA的分布趋势,大部分记录的PGA在100 gal以下,随着PGA的增加,南北向记录的κ值有减小的趋势。随着PGA的增大,土体展现出越来越强的非线性性质,造成场地基本周期向增大的方向移动,这对κ取值产生了影响,JI等40在对Kik-net地表台站数据研究中也认为场地非线性的性质会导致κ下降,今后应当在本研究的基础上继续深入研究场地与κ的相关性,研究结果可用于建立地震动模拟场地效应模型。由图6可知,在震中距小于150 km范围内,本研究计算的κ基本在20~80 ms范围内;其中震中距在50 km以下,东西向的κ基本在15~55 ms范围内,震中距大于100 km,东西向的κ取值在35~75 ms范围内,近场和远场的差异较为明显。由于此次地震震源机制为走滑型,且根据USGS地震灾害计划发布的矩心矩张量解可以得出断层走向接近南北向,因此随着震中距的增加东西向的衰减更为明显。
傅磊等25(以下简称为傅磊2017)计算了龙门山地区50个断层距小于150 km的强震动台站的仅与场地相关的Kappa模型(κ0),SUN等24(以下简称为SUN2013)根据汶川地震主震的数据,建立了κ回归公式,图7展示了本研究与SUN2013、傅磊2017的对比。由图7可得:(1)傅磊2017给出了汶川地震主震κ0的水平、竖向平均值,为了更好地对比此次泸定地震与汶川地震主震κ的分布,图7(c)展示了κ水平、竖向平均值的对比,整体上本研究计算得到的κ最大,傅磊2017给出的κ0居中,而SUN2013给出的κ最小;(2)傅磊2017通过计算每个台站多个地震记录的κ,拟合得到每个台站的κ0,略小于本研究得到的κ,这是由于本研究是基于单次地震的数据计算的κ,震源和路径因素均对κ取值有影响;(3)本研究计算的值更大,且方向性明显,此次地震近场记录比2008年汶川地震的多,震中距在150 km以内分布更均匀,SUN2013选择的频率范围远比本研究要大,有些记录的截止频率(fU)达到80 Hz,这也造成其计算频带宽与本研究有较大的差异,计算结果也小于本研究,而本研究与傅磊2017选择的频带更接近,所以结果也较为相近。从控制噪声的角度,应当避免较大的计算频带宽,尤其是高频截止频率(fU)不应选择过大,否则由于高频段信噪比的降低将导致κ明显偏离实际值。
图8展示了本研究选用的记录与记录前噪声的对比。从图8中可得:(1)大部分记录在2~30 Hz频率区间信噪比较高,能较好地用于计算κ;(2)图8展示了当多数泸定地震记录的频率高于30 Hz时,噪声对记录影响变得不可忽略。为了确保研究的可靠性,本研究认为使用此次泸定地震记录的傅氏谱计算κ值,截止频率(fU)不应高于30 Hz。
选择泸定地震20个震中距在16~150 km的台站的水平向记录进行了场地高频衰减因子的研究,由于原始傅氏谱“尖点”过多导致无法准确识别高频衰减起止频率,通过帕曾窗对傅氏谱进行平滑处理,选择12个不同窗宽的帕曾窗,对平滑效果进行了对比,经0.4 Hz窗宽的帕曾窗处理后,傅氏谱的可识别性得到提高,能够较准确地进行场地高频衰减因子的计算,最后与其他研究进行了对比,得出如下结论:
(1)随着窗宽的增大,平滑度逐渐提高,尖点被平滑;但窗宽达到1 Hz以上后,平滑曲线过度偏离原始谱;窗宽过小无法消除尖点,尤其是窗宽在0.3 Hz以下时,大部分尖点依然存在,计算的高频衰减因数不够稳定,拟合优度R2较低,均方根误差(rmse)较高。
(2)0.4 Hz窗宽的拟合优度(R2)相比0.1~0.3 Hz窗宽得到较大提高,同时均方根误差(rmse)下降较快,因此选择0.4 Hz的窗宽能较大限度地保留原始谱特征,同时能够消除尖点,提高计算的稳定性,因此推荐使用0.4 Hz窗宽的帕曾窗对泸定地震记录的傅氏谱进行平滑。
(3)东西向和南北向记录的κ的变化趋势有明显的差异,随着震中距的增加,东西向κ明显增加;随着PGA的增加,东西向κ明显减小,根据计算可得泸定地震的κ取值范围为20~80 ms,由于泸定地震为走滑型的震源机制且断层的走向接近南北向,造成了随震中距的增加东西向衰减更明显,κ有明显的方向性。
(4)本研究与傅磊等25的研究选择的频率范围和计算的结果均较为接近,SUN等24的研究与本研究相比,其基于汶川主震的记录选择的截止频率高于本研究的取值,造成了计算结果的较大差异。本研究基于减小噪声干扰的原因,认为使用泸定地震数据计算κ,截止频率不应高于30 Hz。
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务经费资助项目(2018B05)
  • 国家自然科学基金地震联合基金资助项目(U2139207)
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2024年第37卷第12期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.001
  • 接收时间:2022-12-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-21
  • 修回日期:2023-02-20
基金
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务经费资助项目(2018B05)
国家自然科学基金地震联合基金资助项目(U2139207)
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    1中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2中国地震局地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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王海云(1964―),男,博士,研究员。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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