Article(id=1228654093200192156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672848000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-05, revisedDate=1676995200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863563107, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863563107, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863563107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863563107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228654089437901468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='12', pageStart='1993', pageEnd='2167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863562211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863940325, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655675413299456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655675413299457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228654089437901468, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2012, endPage=2020, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228654093460239007, articleId=1228654093200192156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A baseline correction method for characterizing permanent displacement of near-fault ground motion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the processing of near-fault original seismic acceleration records,how to retain the real ground permanent displacement information is a key problem to be solved in the baseline correction of seismic acceleration records. Based on the analysis and discussion of the validity and applicable scope of existing near-fault seismic acceleration baseline correction methods,this study introduces a smooth slope displacement function model and establishes a new baseline correction method that can reasonably characterize the permanent displacement of near-fault ground motions,and the new baseline correction method is verified by analyzing the baseline correction results of typical near-fault acceleration records. The results show that the new method established in this study improves the fitting accuracy between the displacement function model and displacement time history,reduces the influence of the selection of subjective parameters on the baseline correction results,and the corrected ground permanent displacement is in good agreement with the GPS co-seismic displacement. The ground motion baseline correction method established in this paper can not only automatically deal with the baseline drift of near-fault ground motion,but also reasonably characterize the permanent ground displacement caused by fling-step effect.

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在对近断层原始地震加速度记录的处理中,如何保留真实的地面永久位移信息,是目前地震加速度记录基线校正中需要解决的关键问题。本文在对现有近断层地震加速度基线校正方法的有效性及适用范围分析和讨论的基础上,引入平滑斜坡位移函数模型,建立了能够合理表征近断层地震动永久位移的一种基线校正方法,并通过典型近断层加速度记录的基线处理对该方法进行了校验。结果表明,本文建立的方法改善了位移函数模型与位移时程之间的拟合精度,能减少主观参数选择对基线校正结果的影响,且校正后的地面永久位移与GPS同震位移吻合度较高。本文建立的地震动基线校正方法不仅能够自动处理近断层地震动的基线漂移,且能合理表征由于滑冲效应而产生的地面永久位移。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
俞瑞芳(1974—),女,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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陈科旭(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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陈科旭(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=Ah4R9TYrkquYGYKqSw9Mkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654100863185779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Principle of two-stage baseline correction (t1: initial time of the strong seismic transient baseline shift; t2: initial time of the permanent baseline shift;tend: the duration of acceleration record), figureFileSmall=f9MKobEKxgDbA/TdCY6dSg==, figureFileBig=Ue/SNW4psyWfnxEedAJWtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654100951266168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两段式基线校正原理(t1: 强震段瞬时偏移的起始时刻; t2: 永久偏移的起始时刻;tend:加速度记录持续时间), figureFileSmall=f9MKobEKxgDbA/TdCY6dSg==, figureFileBig=Ue/SNW4psyWfnxEedAJWtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654101043540861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=A ‘good’ corrected displacement time history(t3: the time when the ground has just moved to the permanent displacement position,modified from reference[14]), figureFileSmall=84UPK9j/82OH22B29PZ8Pw==, figureFileBig=IZZXKsK3T8fkxc6TWW5tAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654101173564292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=CN, label=图3, caption=“理想”的校正后位移时程(t3:地面运动首次到达永久位移的时刻,修改自文献[14]), figureFileSmall=84UPK9j/82OH22B29PZ8Pw==, figureFileBig=IZZXKsK3T8fkxc6TWW5tAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654101278421899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Corrected results of NS component in station TCU078,Chi-Chi earthquake, figureFileSmall=1Ts1cTB54HK6az4wN//MOw==, figureFileBig=7AUmrTOfClMuGlgJ+cubLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654101353919375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=2mlIIsaa6C1yZMboVN5Ghw==, figureFileBig=+/iX1FjhMAw2G4U8Fo40CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228654102683513823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of corrected permanent displacement and GPS co-seismic displacement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站台站-GPS测点距离/kmGPS/cm本文校正结果/cm相对误差/%
UDNSEWUDNSEWUDNSEW
TCU0522.7397.2845.1-342.3364.04700.53-459.06-8.35-17.1134.11
TCU0541.23-11.5-47.479.8-16.22-84.9476.87-79.20-3.67
TCU0560.096-7.4-32.159.1-19.6-43.270.72-34.5819.66
TCU0600.232-6.7-38.355.8-13.18-38.1875.73--0.3135.72
TCU0741.95-60.3128.4-187.7-69.12136.1-184.814.636.00-1.55
TCU0761.35-17.7-32.188.213.71-42.198.77-31.1511.98
TCU0783.81-16.383.2-137.2-24.8577.26-104.53--7.14-23.81
TCU0792.73-3175.5-151.9-27.7652.51-136.13-10.45-30.45-10.38
TCU1021.73-10-59.266.3-18.15-75.4385.97-27.4229.67
TCU1200.86-15.9-21706.82-18.9679.58--9.7113.69
TCU1373.81155.8301.3-259.9226.6200.29-221.6945.44-33.52-14.70
), ArticleFig(id=1228654102750622690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

校正后的永久位移与GPS同震位移对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站台站-GPS测点距离/kmGPS/cm本文校正结果/cm相对误差/%
UDNSEWUDNSEWUDNSEW
TCU0522.7397.2845.1-342.3364.04700.53-459.06-8.35-17.1134.11
TCU0541.23-11.5-47.479.8-16.22-84.9476.87-79.20-3.67
TCU0560.096-7.4-32.159.1-19.6-43.270.72-34.5819.66
TCU0600.232-6.7-38.355.8-13.18-38.1875.73--0.3135.72
TCU0741.95-60.3128.4-187.7-69.12136.1-184.814.636.00-1.55
TCU0761.35-17.7-32.188.213.71-42.198.77-31.1511.98
TCU0783.81-16.383.2-137.2-24.8577.26-104.53--7.14-23.81
TCU0792.73-3175.5-151.9-27.7652.51-136.13-10.45-30.45-10.38
TCU1021.73-10-59.266.3-18.15-75.4385.97-27.4229.67
TCU1200.86-15.9-21706.82-18.9679.58--9.7113.69
TCU1373.81155.8301.3-259.9226.6200.29-221.6945.44-33.52-14.70
), ArticleFig(id=1228654102838703077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of baseline-correction methods for near-fault ground motion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校正方法校正指标是否需要人工指定初始参数程序化计算
位移尾段的平坦度位移的整体拟合优度
本文方法
WANG方法[13]
WU方法[14]×
CHAO方法[12]
张斌方法[15]
), ArticleFig(id=1228654102914200553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228654093200192156, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

近断层地震动基线校正方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校正方法校正指标是否需要人工指定初始参数程序化计算
位移尾段的平坦度位移的整体拟合优度
本文方法
WANG方法[13]
WU方法[14]×
CHAO方法[12]
张斌方法[15]
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表征近断层地震动永久位移的基线校正方法
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陈科旭 1 , 俞瑞芳 1 , 徐建荣 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(12): 2012-2020
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(12): 2012-2020
表征近断层地震动永久位移的基线校正方法
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陈科旭1 , 俞瑞芳1 , 徐建荣2
作者信息
  • 1中国地震局地球物理研究所,北京 100081
  • 2中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 311122
  • 陈科旭(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

俞瑞芳(1974—),女,博士,研究员。E-mail:
A baseline correction method for characterizing permanent displacement of near-fault ground motion
Ke-xu CHEN1 , Rui-fang YU1 , Jian-rong XU2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing 100081,China
  • 2Huadong Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Power China,Hangzhou 311122,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.003
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在对近断层原始地震加速度记录的处理中,如何保留真实的地面永久位移信息,是目前地震加速度记录基线校正中需要解决的关键问题。本文在对现有近断层地震加速度基线校正方法的有效性及适用范围分析和讨论的基础上,引入平滑斜坡位移函数模型,建立了能够合理表征近断层地震动永久位移的一种基线校正方法,并通过典型近断层加速度记录的基线处理对该方法进行了校验。结果表明,本文建立的方法改善了位移函数模型与位移时程之间的拟合精度,能减少主观参数选择对基线校正结果的影响,且校正后的地面永久位移与GPS同震位移吻合度较高。本文建立的地震动基线校正方法不仅能够自动处理近断层地震动的基线漂移,且能合理表征由于滑冲效应而产生的地面永久位移。

近断层地震动  /  基线校正  /  地面永久位移  /  GPS同震位移

In the processing of near-fault original seismic acceleration records,how to retain the real ground permanent displacement information is a key problem to be solved in the baseline correction of seismic acceleration records. Based on the analysis and discussion of the validity and applicable scope of existing near-fault seismic acceleration baseline correction methods,this study introduces a smooth slope displacement function model and establishes a new baseline correction method that can reasonably characterize the permanent displacement of near-fault ground motions,and the new baseline correction method is verified by analyzing the baseline correction results of typical near-fault acceleration records. The results show that the new method established in this study improves the fitting accuracy between the displacement function model and displacement time history,reduces the influence of the selection of subjective parameters on the baseline correction results,and the corrected ground permanent displacement is in good agreement with the GPS co-seismic displacement. The ground motion baseline correction method established in this paper can not only automatically deal with the baseline drift of near-fault ground motion,but also reasonably characterize the permanent ground displacement caused by fling-step effect.

near-fault ground motion  /  baseline correction  /  permanent ground displacement  /  GPS co-seismic displacement
陈科旭, 俞瑞芳, 徐建荣. 表征近断层地震动永久位移的基线校正方法. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (12) : 2012 -2020 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.003
Ke-xu CHEN, Rui-fang YU, Jian-rong XU. A baseline correction method for characterizing permanent displacement of near-fault ground motion[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (12) : 2012 -2020 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.003
地震加速度记录基线校正的目的是移除加速度记录中的噪声,有效还原真实记录。断层破裂的向前方向性效应和滑冲效应可能使近断层地震动产生大速度脉冲和永久地面位移1-3,这就要求对近断层地震记录处理时,基线校正方法不仅要去除记录中的噪声,还要最大限度保留真实的永久位移,这也是近断层地震动基线校正的困难之处。造成近断层基线漂移的原因很复杂,一般可归结为零线偏移、仪器误差、地面倾斜以及环境噪声等4-5。基线漂移产生的误差在速度时程和位移时程中被急剧放大,致使速度时程尾段明显偏离平衡位置并大致呈一条直线,位移时程严重偏离平衡位置向外发散,这些偏差严重影响研究者对近断层地震动特性及地面永久位移的研究5。合适的基线校正方法可以最大限度还原真实的加速度记录,校正后的速度时程将回归平衡位置并最终收敛于零,校正后的位移时程将逐渐收敛并最终稳定在永久位移值。
在对实际地震加速度记录的处理过程中,可根据地震动类型或研究目的采用不同的基线校正方法。对于不具有永久位移的一般地震加速度记录,可以采用高通滤波、多项式去趋势或经验模态分解等时频域方法快速高效地进行基线校正6-9,但这种方法无法保留永久位移信息,校正后的速度和位移时程的终点都将趋于零,不适用于近断层有永久位移的地震加速度记录的基线校正。因此,基于IWAN等10提出的两段式基线校正原理,学者们提出了不同形式的修正方法进行近断层地震加速度记录的基线漂移校正11-15,即校正后速度时程最终趋于零,位移时程最终趋于永久位移值。这些近断层地震动基线校正方法的差异主要表现在分段点选取准则的不同,在校正结果的精度上存在不同程度的差异,因此校正后的永久位移值具有很大的不确定性11
为此,本文研究的主要目的是提出一种具有普适性的、能合理表征近断层地震动永久位移的基线校正方法,尽可能合理地还原近断层地震动的永久位移特征。为了减少校正过程中主观因素带来的不确定性,提高校正结果的精度,本文首先引入平滑斜坡位移函数模型,提出近断层地震动基线校正的方法;然后通过典型近断层地震加速度记录的校正结果与GPS同震位移的对比,验证本文基线校正方法的合理性和适用范围。
近断层地震动由于距离发震断层很近,具有明显的集中性、上盘效应和方向性效应,主要表征于强震记录的速度大脉冲和永久地面位移1,如图1黑实线所示。对于可能具有地面永久位移的近断层地震记录,一般采用IWAN等10基于传感器磁滞效应提出的两段式校正原理和相应的方法进行校正,该方法假定基线漂移发生在强震段和结束段,各段内的基线漂移可以分别用常量表示,因此可以保留永久位移,其基本原理如图2所示,即基线漂移发生在强震瞬时偏移段(t1t2时间段)和其后的永久偏移段(t2tend时间段),各段内的基线漂移可以分别用一个常量表示,因此可以对两段分别校正。图2af表示永久偏移段的偏移量,可由线性拟合t2tend时间段速度时程的斜率确定,即:
式中  Vf由速度时程尾段的线性最小二乘拟合确定;V0为对应于t2的速度值Vft2);af为拟合斜线的斜率。
图2am表示强震段复杂基线漂移的平均偏移量,即:
在原始加速度时程中,在t1t2时间段中减去am,在t2tend时间段中减去af,可得到校正后的加速度时程,积分则可得到校正后的速度和位移时程。图1给出了采用两段式基线校正方法校正中国台湾集集地震TCU084的NS方向记录的结果,其中t1=26.45 s,t2=47.7 s,可以看出,校正后的位移时程较好地保留了地面永久位移的信息。
基于IWAN等10提出的两段式校正原理,随后发展了不同形式的修正方法11-15,这些方法的区别在于强震偏移的起始时间点t1(如图2所示)和永久偏移的起始时间点t2(如图2所示)的选取方案不同。不同的t1t2取值对校正后永久位移的影响很大9,因此选取合理的t1t2是进行近断层地震加速度记录基线校正的关键问题。
IWAN等10认为基线漂移是由传感器的磁滞效应引起的,实验表明传感器的滞后在加速度小于50 gal时不明显,因此文献[10]建议t1t2可以分别取为加速度首次和最后超越50 gal的时刻。这种方法虽然易于操作,但是缺乏可靠的理论支撑,适用性也十分有限,譬如BOORE11指出磁滞效应只是基线漂移的原因之一。WU等14对文献[10]的两段式基线校正方法进行了发展,定义地面运动首次到达永久位移值的时刻为t3(如图3所示,区别于图2中的校正参数t1t2t3仅为一个位移的辅助校正参数),然后引入t3tend段的位移平坦度f作为校正目标,即:
式中  rt3tend段的线性相关系数;bt3tend段最小二乘拟合直线的斜率;σ图3t3tend段位移时程的标准差。研究表明,f越大则位移尾段越平缓、线性程度越高,表明校正效果越好。在地震加速度时程的校正过程中,首先指定t1t3的初值,然后通过迭代确定最优的t2取值,此时f达到最大值。虽然采用该方法校正强震记录得到的永久位移与GPS观测结果吻合较好,但该方法在计算过程中,为了得到合理的校正结果,需要不断尝试改变t1t3的初始值,很难实现多个加速度记录的自动处理。
为此,CHAO等12在WU方法14的基础上,简化了t1t3的选择,通过优化分析直接给定t1t3的阈值分别为25%和65%的加速度累计能量比,但是相比于WU方法14的校正结果,该方法明显高估了地震动的永久位移值。此后,学者们以t2到结束段的位移平坦度f作为校正目标,提出了类似于WU方法14的近断层地震动基线校正方法15,但该方法的校正结果高度依赖于t2的最大取值范围,主观性也较大。
WANG等13在IWAN方法10的基础上进一步提出了一种基于位移整体拟合优度的校正程序,即将t1t2作为自由参数在可能的取值范围内进行循环迭代,通过阶跃函数来拟合校正后的位移时程,选择使拟合优度达到最佳时的t1t2作为最终取值,得到最终校正后的记录。该方法可以完全实现程序化计算,不足之处在于阶跃函数对位移的拟合精度还比较粗糙。此外,还有学者提出单段式校正的简化方法416-17,认为偏移仅发生在时程的尾段,但这种校正方法仅对简单的单段线性漂移适用,可以看作两段式校正方法的特例,还有一些学者尝试采用神经网络的算法来进行近断层地震动的基线校正18,这些方法目前大都处于探索阶段。
本节选取两类有代表性的校正方法,通过例证分析探讨其有效性及适用范围。这两类校正方法的基线校正原理均如图2所示,区别在于校正评价指标的不同:第一类方法以校正后位移时程尾段的平坦度f作为校正评价指标,f越大则位移尾段越平缓、线性程度越高,表明校正效果越好;第二类方法以校正后位移时程和阶跃函数的整体拟合优度作为校正评价指标,若拟合误差越小则表明校正效果越好。
该类方法以校正后位移时程尾段的平坦度f作为校正评价指标,但对于尾段的起算点有两种不同的选取方式,其一如WU方法14指定地面运动首次到达永久位移的时刻t3(如图3所示)作为位移尾段的起算点,截取t3tend段的位移计算平坦度f;其二为指定永久偏移的起始点t2(如图2所示)作为位移尾段的起算点15,截取t2tend段的位移计算平坦度f,以下对这两种方法计算得到的结果进行对比分析。
WU方法14引入辅助校正参数t3来表征地面运动首次到达永久位移的时刻,如图3所示,以式(3)所示的t3tend段的平坦度f作为校正评价指标。在地震加速度记录的校正过程中,首先指定t1t3的初值,在t3tend的范围内循环迭代t2,然后选择使f最大的t2作为最优取值,从而得到在已设定的t1t3初值下的最优校正结果,最后尝试改变t1t3的初值,重复以上步骤。该方法需要多次尝试改变t1t3的初值,具有一定的主观性,但是在多次调整之后仍然可以得到相对合理的结果,特别是已知GPS同震位移的情况下可以得到较为准确的校正结果。
该方法的核心思想是以t3tend段的平坦度f作为校正结果的评价指标,因此t3的取值对最终结果影响很大,图4给出了中国台湾集集地震TCU078台站NS向记录在t3分别为30,35和40 s时的位移时程。可以看出在t3取不同值时,校正结果差异较大,在t3=35 s时校正结果十分接近于GPS同震位移值,工程实践中,如果GPS同震位移未知,则校正结果具有较大的主观随机性。
张斌等15通过“时移斜率比”1619拾取未校正位移刚开始偏离平衡位置的时刻并指定为t1,指定t2的取值范围为t2∈(max(td0tPGA),tend),td0表示未校正位移最后的零交时刻,tPGA表示未校正加速度记录的峰值时刻,然后以t2tend段的位移平坦度f作为校正评价指标。在地震加速度时程的校正过程中,在t2的取值范围内循环迭代t2,选择使f最大的t2作为最优取值,从而得到校正后的结果。
虽然该方法可以实现程序自动化计算,但校正结果高度依赖于t2的最大取值范围tend,即t2作为循环变量一直在变化,因此ft2的变化也一直在变化,t2的取值越大,则t2tend段的平坦度f一般就越大,因此程序会自动趋向于选择更大的t2作为最终取值以使位移平坦度更大,那么t2的最大取值范围tend就成为影响t2最终取值的控制因素。图5给出了中国台湾集集地震TCU079台站NS向记录在tend分别取为80%,85%和95%Arias强度时的校正结果,可以看出,tend的取值越大对应t2的最终取值也越大,致使永久位移值产生显著的差异。此外,图5中三条校正后的位移时程曲线的尾段平坦度均较大,但尾段前部特别是上升段位移的形态仍然有显著的差异,说明即使位移尾段的平坦度得到较好的控制,也很难约束校正后位移的整体形态。
WANG方法13t1t2作为自由参数在可能的取值范围内进行循环迭代,然后通过阶跃函数来拟合校正后的位移时程,选择使拟合效果达到最佳时的t1t2作为最终取值,得到校正结果。该方法无需引入额外的辅助校正参数,可以实现程序自动化计算,得到相对稳定的校正结果。该方法的核心是以阶跃函数对位移时程的整体拟合优度作为校正评价指标,图6给出了中国台湾集集地震TCU079台站NS和EW方向记录的校正结果,同时给出了相应阶跃函数的最优拟合。可以看出校正后的永久位移时程形态合理,和阶跃函数间的总体拟合效果较好,但同时我们发现,阶跃函数对位移的细节拟合得不够精确,不能很好地描述位移上升段的形态,校正后的永久位移值也与GPS同震位移差距较大,还有进一步优化的空间。
以上分析结果表明,以位移尾段的平坦度f作为校正目标的第一类校正方法,只能控制位移尾段的形态,缺乏对位移整体形状的约束,在参数的选取上也有一定的主观性,因此可能导致不稳定的校正结果;以阶跃函数与位移时程的整体拟合优度作为校正目标的第二类校正方法,可以更好地实现对位移整体形状的控制,主观性相对较小,因此本文在该方法的基础上进一步提高基线校正精度。
通过2.2节的分析可知,基于位移整体拟合优度的基线校正方法可以更好地实现对位移整体形态的控制,但从图6中的拟合结果来看,虽然位移与阶跃函数总体上拟合效果较好,但局部细节上还有不同程度的偏差,特别是在20~40 s位移上升段处的偏差尤为明显,这可能是校正后永久位移仍偏离GPS同震位移的重要原因。因此,若能提高位移在上升段与阶跃函数之间的拟合精度,则位移与拟合位移函数模型间的偏差将显著减小,从而增加优化校正结果的可能性。
因此,本文提出一种带有平滑上升段的平滑斜坡位移函数模型代替阶跃函数来拟合校正后的位移:
式中  β1表示位移偏离平衡位置的起始时刻;β2表示位移首次达到永久位移值的时刻;α表示永久位移值。
该模型的上升段由平滑的曲线表示,图7直观地给出了模型中各参数的含义。相较于阶跃函数(如图6红色实线所示),该模型具有平滑的上升段,并且可以通过调节参数β1β2之间的距离调整上升段的坡度,因此可以较好地适配不同形态的实际位移时程,当β1=β2时,该模型则退化为阶跃函数。
为了描述该模型的拟合精度,引入残差均方根rms作为位移模型与位移记录之间拟合精度的评价指标,即:
式中  T为总时长;Dt)为位移函数模型;dispt)为校正后位移。rms越小表示拟合效果越好。
基于式(4)的位移函数模型,建立了本文所提近断层地震动基线校正方法的技术流程,如图8所示,具体操作步骤总结如下:
(1)对原始记录进行初始化处理。计算P波到时tP,从整个加速度时程中减去P波到达前10~15 s的加速度均值,移除事件前的误差得到初始化加速度,然后积分得到相应的初始化速度和初始化位移。
(2)选取t1t2的取值范围。t2不应小于初始化加速度峰值对应的时刻tPGA,同时也不应小于初始化位移与横轴最后的零交时刻td013,因此t2的取值范围为max(tPGAtd0)<t2<tend,但如果地震记录的持续时间远远超过了强震段持时,也可以对tend的取值做一定的限制,如取为95%的Arias强度对应的时间t95t1的取值范围满足tP<t1<t2即可。
(3)进行基线校正。使用线性函数拟合速度时程的尾段t2~tend,通过式(1)得到t2~tend段的偏移量af,然后通过式(2)确定t1~t2段的偏移量am,从初始化加速度的t1~t2段中减去amt2~tend段中减去af,得到校正后的加速度时程Acc_new,积分得到校正后的速度和位移时程。
(4)拟合位移时程。用式(4)表示的平滑斜坡位移函数模型拟合校正后的位移Disp_new,然后计算位移模型与校正位移间的误差rmsrms如式(5)所示。
(5)获得校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程。以δt作为时间增量循环迭代t1t2的所有可能取值,选择使式(5)的位移函数模型与校正后位移间的拟合误差rms最小的t1t2作为最终取值,再重复步骤(3)的校正程序得到最终校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程,取位移的尾段均值作为永久位移值。
采用本文提出的基线校正方法,对集集地震TCU079台站EW向记录的校正结果如图9所示。可以看出,采用本文方法得到的校正位移形态合理,与平滑斜坡位移函数模型的拟合效果较好,校正后得到的永久位移值与GPS同震位移吻合度较高。对比图6(b)所示的校正结果,本文建立的基线校正方法得到的永久位移明显更接近于GPS同震位移,且平滑斜坡位移函数模型对位移时程的拟合精度也更高。此外,本文位移模型计算得出rms=3.75,而图6(b)中阶跃函数模型计算出rms=7.5,因此本文的位移模型对位移的拟合精度更高。
为了检验本文基线校正方法的效果,选取中国台湾集集地震中典型的近断层地震动记录,对应的11个台站分布如图10所示。采用本文建立的基线校正方法对33条地震加速度记录进行基线处理,得到永久位移的结果如表1所示。为了检验本文计算方法的有效性,表1给出了11个台站GPS同震位移与本文校正结果的对比,并给出了二者的相对误差(由于GPS的竖向测量误差较大,因此剔除了GPS竖向测量值小于20 cm对应的计算结果)。从表1的结果可以看出,绝大部分计算得到的永久位移结果与GPS同震位移吻合程度较高,相对误差大都不超过35%。这些计算结果表明采用本文方法得到的校正结果可以较为真实地还原近断层地震动的永久位移信息。
为了直观地对比不同基线校正方法所得结果的差异,图11(a)~(c)分别给出了集集地震TCU052台站UD方向、TCU074台站EW方向和TCU078台站NS方向上地震动记录校正结果的对比。图11中这几条记录的位移形态各异但均具有较大的永久位移,因此可以清晰地对比不同校正方法对结果的影响。相较于其他校正方案,本文校正方案显著降低了永久位移与GPS同震位移的相对误差:对于如图11(a)所示的TCU052台站UD(竖向)方向,本文校正方案将其相对误差从16.5%降低到8.4%;在图11(b)TCU074台站EW方向,相对误差从37.9%降低到1.6%;在图11(c)TCU078台站NS方向,相对误差从35.6%降低到7.1%。相比较而言,本文校正方法所得到的位移时程形态合理,永久位移最接近于GPS同震位移。需要注意的是,图11中采用WU方法14得到的校正结果是人工指定t3的取值为30或35 s后的结果,采用张斌方法15得到的校正结果是人工指定tend为95%Arias强度对应时刻后的结果,由于指定参数的主观性,因此不同的研究者得到的校正结果可能不尽相同,但总的来说本文方法的稳定性更高,得到的永久位移精度更高。
通过对不同基线校正方法结果的对比分析表明,本文建立的基线校正方法能够得到较好的计算结果,校正后的位移形态合理,且永久位移接近于GPS同震位移。表2列举了包含本文校正方法在内的几种校正方法的特点,从校正指标上来看可以分为两类,第一类是WU等14、CHAO等12和张斌等15的方法,均以位移尾段的平坦度作为校正指标,可以较好地控制位移尾段的形态,但缺乏对位移整体形态的约束,致使永久位移值可能出现较大的离散性(如图45所示);第二类是本文方法和WANG等13的方法,均以位移的整体拟合优度作为校正指标,可以较好地约束位移的整体形态(如图69所示)。相比较而言,第二类校正方法的稳定性总体上优于第一类校正方法。从校正方法的自动化程度来看,WU方法14需要在每一次迭代中人工指定初始参数t1t3,而其余四种方法均可以实现程序自动化计算,因此WU方法14的计算结果与初始参数有关,带来一定的主观性,而其余四种方法在t1t2的迭代取值范围确定后,得到的结果是确定的,当然人工调整初始参数也会带来一定的好处,比如在GPS同震位移已知的情况下,即给定校正目标时,WU方法14可以通过多次调整初始参数给出十分精确的结果(如图4所示)。
同时我们注意到,如果实际记录的永久位移很小,譬如小于位移时程的3倍标准差14,则本文方法的校正结果可能出现不稳定的情况,如集集地震记录TCU076的UD方向分量(σ=9.69 cm)和TCU120的UD方向分量(σ=7.21 cm),校正后的结果与GPS同震位移方向相反。分析原因,主要是本文方法的核心思想是通过平滑斜坡位移模型控制位移时程的整体形态,隐含的条件是待校正记录的永久位移不宜过小,至少要明显超过位移的标准差,这样才能保证位移模型拟合的精度和校正结果的稳定性。因此在永久位移很小的情况下本文校正方法的适用性可能较差,此时更合适的方法可能是高通滤波或多项式校正,即不考虑存在永久位移,如图12所示,给出了TCU120台站UD方向的几种校正结果对比。图中,fc表示滤波截止频率。
需要指出的是,表2所列的其他几种近断层基线校正的方法也存在同样的问题,本文限于篇幅不予展开讨论,这就表明如果近断层地震动记录的永久位移很小时,表2中近断层地震动基线校正方法的适用性都比较差。
本文在分析已有近断层基线校正方法的基础上引入了平滑斜坡位移函数模型,然后基于本文提出的位移模型建立了能够合理表征近断层地震动永久位移的基线校正方法。本文校正方法提高了位移函数模型与位移时程之间的拟合精度,从而提高了校正结果的准确性,通过对集集地震典型近断层强震记录的分析以及和GPS同震位移结果的对比,得到如下结论:
(1)本文构建的平滑斜坡位移函数对位移时程的拟合精度较高,基于位移函数构建的近断层地震加速度时程基线校正方法不仅可以合理地表征近断层地震动永久位移,且计算得到的永久位移与GPS同震位移吻合度较高。
(2)本文建立的基线校正方法不依赖于初始参数的设置,可以完全实现程序自动化处理;校正过程不需要人为指定初始参数,减少了主观因素对校正结果的影响,因此每一条原始记录在校正后的结果是唯一的,提高了校正结果的精度和稳定性。
本文建立的近断层地震动基线校正方法可以实现对大部分具有永久位移的近断层地震动记录的合理校正,能够为近断层地震动特性及永久位移等研究提供可靠的计算结果。然而,实际地震动记录千差万别,位移时程也形态各异,用一个函数模型很难完备地适配所有位移记录,因此可以在本文方法的基础上,进一步发展通用的位移函数库,并结合多源观测数据和震源机制分析等形成联合校正方案,从而进一步改善校正方法的普适性,这可能是一个有潜力的发展方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878627)
  • 中国电建华东院资助科研项目(KY2018-ZD-02)
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2024年第37卷第12期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.12.003
  • 接收时间:2023-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-05
  • 修回日期:2023-02-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878627)
中国电建华东院资助科研项目(KY2018-ZD-02)
作者信息
    1中国地震局地球物理研究所,北京 100081
    2中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 311122

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俞瑞芳(1974—),女,博士,研究员。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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