Article(id=1228653715226297071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673712000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-15, revisedDate=1678118400000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863472992, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863472992, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863472992, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863472992, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653708687377017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='11', pageStart='1803', pageEnd='1992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863471433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863902026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1826, endPage=1835, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653715540869884, articleId=1228653715226297071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Design and performance verification of a novel eddy current damper for damping adjustment of the spring-suspended sectional model system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to finely and continuously adjust the damping of a spring-suspended sectional model (SSSM) system in the wind tunnel test,a double-sided permanent magnet plate-type eddy current damper (ECD) device is developed in this paper. First,the basic structure of the ECD is introduced and its design points are analyzed. Then,the rationality of the structure for the ECD is analyzed by using the electromagnetic finite element steady-state analysis method,its working range is predicted,and the influence of the motion speed and position offset of the conductor plate on its working performance is analyzed. Finally,the relationship between the vertical and torsional additional damping ratio provided by the ECD to the SSSM system is derived,and the linear characteristics of the eddy current damping and the cooperative adjustment ability of the damper to the vertical and torsional additional damping of the SSSM system are verified by experiments. The study shows that the double-sided permanent magnet plate-type ECD can provide continuously adjustable linear viscous damping for the SSSM system with different scaling ratios,and the damping coefficient is stable and not easily affected by the front-back,left-right and up-down position offsets of the model,which is also suitable for the wind tunnel test of the SSSM system with large bending-torsional coupling vibration. By installing two dampers symmetrically along the diagonal of the SSSM system,the vertical and torsional damping ratios of the SSSM system can be cooperatively adjusted,which provides conditions for the fine study of the bending-torsional coupling wind-induced vibration of the SSSM system.

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为了能够精细、连续调节风洞试验中的节段模型弹性悬挂系统阻尼,设计了一种双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器。介绍了该电涡流阻尼器的基本构造,并分析出其设计要点;采用电磁有限元稳态分析方法分析了该电涡流阻尼器构造的合理性,并预测了其工作量程,分析了导体板的运动速度和位置偏移对其工作性能的影响;推导出该电涡流阻尼器给节段模型悬挂系统提供的竖向和扭转附加阻尼比的关系,并利用试验验证了电涡流阻尼的线性特性及阻尼器对节段模型悬挂系统竖向和扭转附加阻尼的协同调节能力。研究表明:双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器可为不同缩尺比节段模型悬挂系统提供连续可调的线性黏滞阻尼,且其阻尼系数稳定,不易受模型前后、左右和上下位置偏移的影响,也适用于节段模型大幅弯扭耦合颤振风洞试验;通过沿节段模型的斜对角对称安装两台电涡流阻尼器,可实现节段模型悬挂系统竖向和扭转阻尼比的协同调节,为实现节段模型弯扭耦合风致振动的精细化研究提供了条件。

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黄智文(1986—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Decayed time-history of free vibration displacement of sectional model system, figureFileSmall=uG1FweUhHB6CWnMayuw59w==, figureFileBig=tveLR8RtSGxDmY6P+cvTHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228653737963618936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=CN, label=图20, caption=节段模型悬挂系统的自由振动位移衰减时程, figureFileSmall=uG1FweUhHB6CWnMayuw59w==, figureFileBig=tveLR8RtSGxDmY6P+cvTHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228653738051699324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Different working conditions and corresponding geometric parameters of eddy current damper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况构型a/mb/md1/md2/ml2/mw2/m
10.0100.0350.130
2双侧式0.0250.0150.0550.0500.2050.175
30.0500.0750.250
40.0100.0350.130
5单侧式0.0250.0150.1650.0500.5350.175
60.0500.0750.250
), ArticleFig(id=1228653738177528449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同电涡流阻尼器工况及各工况的几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况构型a/mb/md1/md2/ml2/mw2/m
10.0100.0350.130
2双侧式0.0250.0150.0550.0500.2050.175
30.0500.0750.250
40.0100.0350.130
5单侧式0.0250.0150.1650.0500.5350.175
60.0500.0750.250
), ArticleFig(id=1228653738269803139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main distribution range of dynamic characteristic parameters of the main girder sectional models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缩尺比m/kgIo/(kg⋅m2)fh/Hzft/Hz
常规比例10~500.4~2.01.5~6.03~10
大缩尺比100~35020~1401.5~3.53.5~6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228653738387243657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主梁节段模型的动力特性参数主要分布范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缩尺比m/kgIo/(kg⋅m2)fh/Hzft/Hz
常规比例10~500.4~2.01.5~6.03~10
大缩尺比100~35020~1401.5~3.53.5~6.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228653738483712655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Basic parameters of sectional model of main beam with large scale ratio

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B/mD/mm/kgIo/(kg⋅m2)fh/Hzft/Hz
1.520.11245.4455.742.414.52
), ArticleFig(id=1228653738559210131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653715226297071, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

大缩尺比主梁节段模型的基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
B/mD/mm/kgIo/(kg⋅m2)fh/Hzft/Hz
1.520.11245.4455.742.414.52
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节段模型弹性悬挂系统阻尼调节用电涡流阻尼器的设计与性能验证
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黄智文 1, 2, 3 , 马伟猛 1, 2, 3 , 冯云成 4 , 华旭刚 1, 2, 3 , 陈政清 1, 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(11): 1826-1835
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(11): 1826-1835
节段模型弹性悬挂系统阻尼调节用电涡流阻尼器的设计与性能验证
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黄智文1, 2, 3 , 马伟猛1, 2, 3, 冯云成4, 华旭刚1, 2, 3, 陈政清1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1湖南大学风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 2湖南大学土木工程学院, 湖南 长沙 410082
  • 3湖南大学桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
  • 4中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
  • 黄智文(1986—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

Design and performance verification of a novel eddy current damper for damping adjustment of the spring-suspended sectional model system
Zhi-wen HUANG1, 2, 3 , Wei-meng MA1, 2, 3, Yun-cheng FENG4, Xu-gang HUA1, 2, 3, Zheng-qing CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory for Wind and Bridge Engineering of Hunan Province,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Bridge Safety and Resilience,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China
  • 4CCCC First Highway Consultants Co.,Ltd.,Xi’an 710075,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.004
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为了能够精细、连续调节风洞试验中的节段模型弹性悬挂系统阻尼,设计了一种双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器。介绍了该电涡流阻尼器的基本构造,并分析出其设计要点;采用电磁有限元稳态分析方法分析了该电涡流阻尼器构造的合理性,并预测了其工作量程,分析了导体板的运动速度和位置偏移对其工作性能的影响;推导出该电涡流阻尼器给节段模型悬挂系统提供的竖向和扭转附加阻尼比的关系,并利用试验验证了电涡流阻尼的线性特性及阻尼器对节段模型悬挂系统竖向和扭转附加阻尼的协同调节能力。研究表明:双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器可为不同缩尺比节段模型悬挂系统提供连续可调的线性黏滞阻尼,且其阻尼系数稳定,不易受模型前后、左右和上下位置偏移的影响,也适用于节段模型大幅弯扭耦合颤振风洞试验;通过沿节段模型的斜对角对称安装两台电涡流阻尼器,可实现节段模型悬挂系统竖向和扭转阻尼比的协同调节,为实现节段模型弯扭耦合风致振动的精细化研究提供了条件。

桥梁  /  风洞试验  /  节段模型  /  电涡流阻尼  /  阻尼器

In order to finely and continuously adjust the damping of a spring-suspended sectional model (SSSM) system in the wind tunnel test,a double-sided permanent magnet plate-type eddy current damper (ECD) device is developed in this paper. First,the basic structure of the ECD is introduced and its design points are analyzed. Then,the rationality of the structure for the ECD is analyzed by using the electromagnetic finite element steady-state analysis method,its working range is predicted,and the influence of the motion speed and position offset of the conductor plate on its working performance is analyzed. Finally,the relationship between the vertical and torsional additional damping ratio provided by the ECD to the SSSM system is derived,and the linear characteristics of the eddy current damping and the cooperative adjustment ability of the damper to the vertical and torsional additional damping of the SSSM system are verified by experiments. The study shows that the double-sided permanent magnet plate-type ECD can provide continuously adjustable linear viscous damping for the SSSM system with different scaling ratios,and the damping coefficient is stable and not easily affected by the front-back,left-right and up-down position offsets of the model,which is also suitable for the wind tunnel test of the SSSM system with large bending-torsional coupling vibration. By installing two dampers symmetrically along the diagonal of the SSSM system,the vertical and torsional damping ratios of the SSSM system can be cooperatively adjusted,which provides conditions for the fine study of the bending-torsional coupling wind-induced vibration of the SSSM system.

bridge  /  wind tunnel testing  /  sectional model  /  eddy current damping  /  damper
黄智文, 马伟猛, 冯云成, 华旭刚, 陈政清. 节段模型弹性悬挂系统阻尼调节用电涡流阻尼器的设计与性能验证. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1826 -1835 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.004
Zhi-wen HUANG, Wei-meng MA, Yun-cheng FENG, Xu-gang HUA, Zheng-qing CHEN. Design and performance verification of a novel eddy current damper for damping adjustment of the spring-suspended sectional model system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1826 -1835 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.004
大跨度桥梁频率低、阻尼小、质量轻1,容易出现颤振、涡激共振等各类风致振动问题,一般需要借助节段模型风洞试验来研究其抗风稳定性问题2。为了准确预测实桥的抗风性能,特别是涡激共振3和“软”颤振4等对结构阻尼特别敏感的风致振动形式,要求节段模型悬挂系统的阻尼比能够精细调节至抗风规范建议值,以实现实桥涡振振幅或“软”颤振振幅的准确预测,因此对节段模型悬挂系统的阻尼调节装置提出了较高的要求。
节段模型悬挂系统阻尼主要包括固有机械阻尼和附加阻尼两部分5。在常规振幅下,固有机械阻尼较小6,通过阻尼装置给节段模型悬挂系统附加阻尼是调节节段模型悬挂系统阻尼比的关键。目前,常用的节段模型悬挂系统阻尼装置按照安装位置的差异可大致分为螺旋弹簧阻尼措施和模型阻尼器两类。其中,螺旋弹簧阻尼措施主要指在螺旋弹簧上附加阻尼装置,如缠绕电工胶带7、绑扎橡皮筋8或钢绞线圈59等;模型阻尼器主要指在节段模型端部安装阻尼装置,如安装硅油阻尼桶10-12和电涡流阻尼器13-14。然而,上述阻尼装置均存在一定程度的局限性。譬如,缠绕电工胶带提供的附加阻尼稳定性较差;绑扎橡皮筋或钢绞线圈会对系统刚度产生较大影响,并且提供的附加阻尼非线性较强5;硅油阻尼桶提供的黏滞阻尼受制于被硅油浸没的剪切板的面积和形状,不易连续调节10;电磁式电涡流阻尼器虽然能够提供可连续调节的线性黏滞阻尼,但同样面临电磁铁发热和装置加工复杂等问题。
永磁板式电涡流阻尼器主要由永磁体和导体板构成,当导体板在磁场中作切割磁感线运动时,导体板内部会产生电涡流,进而受到阻碍其运动的电磁力作用,并将电能转化为热能耗散掉。永磁板式电涡流阻尼器可根据导体板的数量分为单层式和多层式两种,其中单层式又可根据导体板两侧永磁体分布情况分为单侧永磁板式和双侧永磁板式两种。汪志昊等15研究了双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器的磁路构造优化方式,发现沿垂直导体板运动方向,单侧相邻永磁体按同性布置能够优化磁路,而沿导体板运动方向,单侧相邻永磁体按同性布置则会劣化磁路。黄智文等16研究了单侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器的磁路构造优化方式,发现多个永磁体对之间保持方向一致且沿垂直导体板运动方向布置能够优化磁路,优化效果随相邻永磁体对间距的减小而增大。
华旭刚等17介绍了一种适用于节段模型涡振试验的双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器,分析了安装电涡流阻尼器后节段模型悬挂系统的竖向阻尼特性,但并未详细阐述该电涡流阻尼器的阻尼性能及设计方法,也未涉及节段模型悬挂系统扭转阻尼比的调节。为此,本文结合三维电磁场有限元稳态分析方法和模型试验对双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器的阻尼性能等进行了系统研究。
图1分别给出了双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器的构造示意图与实物照片。它主要由导体板、永磁体阵列、磁体背铁、间距调节装置和底座组成。导体板、永磁体阵列和磁体背铁构成电涡流阻尼发生器。当模型发生振动时,固定在其上的导体板也同步振动,并通过切割磁力线产生电涡流阻尼。永磁体阵列及其背铁都固定在底座支架顶部的滑台上,通过滑台上的摇柄装置可调节左右两侧永磁体阵列之间的气隙,从而改变阻尼系数的大小。阻尼器底座通过支撑脚与风洞底面相连,通过调节支撑脚的高度可以适应不同的模型位置。
值得说明的是,阻尼器导体板与节段模型端杆可采用两种连接方式,如图2所示。对涡振研究中振幅较小的试验工况,可采用如图2(a)所示的竖向连接方式,以降低永磁阵列的安装高度;对后颤振研究中弯扭耦合大幅振动的工况,可采用如图2(b)所示的横向连接方式,以保证大幅扭转振动过程中导体板沿端杆中心对称,提高阻尼性能的稳定性。
图3为电涡流阻尼器在节段模型弹性悬挂系统中的安装示意图,二者共同构成节段模型-电涡流阻尼器弹性悬挂系统。其中节段模型弹性悬挂系统主要由刚性模型、端杆、螺旋弹簧和电涡流阻尼器组成,模型与端杆固结,8根螺旋弹簧对称分布在模型四角,与端杆相连,给悬挂系统提供刚度;两台或四台电涡流阻尼器沿模型斜对角或四角安装,给悬挂系统同时提供竖向和扭转阻尼。
节段模型弹性悬挂系统主要用于研究桥梁涡振和颤振性能,因此可将其简化为仅有竖向和扭转两自由度的二维平面振动系统(如图4所示),其自由振动方程为:
式中  mIo分别为系统的质量和质量矩;yθ分别为模型竖向和扭转位移;分别为阻尼器提供的竖向和扭转附加阻尼系数;分别为节段模型悬挂系统原始的竖向和扭转阻尼系数;k为单根螺旋弹簧的拉伸刚度;l为弹簧水平间距。
当节段模型悬挂系统仅发生竖向振动或小幅扭转振动时,电涡流阻尼器均可简化为仅沿竖向出力的阻尼装置,此时对于安装两台阻尼器的工况,阻尼器提供的竖向和扭转附加阻尼比分别为:
式中  c为单台阻尼器的电涡流阻尼系数;d为两台阻尼器的水平距离;分别为竖向和扭转固有角频率;分别为竖向和扭转固有频率。
电涡流阻尼器是一种速度型阻尼装置,在阻尼器设计时需要确定阻尼器的最高工作速度。对于单纯的竖向或扭转振动,可假定节段模型以固有频率作竖向或扭转简谐振动,由此估算阻尼器工作的最大竖向和扭转速度分别为:
式中  分别为竖向和扭转振幅。可以看到,阻尼器的工作速度主要与节段模型的振幅和振动频率有关。
需要说明的是,对于图3所示的节段模型悬挂系统,节段模型除发生竖向和扭转振动外,还可能沿来流方向发生静风偏移,或沿体轴方向发生侧摆。节段模型的位移会传递到导体板,引起导体板与永磁体阵列相对位置的改变,从而可能影响到电涡流阻尼力及阻尼系数的大小,因此必需进行详细评估。
为了满足涡振和后颤振等非线性风振响应的研究需求,节段模型弹性悬挂系统的阻尼装置应具备易于调节、线性度好、稳定性高等特点,经过综合分析,本文采用如图5所示的双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元。图5中,d1d2分别表示磁体阵列中每行两端磁体的中心间距和每列两端磁体的中心间距。在导体板两侧,相对位置的永磁体异向磁极相对;在单个侧面上,永磁体磁极沿运动方向交替布置,垂直于运动方向同向布置。双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元利用两侧永磁体之间的气隙大小调节阻尼系数。
在已有的研究中,大吨位电涡流阻尼装置主要采用单侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元,其基本构造如图6所示18-19。对于单侧型电涡流阻尼单元,可以把导体板和背铁固定在节段模型的端杆上,利用导体板和永磁体之间的气隙大小来调节阻尼系数的大小。
为对比两种电涡流阻尼单元的基本性能,二者均采用4对尺寸相同的永磁体以及材料和厚度相同的导体板,其布置方式分别如图56所示。对于每种布置方式,保持永磁体的列间距b不变、行间距a变化,设计出6个电涡流阻尼器分析工况如表1所示。各工况的阻尼器永磁体与导体板之间的空气间隙均用总气隙大小hg表示,其中双侧式为两侧空气间隙之和。单块永磁体尺寸为lm(长)×wm(宽)×hm(厚)=0.040 m×0.025 m×0.020 m,剩余磁感应强度Br =1.4 T,相对磁导率µrm=1.0;磁体背铁和导体板背铁的尺寸相同,长和宽分别用l1w1表示,厚度h1=0.010 m,电导率σ1=2.0×106 S/m;导体板采用6061-T4铝材,长和宽分别用l2w2表示,且l2=l1w2=w1,厚度h2=0.006 m,电导率σ2=2.3×107 S/m。各工况对应的背铁及导体板平面尺寸、永磁体间距等其他尺寸如表1所示。其中背铁与导体板的长和宽足够大,以保证电涡流阻尼系数的计算结果不受边界条件的影响。
采用电磁有限元稳态分析方法计算了两种阻尼器在不同工况下的电涡流阻尼系数,导体板运动速度取v=0.6 m/s,结果如图7所示。可以发现,当总气隙大小大于8 mm时,在相同气隙条件下,双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元的阻尼系数总是稍大于单侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元,说明采用本文的构造形式可以使电涡流阻尼器保持较高的耗能能力,有利于实现阻尼装置的轻量化。此外,随着总气隙大小的增大,两种阻尼器的阻尼系数都不断降低,阻尼系数的变化率则逐渐减小。这说明如果采用单侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元,其阻尼系数很容易受节段模型左右摆动影响,而双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元的总气隙大小只由导体板两侧永磁体的相对位置决定,不受模型运动影响,其阻尼性能的稳定性更高。
对比工况1~3,工况4~6可以发现,永磁体阵列的行间距会影响两种电涡流阻尼器的阻尼系数,但其影响程度与气隙相比则较小,所以在阻尼器设计中行间距可根据经验取值,不必追求参数优化设计。
上述两种电涡流阻尼单元的导体板都固定在节段模型的端杆上,除电涡流阻尼力外,导体板和节段模型还可能受到永磁体的横向电磁吸力。图8选取工况1和4计算了节段模型所受横向电磁吸力随总气隙大小的变化情况。从图8中可知,在不同总气隙大小下,安装双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器的节段模型受到的横向电磁吸力几乎为零,因此不会引起节段模型的侧向位移,有利于保持阻尼性能的稳定性。安装单侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器的节段模型受到很大的横向电磁吸力,例如当hg=4 mm时,横向电磁吸力为857 N。随着总气隙大小的增大,横向电磁吸力逐渐减小,当总气隙大小增大到hg=20 mm时,仍然有100 N以上的横向电磁吸力。节段模型悬挂系统本身不受侧向约束,因此这种电磁吸力会使导体板与永磁体不断靠近,阻尼器难以稳定工作。
本节从阻尼器工作量程、工作速度、节段模型各方向偏移和振幅大小对阻尼系数的影响来评估阻尼器的适用性和稳定性。双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元的设计参数与第2节工况1基本相同,仅稍微增大永磁体背铁尺寸至0.170 m(l1)×0.190 m(w1)×0.010 m(h1),增大导体板尺寸至0.140 m(l2)×0.130 m(w2)×0.006 m(h2)。
经过文献调研20-22,得到主梁常规比例节段模型和大缩尺比节段模型的动力特性参数主要分布范围如表2所示。以阻尼系数要求更高的大缩尺比节段模型悬挂系统为对象,两台阻尼器间距d=1.3 m,计算总气隙大小hg=20 mm时,电涡流阻尼器提供的竖向和扭转附加阻尼比随模型质量和频率的变化,结果如图9所示。可以发现,电涡流阻尼器提供的竖向附加阻尼比范围为0.9%~7.5%,扭转附加阻尼比范围为0.5%~6.8%。如果减小总气隙大小,附加阻尼比范围还能进一步增大,能够满足不同缩尺比模型在不同工况下的试验需求。
保持阻尼器总气隙大小hg=20 mm不变,分析无量纲电涡流阻尼系数随导体板运动速度的变化规律,如图10所示。各工况的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数为任意速度下的阻尼系数与速度v=0.01 m/s时阻尼系数的比值。可以发现,随着导体板运动速度的增大,阻尼系数逐渐降低,且电导率越大,板厚越大,对应的降幅也越大,因此宜选择电导率较低的薄铝板作为电涡流阻尼器的导体材料。实际上,对处于竖向或小幅扭转状态的节段模型悬挂系统,导体板的最大竖向工作速度一般在3.0 m/s以内,如果选择电导率为2.3×107 S/m、厚度为6 mm的铝板,阻尼系数随速度的下降量在5%以内,可以忽略不计。
导体板的左右偏移主要是由模型左右晃动引起的。图11为不同总气隙大小下阻尼器的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数随导体板左右偏移量的变化情况。无量纲电涡流阻尼系数为偏移后的阻尼系数与未偏移状态阻尼系数的比值。可以发现,随着左右偏移量的增大,各总气隙大小下的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数逐渐增大,且增速逐渐加快,增大总气隙大小可降低左右偏移的影响。例如,在20 mm总气隙大小下,当导体板左右偏移量小于3 mm时,阻尼系数的增量小于5%。实际上,节段模型的涡振或颤振都以竖向和扭转振动为主,非人为因素引起的模型左右偏移量仅为毫米级,对阻尼器性能影响较小。
模型受到的静风阻力会使其沿来流方向偏移。图12为不同总气隙大小下阻尼器的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数随导体板前后偏移量的变化情况。可以发现,随着左右导体板前后偏移量的增大,各总气隙大小下的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数均不断下降,且各总气隙大小对应的下降速度基本相同。当前后偏移量小于14 mm时,阻尼系数的下降量小于5%。实际上,在节段模型风洞试验中会采用钢丝绳来限制模型沿来流方向的位移,同时可以增大导体板的宽度以适应模型偏移,保持阻尼系数的稳定。
模型的竖向振动以及升力作用都会使导体板产生上下偏移。图13为不同总气隙大小下阻尼器的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数随导体板上下偏移量的变化情况。可以发现,当导体板的上下偏移量小于25 mm时,阻尼系数都基本保持不变;超过25 mm以后,无量纲电涡流阻尼系数逐渐下降,且总气隙大小越大,下降速度越快。当上下偏移量小于32 mm时,各总气隙大小下的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数的下降量均小于5%,阻尼器性能保持稳定。
导体板可能随节段模型同时发生前后、左右和上下耦合偏移,并发生扭转振动。为了分析耦合偏移和扭转振动工况下阻尼性能的稳定性,首先根据单向偏移的计算结果选取最不利偏移组合,即导体板左右、前后和上下偏移分别取为0,14和27.5 mm,然后计算不同总气隙大小下无量纲电涡流阻尼系数随节段模型扭转角的变化情况,结果如图14所示。可以发现,在0°~7°扭转角范围内,各总气隙大小对应的无量纲电涡流阻尼系数均位于0.945~0.975之间。说明对于竖向或小幅扭转状态,导体板的耦合偏移和扭转角对阻尼器性能的影响都很小,满足阻尼性能的稳定性要求。
对于后颤振而言,要求阻尼器在大幅弯扭耦合运动中保持阻尼性能的稳定性。此时宜将导体板与模型端杆横向连接,如图2(b)所示,以减小节段模型大幅扭转时导体板横向速度分量对扭转阻尼系数的影响,而保持扭转阻尼系数的稳定性。
下面以文献[23]中Π形截面节段模型的弯扭耦合后颤振为背景,分析大幅弯扭耦合运动中电涡流阻尼器性能的稳定性。已知模型宽度B=0.40 m、质量m=11.72 kg、质量惯矩Io=0.31 (kg⋅m2)。双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼单元的导体板尺寸取为0.205 m(l2)×0.270 m(w2)×0.003 m(h2),总气隙大小hg=48 mm,导体板中心间距d=0.67 m,如图15所示。节段模型弯扭耦合后颤振为准简谐振动,其圆频率=22.61 rad/s,竖向振幅=12 mm,扭转振幅=12°,扭转和竖向位移相位差φtφh考虑0°和90°两种工况,由此可得导体板弯扭耦合运动的位移和速度时程,进而通过有限元分析得到不同时刻导体板位于不同位置时,电涡流阻尼器阻尼系数的变化情况,结果如图16所示。无量纲电涡流阻尼系数为导体板振动过程中的阻尼系数与低速竖向或扭转振动时竖向阻尼系数或扭转阻尼系数的比值。无量纲时间为运动时间t与耦合运动周期T的比值。可以发现,振动过程中竖向和扭转阻尼系数均呈周期性变化,且对于不同的相位差,竖向和扭转阻尼系数的变化量均在5%以内,说明通过合理设计的电涡流阻尼器能够满足大幅弯扭耦合颤振对阻尼器阻尼性能的稳定性要求。
为了验证双侧永磁电涡流阻尼器的性能,制作了如图17所示的大缩尺比主梁节段模型,其基本参数如表3所示(BD分别表示宽度和高度),并将两台电涡流阻尼器装置沿斜对角安装在节段模型的两端,阻尼器参数与第3节中相同。通过对比阻尼器安装前后节段模型悬挂系统阻尼比的变化可以计算阻尼系数的大小,并分析其特征。
以扭转模态为例进行分析,图18为不同总气隙大小下电涡流阻尼器给节段模型悬挂系统提供的扭转附加阻尼比随扭转角的变化情况。可以发现,随着扭转角的增大,不同总气隙大小下对应的扭转附加阻尼比基本保持不变,表明电涡流阻尼器能够给节段模型悬挂系统提供的扭转附加阻尼是线性的。另外,在涡振试验过程中发现节段模型的横向偏移量均在1 mm以内,说明双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器具有良好的适应性。图18还对比了通过自由衰减振动试验及电磁有限元分析计算所得的模型附加扭转阻尼比,可以看到,不同总气隙大小下数值分析和试验结果都非常吻合,进一步证明了采用电磁有限元稳态分析计算板式电涡流阻尼单元阻尼系数的可靠性。
采用电涡流阻尼器可以实现竖向和扭转附加阻尼比的协同调节。下面以小振幅工况为例,推导电涡流阻尼器提供的竖向与扭转附加阻尼比关系,大幅弯扭耦合振动的结果可由有限元分析进一步修正:
式中  为模型的回转半径。
由式(4)可知,扭转附加阻尼比与竖向附加阻尼比之间存在一一对应关系。对于特定的模型悬挂系统,通过改变阻尼器间距d能够调节扭转与竖向附加阻尼比的比值,实现节段模型悬挂系统竖向和扭转阻尼比的协同调节。将表3中的模型基本参数代入式(4)并化简得:
根据式(5)可以计算扭转与竖向附加阻尼比的比值随阻尼器间距的变化情况,结果如图19所示。可以发现,当d=1.3 m时,=1,表明安装于此位置的两台电涡流阻尼器能够实现模型悬挂系统的竖向和扭转附加阻尼比的完全同步调节。
选取两台电涡流阻尼器间距d=1.14 m,总气隙大小hg=19 mm,分别通过竖向和扭转模态的自由衰减振动试验计算阻尼器的竖向和扭转附加阻尼比。图20(a)和(b)分别为阻尼器安装前后节段模型的竖向和扭转自由振动位移衰减时程曲线。可以发现,安装电涡流阻尼器后节段模型悬挂系统的竖向和扭转阻尼比均显著提高,其中竖向阻尼比由原始状态下的0.15%提升至1.90%,扭转阻尼比由0.10%提升至1.42%,对应的扭转和竖向附加阻尼比分别为1.32%和1.75%,两者比值为0.754,与理论值0.764吻合良好。
(1) 双侧永磁板式电涡流阻尼器可为不同缩尺比节段模型悬挂系统提供连续可调的线性黏滞阻尼,且其阻尼系数稳定,不易受模型前后、左右和上下位置偏移的影响,也适用于节段模型大幅弯扭耦合颤振风洞试验。
(2) 通过沿节段模型的斜对角对称安装两台电涡流阻尼器可实现节段模型悬挂系统竖向和扭转阻尼比的协同调节,为实现节段模型弯扭耦合风致振动的精细化研究提供了条件。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278499)
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2024年第37卷第11期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.004
  • 接收时间:2023-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-15
  • 修回日期:2023-03-07
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278499)
作者信息
    1湖南大学风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
    2湖南大学土木工程学院, 湖南 长沙 410082
    3湖南大学桥梁工程安全与韧性全国重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410082
    4中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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