Article(id=1228653714257408022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688400000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-04, revisedDate=1698681600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863472761, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863472761, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863472761, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863472761, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653708687377017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='11', pageStart='1803', pageEnd='1992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863471433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863902026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1950, endPage=1958, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653714580369432, articleId=1228653714257408022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Load test and finite element analysis of wheel-mounted brake disc bolts, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Brake disc bolts are important to ensure the braking reliability and the operation safety of electric multiple units (EMU). Based on the load test technique of braking disc bolts, an experiment was conducted on the wheel-mounted braking disc bolts of the Chinese high-speed train to obtain the data of the dynamic loads,including the tensile load,the radial bending moment and the circumferential bending moment. By establishing a finite element model of the wheel-mounted braking disc bolts with the wheel-rail contact,the bolt loads under high-speed rotation are simulated and compared with test results. According to the test results and the simulation results,it indicates that the braking disc bolt loads are closely related to the operating speed of EMU. The higher the operating speed is,the bigger the variation of the bolt load will be. The loads of the braking disc bolt change periodically with the wheel rotation. When the wheel rotates once,the bolt load changes once. Meanwhile,there are some small waves on each load signal,which is caused by the wheel-rail excitation. With an increase of the operation speed,the vibration of wheel increases,and the bolt load fluctuation also increases. The results of the finite element model show that the values and directions of the radial bending moments at different positions are inconsistent. Due to the asymmetry of the wheel structure,the radial bending moment at the left cross section of the bolt is bigger than that of the right cross section.

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制动盘螺栓对于确保高速动车组制动可靠性和运行安全性非常重要。本研究使用高速动车组制动盘螺栓载荷测试技术,对中国客运专线的轮装制动盘螺栓载荷进行线路测试,获得制动盘螺栓载荷动态时间历程。螺栓载荷包括拉伸载荷、径向弯矩和周向弯矩。通过建立轮装制动盘车轮结构有限元模型,模拟仿真在有轮轨接触下车轮高速旋转过程中螺栓受载情况,并与试验结果进行对照。结果表明,拉伸载荷、径向弯矩和周向弯矩与列车运行速度密切相关。运行速度越大,螺栓载荷的变化越大,且这些载荷随着车轮转动呈周期性变化。同时,各载荷信号上还存在由轮轨激扰引起的小波形。有限元仿真结果表明螺栓杆上各个截面的径向弯矩大小和方向并不一致。车轮内外结构的不对称性将导致螺栓杆上左侧截面的弯矩大于右侧截面的弯矩。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
任尊松(1969—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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范童柏(1993—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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范童柏(1993—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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Material properties of components

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部件弹性模量/GPa密度/(kgm-3)泊松比
螺栓19979400.30
车轮及制动盘21177510.28
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部件材料属性

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部件弹性模量/GPa密度/(kgm-3)泊松比
螺栓19979400.30
车轮及制动盘21177510.28
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轮装制动盘螺栓载荷测试及有限元分析
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范童柏 1 , 任尊松 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(11): 1950-1958
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(11): 1950-1958
轮装制动盘螺栓载荷测试及有限元分析
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范童柏1 , 任尊松2
作者信息
  • 1中国民用航空飞行学院航空工程学院,四川 德阳 618307
  • 2北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京 100044
  • 范童柏(1993—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

任尊松(1969—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Load test and finite element analysis of wheel-mounted brake disc bolts
Tong-bai FAN1 , Zun-song REN2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aviation Engineering,Civil Aviation Flight University of China,Deyang 618307,China
  • 2School of Mechanical,Electronic and Control Engineering,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.015
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制动盘螺栓对于确保高速动车组制动可靠性和运行安全性非常重要。本研究使用高速动车组制动盘螺栓载荷测试技术,对中国客运专线的轮装制动盘螺栓载荷进行线路测试,获得制动盘螺栓载荷动态时间历程。螺栓载荷包括拉伸载荷、径向弯矩和周向弯矩。通过建立轮装制动盘车轮结构有限元模型,模拟仿真在有轮轨接触下车轮高速旋转过程中螺栓受载情况,并与试验结果进行对照。结果表明,拉伸载荷、径向弯矩和周向弯矩与列车运行速度密切相关。运行速度越大,螺栓载荷的变化越大,且这些载荷随着车轮转动呈周期性变化。同时,各载荷信号上还存在由轮轨激扰引起的小波形。有限元仿真结果表明螺栓杆上各个截面的径向弯矩大小和方向并不一致。车轮内外结构的不对称性将导致螺栓杆上左侧截面的弯矩大于右侧截面的弯矩。

动车组  /  制动盘  /  螺栓  /  高速旋转  /  有限元

Brake disc bolts are important to ensure the braking reliability and the operation safety of electric multiple units (EMU). Based on the load test technique of braking disc bolts, an experiment was conducted on the wheel-mounted braking disc bolts of the Chinese high-speed train to obtain the data of the dynamic loads,including the tensile load,the radial bending moment and the circumferential bending moment. By establishing a finite element model of the wheel-mounted braking disc bolts with the wheel-rail contact,the bolt loads under high-speed rotation are simulated and compared with test results. According to the test results and the simulation results,it indicates that the braking disc bolt loads are closely related to the operating speed of EMU. The higher the operating speed is,the bigger the variation of the bolt load will be. The loads of the braking disc bolt change periodically with the wheel rotation. When the wheel rotates once,the bolt load changes once. Meanwhile,there are some small waves on each load signal,which is caused by the wheel-rail excitation. With an increase of the operation speed,the vibration of wheel increases,and the bolt load fluctuation also increases. The results of the finite element model show that the values and directions of the radial bending moments at different positions are inconsistent. Due to the asymmetry of the wheel structure,the radial bending moment at the left cross section of the bolt is bigger than that of the right cross section.

electric multiple units  /  brake discs  /  bolts  /  high-speed rotation  /  finite element
范童柏, 任尊松. 轮装制动盘螺栓载荷测试及有限元分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1950 -1958 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.015
Tong-bai FAN, Zun-song REN. Load test and finite element analysis of wheel-mounted brake disc bolts[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1950 -1958 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.015
轮装制动盘螺栓将制动盘和车轮紧密连接。当列车运行时,螺栓主要受到拉伸载荷和弯矩的共同作用。事实上,当螺栓用于连接多个部件时,如高速列车的制动盘和车轮,施加在螺栓上的载荷会发生复杂的变化1-3。这些载荷包括摩擦力、接触力和预紧力等。连接螺栓通常被认为是结构中最脆弱的部分,对结构可靠性至关重要4。因此,制动盘螺栓是保证高速列车运行安全的关键部件之一。
目前各国的研究人员已经完成了高强度螺栓的部分研究,并系统地分析了螺栓的连接性能5-12。随着计算性能的发展,有限元法被广泛地应用于螺栓连接结构的模型建立和应力计算13-18中。上述研究有效地得到了螺栓在静止状态下的连接性能和载荷,但并没有涉及螺栓在旋转状态下的动态载荷分布特性。
针对旋转状态,部分研究者关注于转子动力学和旋转螺栓连接结构的刚度计算。KLOMPAS19使用等效扰动力矩计算了转子连接的动力学影响。LIU等20采用有限元方法研究了螺栓连接和花键连接结构对转子接头刚度和接触状态的影响。QIN等21-22建立了螺栓连接结构模型,推导出盘毂连接结构的变弯曲刚度表达式,分析了螺栓连接结构变刚度对转子动力学的影响。这些研究有助于揭示旋转状态下连接结构的接触状态和刚度对临界转速和振型的影响,但不能反映螺栓本身的载荷分布情况。
本文基于螺栓动态载荷的测量方法,得到了线路实测试验的结果。为了获得整个螺栓上的拉伸载荷和弯矩分布,本文建立了包括螺栓、制动盘和车轮等的有限元模型,计算得到有限元仿真结果,并用线路实测试验的结果进行了验证。
高速列车的实际运行工况非常复杂,难以在实验室环境再现。因此,本研究采用标定螺栓在实际线路中进行载荷测试。根据高速动车组轮装制动盘螺栓的受力特点,利用惠斯通电桥原理进行贴片并组全桥,制成可以测量拉伸载荷和弯矩载荷的螺栓,如图1所示。完成干燥工作后,在MTS810试验机上对测试螺栓进行载荷-应变标定。在弹性变形范围内对两种载荷测试类型的螺栓分别加载,得到各螺栓的变形和载荷对应值,对其进行一次曲线拟合,得到各螺栓的拉伸载荷及弯矩载荷的标定系数,完成载荷标定。其中,拉伸载荷标定系数为10.29 N/µε,弯曲载荷标定系数为0.01604 N·m/µε。
试验螺栓安装在高速动车组8车2轴右侧车轮上,该车轮所在转向架是列车的动力转向架。采用沙袋模拟定员重量,以达到车辆的正常轴重。试验线路为武广线,起点为广州南站,终点为长沙南站。现场试验期间,动车组最高运行速度达305 km/h。
在动轴轮装制动盘上安装载荷测试螺栓,安装现场照片如图2所示。在线路试验中,使用IMC数字式动态信号采集系统,对螺栓拉伸载荷和弯矩载荷引起的应变信号进行采集。采样频率为5000 Hz,以确保采集数据信号的真实性和有效性。同时在轴箱处安装加速度传感器,测量轴箱处的垂向和横向加速度。
本次螺栓测试试验获得了螺栓拉伸载荷、径向弯矩和周向弯矩。径向弯矩为螺栓沿车轮半径方向发生弯曲时产生的弯矩,周向弯矩为螺栓沿车轮圆周方向发生弯曲时产生的弯矩。这些动载荷表明了运行过程中螺栓载荷随时间变化的复杂特性。
图3分别为线路测试中螺栓拉伸载荷、径向弯矩、周向弯矩的时间历程。从图3中可以看出,螺栓载荷随列车运行速度的变化而改变。在动车组的每一次加速过程中,螺栓轴向拉伸载荷减小至负值,说明螺栓的夹紧力在减小。在动车组的每一次减速过程中,拉伸载荷变大,说明螺栓的夹紧力增大。拉伸载荷变化的最大幅度为750 N。与拉伸载荷相比,弯曲载荷有相似的变化趋势。径向弯矩变化了大约3.9 N·m,周向弯矩变化了大约3.8 N·m。
图4显示了轴箱振动加速度与列车运行速度的关系。轴箱振动加速度随着动车组速度的增大而增大。在大多数正常高速运行的过程中,垂向加速度波动区间在80 m/s2以内,横向加速度波动范围在30 m/s2以内。由于轮轨冲击作用,轴箱的垂向加速度和横向加速度最大值分别为300 m/s2和120 m/s2
对载荷信号进行采样提取,将初始幅值设置为0,以显示螺栓载荷的周期性变化,并作拉伸载荷频谱图,如图5所示。螺栓载荷随车轮的每次旋转做周期性改变。例如,在0.5 s内,列车运行速度为100 km/h时,在频率为10 Hz处的振幅较大;运行速度为200 km/h时,在频率为20 Hz处的振幅较大;运行速度为300 km/h时,在频率为30 Hz处的振幅较大。这说明载荷的变化周期与动车组的运行速度有关。相比其他类型的载荷,由车轮转动引起的载荷占主导地位。除了周期旋转载荷外,由于轨道激励作用,螺栓上还存在许多小载荷。随着动车组运行速度的增大,小载荷的幅值也增大。
由于螺杆空间和螺母顶部孔径的限制,本次线路试验只测量了螺栓一个横截面的载荷。该横截面的螺栓载荷并不一定是最大值。为了研究其他横截面的载荷大小及变化规律,本文通过有限元方法获得旋转螺栓的载荷分布和变化情况。
本文使用ABAQUS软件建立了有限元仿真模型。因重点关注螺杆上的载荷变化,出于计算成本考虑,在螺栓模型中,忽略螺栓和螺母之间的螺纹结构,将螺栓和螺母视为一个整体来建模。该方法不计螺纹处的应力变化,能快速高效地获得螺杆上的载荷变化情况。螺栓采用C3D8I三维应力单元对模型进行网格划分,共有26800个单元,螺纹外径为14 mm。整个轮装制动盘车轮结构主要由车轮、制动盘、螺栓、套筒和定位销等组成。制动盘外边缘直径为750 mm,车轮踏面直径为860 mm。两侧的制动盘通过12个高强度螺栓与车轮紧固连接。将套筒与一侧制动盘视为一个整体,定位销结构简化为一个耦合约束相关节点旋转角位移的约束。采用C3D8I三维应力单元进行网格划分,两个制动盘单元共计23184个,车轮单元36960个。划分网格后的有限元模型如图6所示,各部件材料属性如表1所示。
轮轨相互作用产生接触力。因本文重点关注螺栓受力情况,钢轨等部件不是关注重点,为减少计算成本,在轨道底部施加一个向上的力,使轮轨接触而产生轮轨力,如图7所示。
轨道绕车轮中心旋转,从而改变轮轨接触位置。在车轮、制动盘和螺栓上添加旋转体力,以模拟车轮旋转的离心力效应。车轮轮毂内表面固支约束。由文献[23-24]可知,中国铁路线路环境复杂多变,会改变列车金属部件间的摩擦系数,其摩擦系数一般为0.2~0.4,最小能达到0.15。因此,摩擦接触被定义在各个部件之间的接触面上,摩擦系数设为0.3。
有限元分析过程分为四步:第一步,在每个螺栓上添加轴向预紧力50 kN,同时轮轨逐渐接触并稳定;第二步,在除轨道外的模型单元上添加旋转体力,同时使轨头绕中心旋转;第三步,稳定旋转体力角速度和轨道旋转角速度,模拟列车正常运行;第四步,将实测轴箱振动加速度施加在车轮上,模拟轮轨激励引起车轮、制动盘和螺栓的振动。实测振动加速度如图8所示,反映了300 km/h速度下的列车车轴振动情况。振动传感器安装在轴箱上,距离轮对距离较近,未经过减振器,能较真实地反映轮对的振动情况。振动加速度通过快速傅里叶变换后可知,在频率为600 Hz等处的加速度振幅较大,如图9所示,主要是由于轨道不平顺及车轮多边形导致在部分高频区域出现共振。
受螺杆空间和应变片尺寸的限制,无法测量到根部(左侧)横截面的载荷。试验螺栓载荷测量位置距离根部横截面5 mm。提取测量位置截面的径向弯矩随速度变化的有限元结果,并与车速进行拟合,得到两者的关系式为:
式中  v为列车运行速度;Ms为螺栓测量点径向弯矩。
有限元仿真结果和拟合曲线如图10所示。
根据式(1)和武广线列车运行速度,对武广线的制动盘螺栓径向弯矩进行了模拟,并与试验结果进行比较,如图11所示。结果表明,测量位置截面径向弯矩的有限元结果和试验结果最大值分别为3.38 N·m和3.56 N·m。两者在幅值大小上相近,变化趋势也较为一致。
相关系数计算式为:
式中  r为相关系数;X为试验结果;Y为有限元结果。
采用式(2)所示的皮尔逊相关系数计算方法进行计算,得到相关系数为0.88,表明仿真结果较为真实可靠。
沿轴线方向在螺杆上等距离选取11个截面,在运行速度为300 km/h时,提取各处截面径向弯矩值,如图12所示。有限元仿真结果显示螺栓杆左侧截面径向弯矩比右侧截面大1.71 N·m,这是由于车轮结构的不对称性,使车轮在旋转过程中受离心力作用产生一定弯曲,从而导致螺栓左、右侧截面径向弯矩不同。
施加轴向预紧力后,螺栓杆在静止状态下的Von Mises应力结果显示,最大应力出现在螺栓杆的两端,最大值达到645.7 MPa。螺栓杆中部应力为378.6 MPa。在静止状态下,螺栓只承受拉伸载荷而没有弯矩,螺栓杆的左、右两侧的应力分布是对称的,如图13所示。
沿着螺栓杆的轴线方向定义左侧截面、中间截面和右侧截面,如图14所示。图15显示了螺栓三个关键截面内、外侧节点在速度逐渐增大到300 km/h的应力变化结果。结果表明,在高速旋转状态下,螺栓的应力分布是不对称的。螺栓上不同截面的最大应力和最小应力随列车运行速度的改变而变化。在300 km/h运行速度时,中间截面的外侧应力和内侧应力分别为383.6 MPa和357.7 MPa,说明螺栓在中间截面处向外弯曲。在左侧截面和右侧截面的外侧应力减小,内侧应力增大,说明螺栓在这两个截面处向内弯曲。在0.8 s时,螺栓应力出现突变。这是因为车轮旋转使螺栓转到轮轨接触位置,轮轨挤压导致该处结构发生变形,使螺栓应力发生较大改变。之后,车轮转速稳定,螺栓应力发生周期性的小幅度突起,该周期与车轮转动一圈的时间相对应,表明每次螺栓旋转到该位置,轮轨作用力都会使螺栓应力发生相应的改变。
随着旋转速度的增加,各处截面的应力都发生了变化,说明螺栓有较大的弯曲位移。在转速恒定后,螺栓上的应力基本保持稳定。
图16显示了螺栓三个关键横截面处的拉伸载荷变化。由图16(a)可知,当列车运行速度从0增大到300 km/h时,拉伸载荷从50 kN减小到了49 kN。这是由于旋转离心力导致连接结构在一定程度上变薄,这会降低螺栓的拉伸载荷。在匀速阶段,将三个截面拉伸载荷初始值归零,由图16(b)可知,车轮每旋转一圈,拉伸载荷随之出现一次变化。在后续振动阶段(0.12 s后),螺栓上出现了许多的小振幅拉伸载荷,这些都与试验结果一致。
列车以不同速度运行时,在离心力作用下车轮结构变形量不同,将改变螺栓的拉伸载荷。忽略振动加速度的影响,调整旋转体力和轨道旋转角速度的大小,获得列车在50,100,150,200,250,300和350 km/h不同速度下的左侧截面拉伸载荷变化曲线,如图17所示。随着动车组运行速度逐渐增大,螺栓上拉伸载荷逐渐减小,且拉伸载荷出现周期性波峰也越频繁。当速度为350 km/h时,拉伸载荷减小为48.67 kN左右。将不同速度级下拉伸载荷受轮轨滚动接触变形产生的载荷滚动波形最大值和最小值提取出来并作差,获得滚动载荷变化量,如图18所示。在各个运行速度级下的拉伸载荷滚动波形变化范围差别不大,变化范围为225 N左右。
图19显示了螺栓三个关键横截面处的径向弯矩变化。由图19(a)可知,在加速阶段,径向弯矩随着列车运行速度的变化而变化。当列车运行速度从0增大到300 km/h时,中间截面的径向弯矩从0变为2.66 N·m,左、右两个截面处的径向弯矩分别为-5.18 N·m和-3.72 N·m。在匀速阶段,将三个截面径向弯矩初始值归零,由图19(b)可知,车轮每旋转一圈,径向弯矩随之出现一次变化。在后续振动阶段(0.12 s后),螺栓上出现了许多的小振幅径向弯矩,这些结果都与试验结果一致。
列车以不同速度运行时,螺栓的径向弯矩也会改变。忽略振动加速度的影响,调整旋转体力和轨道旋转角速度的大小,获得列车在50,100,150,200,250,300和350 km/h不同速度下的左侧截面径向弯矩变化曲线,如图20所示。随着动车组运行的速度逐渐增大,螺栓上左侧截面的径向弯矩变化范围增大,且径向弯矩出现周期性波峰也越频繁。当速度为350 km/h时,左侧截面的径向弯矩达到-7.51 N∙m。将不同速度级下径向弯矩受轮轨滚动接触变形产生的载荷滚动波形最大值和最小值提取出来并作差,获得滚动载荷变化量,如图21所示。在各个运行速度级下的径向弯矩滚动波形变化范围在0.24 N∙m左右。
图22显示了螺栓三个横截面处的周向弯矩。在匀速阶段,车轮每旋转一圈,周向弯矩随之出现一次变化。在后续振动阶段(0.12 s后),螺栓上出现了许多的小振幅周向弯矩,这些结果也与试验结果一致。
列车以不同速度运行时,螺栓的周向弯矩会有一定变化。忽略振动加速度的影响,调整旋转体力和轨道旋转角速度的大小,获得列车在50,100,150,200,250,300和350 km/h不同速度下的左侧截面周向弯矩变化曲线,如图23所示。随着动车组运行速度逐渐增大,螺栓左侧截面的周向弯矩变化范围增大,且周向弯矩出现周期性波峰也越频繁。当速度为350 km/h时,左侧截面的周向弯矩达到0.16 N∙m。将不同速度级下周向弯矩受轮轨滚动接触变形产生的载荷滚动波形最大值和最小值提取出来并作差,获得滚动载荷变化量,如图24所示。在各个运行速度级下的周向弯矩滚动波形变化范围在0.12 N∙m左右。
(1) 高速动车组的运行速度影响制动盘螺栓的载荷变化。随着运行速度的增大,螺栓的拉伸载荷减小,径向弯矩增大,周向弯矩也有相应变化。
(2) 在高速动车组运行过程中,螺栓载荷发生周期性变化。运行速度越快,变化周期越短。不同速度下的滚动波形幅值差距不大,拉伸载荷滚动波形幅值225 N左右,径向弯矩滚动波形幅值0.24 N∙m左右。除了周期性载荷外,由于轮轨激励作用,螺栓上还存在许多小载荷。随着列车运行速度的增大,轮轨激励产生的小载荷逐渐增大。
(3) 螺栓杆上各截面的弯矩大小和方向并不一致,在左、右侧截面和中间截面出现径向弯矩极值且方向相反。由于车轮结构的不对称性,左侧截面的径向弯矩大于右侧截面的径向弯矩。将径向弯矩的试验结果和有限元结果相对比,验证了该有限元仿真结果的可靠性。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(PHD2023-015)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11790281)
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2024年第37卷第11期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.015
  • 接收时间:2023-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-04
  • 修回日期:2023-10-31
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(PHD2023-015)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11790281)
作者信息
    1中国民用航空飞行学院航空工程学院,四川 德阳 618307
    2北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京 100044

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任尊松(1969—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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