Article(id=1228653713313689610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666195200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-20, revisedDate=1670256000000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863472536, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863472536, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863472536, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863472536, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653708687377017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='11', pageStart='1803', pageEnd='1992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863471433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863902026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1969, endPage=1979, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653713628262414, articleId=1228653713313689610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Mechanism of timing gear tooth breaking fault under the dynamic effect of multi-branch shafting of diesel engine, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper,the timing transmission gear of a certain type of domestic marine 20V diesel engine is taken as the research object. Aiming at solving the problem of frequent broken teeth fault,considering the influence of various types of internal and external comprehensive excitation,the lumped parametric bending-torsion coupling dynamic model of multi-branch gear transmission shaft system of diesel engine is established. Based on Newmark step-by-step integration method,the forced vibration response is predicted,and the accuracy of the model is verified by the actual test data. Considering the influence of dynamic load,the traditional tooth root bending stress load spectrum is modified,and the strength fatigue check of the faulty gear is carried out. The results show that the peak value of the response energy at the driven timing gear of the fuel supply cam end of the diesel engine is 5.2 times that of the peak value of the response energy at the flywheel end,which indicates that the speed fluctuation at the driven gear of the timing gear is too large and the torsional vibration characteristics are poor. At this time,the bending fatigue safety factor of the tooth root is only 1.35,which is in the general reliability range and is prone to tooth breakage. Based on the engineering practice experience,the vibration optimization design scheme of the fault gear transmission system is proposed to improve the bending fatigue safety factor of the fault gear by 1.61 to ensure the safe and stable operation of the shafting. The research results reveal the mechanism of timing gear tooth breaking fault from the perspective of dynamics,provide some theoretical guidance for accurate prediction of tooth root bending stress and performance optimization,and provide theoretical support for vibration response analysis and vibration and noise reduction of diesel engine timing gear shaft system.

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本文以某型国产船用20V柴油机正时传动齿轮为研究对象,针对其频发的断齿故障问题,考虑各类型内外综合激励影响,对柴油机多分支齿轮传动轴系进行集总参数化弯扭耦合动力学建模,基于Newmark逐步积分法进行强迫振动响应预测,并结合实机测试数据验证模型的准确性。考虑动载荷影响对传统齿根弯曲应力载荷谱进行修正,并对故障齿轮进行了强度疲劳校核。研究表明,柴油机供油凸轮端从动正时齿轮处的响应能量峰值达到飞轮端响应能量峰值的5.2倍,说明从动正时齿轮处转速波动过大,扭振特性恶劣,此时齿根弯曲疲劳安全系数仅为1.35,处于一般可靠度范围,极易发生断齿故障。基于工程实践经验,对故障齿轮传动系统提出振动优化设计方案,提升故障齿轮的弯曲疲劳安全系数至1.61,以确保轴系安全稳定运行。研究结果从动力学角度揭示了正时齿轮断齿故障机理规律,为齿根弯曲应力精确预测与性能优化方向提供一定的理论指导,为柴油机正时齿轮轴系的振动响应分析与减振降噪提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
史修江(1989―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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孙文(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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孙文(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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label=图7, caption=柴油机轴系试验示意图, figureFileSmall=IP7AyU6xQbU4DC9MXtQ5fw==, figureFileBig=/IGI9Ob0eFtvX0vRkFNl2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724638704927146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Waterfall diagram of flywheel end measured torsional angle, figureFileSmall=ruodYcdOUmLI61RjRezO2A==, figureFileBig=JOXQQofHQRpthTsSNNGG4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724638780424619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图8, caption=飞轮端实测扭角瀑布图, figureFileSmall=ruodYcdOUmLI61RjRezO2A==, figureFileBig=JOXQQofHQRpthTsSNNGG4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724638872699308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Waterfall diagram of oil pump shaft end measured torsional angle, figureFileSmall=qZLOf1gKtHU2XHD7KRh5jg==, figureFileBig=s5eHiamynuYbzqJPRvQyZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724638960779693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图9, caption=油泵轴端实测扭角瀑布图, figureFileSmall=qZLOf1gKtHU2XHD7KRh5jg==, figureFileBig=s5eHiamynuYbzqJPRvQyZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639036277168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison graph of simulated and measured speed of flywheel end, figureFileSmall=1u4CvzesAmU96QnR/oG7xg==, figureFileBig=COazPJf5ml35lbyjTan3mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639136940468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图10, caption=飞轮端仿真与实测转速对比图, figureFileSmall=1u4CvzesAmU96QnR/oG7xg==, figureFileBig=COazPJf5ml35lbyjTan3mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639220826552, 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articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图12, caption=飞轮端角位移频谱图, figureFileSmall=aYAy/tuBjRk8HQ1ecHvAkw==, figureFileBig=GsR9nvY999KmQnudvYCk8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639531205058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Angular displacement spectrogram of oil pump shaft end, figureFileSmall=YXnsdwbYTW4JYQK3mdQp4w==, figureFileBig=Nu2tcTVedOaC07dwyVVLOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639610896836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图13, caption=供油凸轮从动齿轮端角位移频谱图, figureFileSmall=YXnsdwbYTW4JYQK3mdQp4w==, figureFileBig=Nu2tcTVedOaC07dwyVVLOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639703171528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Bending stress distribution of injection pump drive gear tooth root, figureFileSmall=P+192PVnx6TiSK9RR2gy+Q==, figureFileBig=Urh0+mDZFoBuEuG9/6Z0Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639782863306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图14, caption=喷油泵驱动齿轮齿根弯曲应力分布, figureFileSmall=P+192PVnx6TiSK9RR2gy+Q==, figureFileBig=Urh0+mDZFoBuEuG9/6Z0Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639854166476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=The schematic diagram of oil supply camshaft partial equivalent model after shock absorber installation, figureFileSmall=baz98oKhwH4NqlAIzAgwnw==, figureFileBig=EreUpzMI6C4++UmtHtUDmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724639929663952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图15, caption=减振器安装后供油凸轮轴部分当量模型示意图, figureFileSmall=baz98oKhwH4NqlAIzAgwnw==, figureFileBig=EreUpzMI6C4++UmtHtUDmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724640013550034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Bending stress distribution of injection pump drive gear tooth root, figureFileSmall=+o4HTD8IZIBLhMKIkxREJw==, figureFileBig=is2L0tTUJ49FoirF0v5zGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724640105824724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=图16, caption=喷油泵驱动齿轮齿根弯曲应力分布, figureFileSmall=+o4HTD8IZIBLhMKIkxREJw==, figureFileBig=is2L0tTUJ49FoirF0v5zGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228724640193905112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Natural frequencies verification of timing gear shafting of diesel engine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固有频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶4阶
偏差0.1%1.3%3.6%0.3%
计算值28.6670.85163.55215.97
实测值28.7069.90169.40216.70
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640277791194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柴油机正时齿轮轴系固有频率验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固有频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶4阶
偏差0.1%1.3%3.6%0.3%
计算值28.6670.85163.55215.97
实测值28.7069.90169.40216.70
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640399426012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main parameters of fuel injection pump drive gear pair

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称齿宽/mm齿数模数
B列凸轮轴小齿轮32.5543
喷油泵驱动齿轮20.0543
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640483312095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

喷油泵驱动齿轮副主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称齿宽/mm齿数模数
B列凸轮轴小齿轮32.5543
喷油泵驱动齿轮20.0543
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640554615264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Reference values of safety factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
使用要求安全系数
高可靠度2.00
较高可靠度1.60
一般可靠度1.25
低可靠度1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640617529826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

安全系数参考值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
使用要求安全系数
高可靠度2.00
较高可靠度1.60
一般可靠度1.25
低可靠度1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640688832996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Tab.A1, caption=

Simplified table of torsional lumped parameters for all shafting of diesel engine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称惯量/(kg·m-2刚度/(MN∙m∙rad-1序号名称惯量/(kg·m-2刚度/(MN∙m∙rad-1
1减振器外件1.04210035A列凸轮轴段80.00210.2
2减振器内件0.49210036A列凸轮轴段70.00210.2
3曲轴齿轮0.18110.4237A列凸轮轴段60.00210.2
4气缸101.7068.3538A列凸轮轴段50.00210.2
5气缸91.5078.3539A列凸轮轴段40.00210.2
6气缸80.9278.3540A列凸轮轴段30.00210.2
7气缸71.5078.3541A列凸轮轴段20.00210.2
8气缸61.5078.3542A列凸轮轴段10.00212.64
9气缸51.5078.3543淡水泵驱动齿轮0.00652.4
10气缸41.5078.3544海水泵驱动齿轮0.006481.74
11气缸30.9278.3545喷油泵驱动齿轮0.011380.29
12气缸21.5078.3546供油凸轮轴段80.00021.1
13气缸11.70612.6647供油凸轮轴段70.00021.1
14飞轮11.942548供油凸轮轴段60.00021.1
15联轴器主动端8.6220.9649供油凸轮轴段50.00021.1
16联轴器从动端17.12550供油凸轮轴段40.00021.1
17测功机753.3151供油凸轮轴段30.00021.1
18大惰轮0.01914100052供油凸轮轴段20.00021.1
19小惰轮0.004832.1853供油凸轮轴段10.000370.15
20B列驱动齿轮0.03876100054供油凸轮轴段10.000371.1
21B列小齿轮0.015440.1855供油凸轮轴段20.00021.1
22B列凸轮轴段100.0050.256供油凸轮轴段30.00021.1
23B列凸轮轴段90.00210.257供油凸轮轴段40.00021.1
24B列凸轮轴段80.00210.258供油凸轮轴段50.00021.1
25B列凸轮轴段70.00210.259供油凸轮轴段60.00021.1
26B列凸轮轴段60.00210.260供油凸轮轴段70.00021.1
27B列凸轮轴段50.00210.261供油凸轮轴段80.00021.1
28B列凸轮轴段40.00210.262供油凸轮轴段90.00021.1
29B列凸轮轴段30.00210.263供油凸轮轴段100.00021.1
30B列凸轮轴段20.00210.264供油凸轮轴段110.00021.1
31B列凸轮轴段10.00213.2365供油凸轮轴段120.000343.6
32A列驱动齿轮0.029450.1866惰轮0.045232.6
33A列凸轮轴段100.0050.267滑油泵驱动齿轮0.00483
34A列凸轮轴段90.00210.2
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640768524773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=表A1, caption=

柴油机全轴系扭转集总参数简化表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称惯量/(kg·m-2刚度/(MN∙m∙rad-1序号名称惯量/(kg·m-2刚度/(MN∙m∙rad-1
1减振器外件1.04210035A列凸轮轴段80.00210.2
2减振器内件0.49210036A列凸轮轴段70.00210.2
3曲轴齿轮0.18110.4237A列凸轮轴段60.00210.2
4气缸101.7068.3538A列凸轮轴段50.00210.2
5气缸91.5078.3539A列凸轮轴段40.00210.2
6气缸80.9278.3540A列凸轮轴段30.00210.2
7气缸71.5078.3541A列凸轮轴段20.00210.2
8气缸61.5078.3542A列凸轮轴段10.00212.64
9气缸51.5078.3543淡水泵驱动齿轮0.00652.4
10气缸41.5078.3544海水泵驱动齿轮0.006481.74
11气缸30.9278.3545喷油泵驱动齿轮0.011380.29
12气缸21.5078.3546供油凸轮轴段80.00021.1
13气缸11.70612.6647供油凸轮轴段70.00021.1
14飞轮11.942548供油凸轮轴段60.00021.1
15联轴器主动端8.6220.9649供油凸轮轴段50.00021.1
16联轴器从动端17.12550供油凸轮轴段40.00021.1
17测功机753.3151供油凸轮轴段30.00021.1
18大惰轮0.01914100052供油凸轮轴段20.00021.1
19小惰轮0.004832.1853供油凸轮轴段10.000370.15
20B列驱动齿轮0.03876100054供油凸轮轴段10.000371.1
21B列小齿轮0.015440.1855供油凸轮轴段20.00021.1
22B列凸轮轴段100.0050.256供油凸轮轴段30.00021.1
23B列凸轮轴段90.00210.257供油凸轮轴段40.00021.1
24B列凸轮轴段80.00210.258供油凸轮轴段50.00021.1
25B列凸轮轴段70.00210.259供油凸轮轴段60.00021.1
26B列凸轮轴段60.00210.260供油凸轮轴段70.00021.1
27B列凸轮轴段50.00210.261供油凸轮轴段80.00021.1
28B列凸轮轴段40.00210.262供油凸轮轴段90.00021.1
29B列凸轮轴段30.00210.263供油凸轮轴段100.00021.1
30B列凸轮轴段20.00210.264供油凸轮轴段110.00021.1
31B列凸轮轴段10.00213.2365供油凸轮轴段120.000343.6
32A列驱动齿轮0.029450.1866惰轮0.045232.6
33A列凸轮轴段100.0050.267滑油泵驱动齿轮0.00483
34A列凸轮轴段90.00210.2
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640844022247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=EN, label=Tab.B1, caption=

All gear parameters of timing gear train

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称齿宽/mm齿数模数螺旋角/(o质量/kg
曲轴齿轮40593184.2608
惰轮齿轮30683186.8510
滑油泵齿轮29403182.0185
大惰轮齿轮32593183.3467
小惰轮齿轮76.6333182.5686
喷油泵驱动齿轮2054302.7469
B列凸轮轴齿轮39663186.0784
B列凸轮轴小齿轮32.554303.8131
淡水泵齿轮32413182.4102
A列凸轮轴齿轮32663184.5783
海水泵齿轮32413182.4033
), ArticleFig(id=1228724640932102633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653713313689610, language=CN, label=表B1, caption=

正时齿轮系全部齿轮参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称齿宽/mm齿数模数螺旋角/(o质量/kg
曲轴齿轮40593184.2608
惰轮齿轮30683186.8510
滑油泵齿轮29403182.0185
大惰轮齿轮32593183.3467
小惰轮齿轮76.6333182.5686
喷油泵驱动齿轮2054302.7469
B列凸轮轴齿轮39663186.0784
B列凸轮轴小齿轮32.554303.8131
淡水泵齿轮32413182.4102
A列凸轮轴齿轮32663184.5783
海水泵齿轮32413182.4033
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柴油机多分支轴系动力学效应下正时齿轮断齿故障机理研究
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孙文 1 , 史修江 1 , 陈亚辉 2 , 李仁泽 1 , 刘翮 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(11): 1969-1979
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(11): 1969-1979
柴油机多分支轴系动力学效应下正时齿轮断齿故障机理研究
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孙文1 , 史修江1 , 陈亚辉2, 李仁泽1, 刘翮1
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 2中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇三研究所无锡分部,江苏 无锡 214151
  • 孙文(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

史修江(1989―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Mechanism of timing gear tooth breaking fault under the dynamic effect of multi-branch shafting of diesel engine
Wen SUN1 , Xiu-jiang SHI1 , Ya-hui CHEN2, Ren-ze LI1, Rong LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Power and Energy Engineering,Harbin Engineering University,Harbin 150001,China
  • 2Wuxi Branch of China State Shipbuilding Corporation Ltd. 703 Research Institute,Wuxi 214151,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.017
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本文以某型国产船用20V柴油机正时传动齿轮为研究对象,针对其频发的断齿故障问题,考虑各类型内外综合激励影响,对柴油机多分支齿轮传动轴系进行集总参数化弯扭耦合动力学建模,基于Newmark逐步积分法进行强迫振动响应预测,并结合实机测试数据验证模型的准确性。考虑动载荷影响对传统齿根弯曲应力载荷谱进行修正,并对故障齿轮进行了强度疲劳校核。研究表明,柴油机供油凸轮端从动正时齿轮处的响应能量峰值达到飞轮端响应能量峰值的5.2倍,说明从动正时齿轮处转速波动过大,扭振特性恶劣,此时齿根弯曲疲劳安全系数仅为1.35,处于一般可靠度范围,极易发生断齿故障。基于工程实践经验,对故障齿轮传动系统提出振动优化设计方案,提升故障齿轮的弯曲疲劳安全系数至1.61,以确保轴系安全稳定运行。研究结果从动力学角度揭示了正时齿轮断齿故障机理规律,为齿根弯曲应力精确预测与性能优化方向提供一定的理论指导,为柴油机正时齿轮轴系的振动响应分析与减振降噪提供理论支撑。

故障诊断  /  齿轮断齿故障  /  船舶柴油机  /  齿根弯曲应力

In this paper,the timing transmission gear of a certain type of domestic marine 20V diesel engine is taken as the research object. Aiming at solving the problem of frequent broken teeth fault,considering the influence of various types of internal and external comprehensive excitation,the lumped parametric bending-torsion coupling dynamic model of multi-branch gear transmission shaft system of diesel engine is established. Based on Newmark step-by-step integration method,the forced vibration response is predicted,and the accuracy of the model is verified by the actual test data. Considering the influence of dynamic load,the traditional tooth root bending stress load spectrum is modified,and the strength fatigue check of the faulty gear is carried out. The results show that the peak value of the response energy at the driven timing gear of the fuel supply cam end of the diesel engine is 5.2 times that of the peak value of the response energy at the flywheel end,which indicates that the speed fluctuation at the driven gear of the timing gear is too large and the torsional vibration characteristics are poor. At this time,the bending fatigue safety factor of the tooth root is only 1.35,which is in the general reliability range and is prone to tooth breakage. Based on the engineering practice experience,the vibration optimization design scheme of the fault gear transmission system is proposed to improve the bending fatigue safety factor of the fault gear by 1.61 to ensure the safe and stable operation of the shafting. The research results reveal the mechanism of timing gear tooth breaking fault from the perspective of dynamics,provide some theoretical guidance for accurate prediction of tooth root bending stress and performance optimization,and provide theoretical support for vibration response analysis and vibration and noise reduction of diesel engine timing gear shaft system.

fault diagnosis  /  gear tooth breaking fault  /  marine diesel engine  /  tooth root bending stress
孙文, 史修江, 陈亚辉, 李仁泽, 刘翮. 柴油机多分支轴系动力学效应下正时齿轮断齿故障机理研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1969 -1979 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.017
Wen SUN, Xiu-jiang SHI, Ya-hui CHEN, Ren-ze LI, Rong LIU. Mechanism of timing gear tooth breaking fault under the dynamic effect of multi-branch shafting of diesel engine[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1969 -1979 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.017
正时齿轮传动机构是柴油机的动力核心传动部件,是由多组齿轮啮合副、多分支传动轴、支承轴承和负载组成的复杂弹性机械系统。工作时,它同时受到曲轴和载荷的激励,内部受到时变啮合刚度和传动误差的激励,这与柴油机的稳定性、可靠性和经济性密切相关。随着现代船舶柴油机不断向高功率密度、低振动噪声及高可靠性方向发展,正时齿轮系也面临着更加极限的载荷条件和更加苛刻的工作环境,导致齿轮磨损、胶合、点蚀及断齿等典型故障频发,影响齿轮传动的平稳性和高效性,成为亟待解决的难题。开展船舶柴油机多分支正时齿轮轴系动力学特性分析,对齿轮断齿故障诊断及健康预测具有重要意义。
对柴油机主轴系统振动的研究多以曲轴为中心进行,主要分为理论计算与试验分析两个方面。考虑到研究成本,目前研究多以理论计算为主导,辅助试验测试数据以验证计算模型的准确性1。在理论计算方面,BAGCI2在ANSYS中用梁单元模拟了包括齿轮传动系统在内的无分支曲轴框架模型的固有频率结果。程胜杰等3进一步计算了无分支轴系固有特性,分析了轴系振型及模态变化规律,并对计算结果进行了验证。WU4建立了曲轴的连续质量响应模型,推导了无扩展点的振动分析公式,验证了曲轴各位置的扭矩。王超5建立了大型柴油机轴系的三维模型,利用有限元软件分析了柴油机不同工况对轴系自由振动和强迫振动的影响趋势。在试验测试方面,李玩幽6将柴油机单缸熄火、曲轴裂纹、拉缸故障采用柴油机轴系扭振信号进行诊断,诊断系统根据改进的扭振标定器测试信号进行校准。蔡鹏飞等7基于LabWindows/CVI虚拟平台,配合数据采集卡开发出轴系扭振监测诊断分析系统软件,对系统轴系振动响应进行预测。由此可知,针对理论与试验两方面已进行了较为成熟的轴系振动研究工作,但是针对多激励匹配下的实际船舶柴油机多分支轴系系统,将曲轴、正时齿轮系等分支轴系充分耦合后进行的振动特征分析研究较少。
在齿轮动力学研究方面,多以齿轮啮合动态特性为核心内容。TIAN8推导了应用传统能量法计算齿轮时变啮合刚度的分析公式。崔玲丽等9在传统能量法的基础上,考虑轮体变形后改进了刚度计算公式,但是同样未对齿轮系统做进一步动力学分析。OZGUVEN10建立了六自由度弯曲-扭转耦合齿轮的数学模型,并对其进行了刚度和载荷的分析。FOLTZ等11建立了柴油机正时齿轮系统动力学模型,并通过试验验证了模型的准确性。针对齿轮故障动力学的研究,于欣楠等12建立了齿轮故障信号调频模型,通过获取共振频率,在变工况下对故障特征信号进行提取,从而诊断齿轮故障。王宏伟等13采用2节点梁单元建立了齿轮传动系统全有限元动力学模型,获得了故障下齿轮啮合刚度曲线。杨晓悦等14利用扭簧刚度变化引入断齿故障因素,并分析了动载荷谱与传动系统动态特性的影响关系。张海涵等15研究齿轮双跨转子系统的断齿故障机理,分析了断齿故障所引起的系统动力学响应信号,并通过断齿故障试验验证了系统模型的可靠性。然而这些研究中针对柴油机正时齿轮系统的研究较少,故障齿轮动力学研究也多集中在故障发生后的信号识别及响应特征,研究涉及到故障预防及优化的偏少,且目前研究大多未充分考虑全齿轮轴系激励。
结合目前已有研究内容,针对某型船用20缸柴油机频发的喷油泵驱动正时直齿轮断裂问题,以该柴油机正时传动齿轮为研究对象,进行集总参数化建模,分析全系统固有特性与瞬态响应,以实际柴油机轴系测试数据验证所建立模型的准确性。结合柴油机各做功元件受力分析,获取全系统内部激励状态,在完善齿轮故障动态特性模型的基础上改进传统计算方法,提出一种动载荷下齿根弯曲应力的计算方法,对故障齿轮进行强度疲劳校核计算,分析断齿故障成因并给出优化方案。
基于修正能量法与材料力学理论,对故障正时直齿轮啮合刚度进行计算,计入各类型刚度,其中,因弯曲、剪切、压缩、赫兹接触效应产生的刚度积分公式分别为:
式中  为反映齿轮接触位置变化的啮合角,是公式中的积分变量;为基圆半齿角;从动轮,主动轮,其中,为主动轮转角,为主动轮齿数,为从动轮齿数,为压力角;为弹性模量;为齿宽;为泊松比;为赫兹力;为形变。
轮体弹性变形产生的等效附加齿轮啮合刚度表达式如下:
式中 系数可通过参考文献[16]确定。
针对本论文所要研究的柴油机正时传动齿轮所在的复杂多分支轴系,将柴油机的复合激励映射到轴系系统,以扭转振动为主要特征。由于柴油机发生故障的位置位于正时直齿轮处,正时直齿轮构件采用弯扭耦合细化建模,横向自由度作为齿轮横向载荷输入的条件,对传动轴系的扭转方向振动特性产生耦合影响。齿轮以外的轴系部件单考虑扭转方向自由度,为后续柴油机轴系强迫振动及断齿故障分析提供基础。考虑扭转、横向方向运动,建立如图1所示的正时直齿轮副弯扭耦合动力学模型,固定刚性边界,其中,轴承支撑处的接触边界通过线性弹簧等效,阻尼通过等效。
沿齿轮啮合线方向为向,啮合线的垂直方向为向,建立局部直角局部坐标系,齿轮副弯扭耦合动力学系统的方程式如下:
式中  为质量;为齿轮转动惯量;为齿轮转动惯量转角;分别为主动轮和从动轮转角;为外部轴系转动惯量;为外部负载扭矩;分别为刚度与阻尼;分别为阻尼与刚度等效力;下标“m”“1”“p”表示主动轮,下标“b”“2”“g”表示从动轮。啮合阻尼及其他变量详细算法与定义可见文献[17]。
每一个齿轮包含共3个自由度,输入、输出轴轴系惯量分别为。局部坐标系下齿轮副振动微分方程:
式中  为局部坐标;分别为质量、阻尼与刚度矩阵;为激励向量。
当正时直齿轮持续啮合传动时,主动轮线速度会略高于从动轮,这一速度差即为传递误差。齿轮系统动态传递误差由振动过程中的刚度及角位移波动引起,计算公式为:
则主、从动轮啮合时的动态啮合力即动载荷为:
式中  为综合啮合刚度。
根据当量简化原理,将该国产20缸柴油机正时齿轮多分支传动轴系进行集总参数建模,当量模型如图2所示。
全轴系由67个惯量和惯量之间的66个扭转刚度组成,横振系统由22个齿轮质量和横向刚度组成,具体全轴系扭转集总参数简化表见附录A。
柴油机轴系自由振动计算方程为:
式中  分别为惯量质量与扭转刚度矩阵;为转角。
气缸激励力主要由气缸爆发压力与往复惯性激振力组成。图3中给出了曲柄连杆的受力分析。图3中,A为活塞质心;B为曲柄质心;L1为连杆;S为活塞行程;OB为半径;β为摆角;为夹角;w为转速;为激振力。
曲轴切向力所产生切向力矩为:
式中  为气缸直径;为曲柄半径;为气体切向力。
柴油机气缸运动部件往复惯性力的作用位置位于曲柄销上,随着曲轴旋转做周期性变化,往复惯性力矩表示为:
式中  为连杆比;为角速度。
本文凸轮轴激励主要分为配气凸轮激励和供油凸轮激励,其中配气机构在保证进/排气功能的同时,需要保持其气阀开闭的及时性,其受力分析如图4所示。
图4中,P为作用点;O为圆心;e为凸轮圆心与作用点距离;R1为基圆半径;h为升程;w1为角速度;T为转矩;Fs为摩擦力;Fz为凸轮作用力。其平衡公式为:
该柴油机供油系统不同于高压共轨系统,采用附属泵喷油的结构,受力分析如图5所示。
图5中,F1为滚轮与凸轮的法向作用力;F2为柱塞侧向力;r1为滚轮半径;r0为凸轮基圆半径;h1为凸轮升程(绿色轮廓线中的非圆形部分);w0为凸轮角速度。凸轮受到的负载转矩为:
式中  为凸轮滚轮接触点的力与法向作用力的夹角;为力臂。
本文基于切片法积分思想,对存在螺旋角的正时斜齿轮啮合刚度进行计算。其刚度计算方法与直齿轮类似,区别在于弯曲、剪切、压缩、赫兹接触效应刚度项积分公式中融入微元切片项
综合啮合刚度与端面啮合刚度之间的关系为:
式中  为基圆螺旋角。
由于涉及到柴油机多种内部激励,因此采用具有良好适应性的Newmark积分法,对整个轴系的强迫振动进行求解。轴系的集总参数矩阵的振动微分方程为:
Newmark逐步积分主方程式为:
式中  分别为第步迭代的位移、速度和加速度;Δt为时间步距;为高阶收敛常数。
传统的齿根弯曲应力计算方法是在静态转矩载荷下采用图6所示的30°切线法,即取与齿根圆角相切的平面作为危险截面,按受拉侧的最大应力建立名义弯曲应力的计算公式,再用相应系数进行修正,得到齿根弯曲应力计算公式18
式中  为圆周力;为齿形系数;为应力修正系数;为重合度系数;为齿轮的轮齿宽度;为齿轮模数;为载荷使用系数;为载荷均载系数;为动载荷系数;为齿向载荷分配系数;为齿间载荷分配系数。
图6中,为作用力,为弯曲力臂,为作用角,为危险截面处齿厚,为作用点。
然而由于齿轮啮合过程中,时变刚度和传递误差等因素不可避免,更兼有不断变化的啮合点位置,导致即使外部载荷不变,齿廓上载荷以及弯曲力臂等也具有随时间变化的瞬态特性,传统的齿根弯曲应力计算公式中对于这一瞬态特性采用相关定值载荷系数进行修正,使得齿根弯曲应力为一近似恒定值,不能反映齿轮传动过程中单/双齿交替啮合的齿间载荷分布以及弯曲应力变化历程。采用齿轮强迫振动响应下的动载荷替代传统算法中的近似恒定载荷可以避免这一问题。其中,动载荷与圆周力关系为:
齿轮弯曲疲劳安全系数计算公式为19
式中  为弯曲疲劳极限应力;为寿命系数,与循环次数相关,此处取为3.6×108 次,则取为0.919
为充分验证所建立模型的准确性,针对本文所研究的20缸柴油机正时传动齿轮所在轴系为试验对象,从自由振动与强迫振动两方面进行验证。数据采集设备选用型号LMS SCADAS Mobile采集仪,该采集仪可容纳24通道,每通道采样率为102.4 kHz,分辨率为24位,信噪比为105 dB,3.8兆采样点/秒的数据传输率。扭振传感器采用SZCB-02N转速传感器,该转速传感器频响特性为0~10 kHz,输出方波波形,测点布置在图7所示的飞轮及油泵轴处。
自由振动测试中,在选定工况下,快速升降速扫频测试,对柴油机轴系的振动特性进行摸底。在确定稳定工况后,慢速升降速扫频测试,保证振动并提取轴系固有频率。将空载柴油机转速自650 r/min连续升至1750 r/min后连续降至650 r/min,采集的数据以瀑布图的形式体现。飞轮端与油泵轴端瀑布图的纵坐标表示转速,横坐标表示频率,结合如图8~9所示的实测瀑布图颜色分布确定固有频率。
固有频率计算结果与通过瀑布图得到的实测结果对比如表1所示。可知固有频率误差均小于4%,在可接受范围内,验证了所建立的柴油全轴系振动模型自由振动的准确性。
结合所建立模型强迫振动计算结果,考虑柴油机100%功率工况下转速为1750 r/min,不具备稳定测试条件。因此,在柴油机90%功率(转速稳定在1688 r/min)工况下进行稳态响应测试,测试不同位置转速波动情况。对飞轮端和油泵轴端瞬时转速计算结果与实测结果进行验证分析,分别如图1011时域结果所示。飞轮端瞬时转速波动计算值为±15 r/min,油泵轴端瞬时转速波动计算值为±120 r/min,与飞轮端实测转速波动结果±20 r/min,油泵轴端实测转速波动结果±125 r/min十分接近。
柴油机飞轮端和供油凸轮从动齿轮端角位移频域与实测结果对比图分别如图1213所示。位移频谱振动能量主要分布在低频,且对于飞轮端角位移频谱图,由于柴油机端外部负载过大,在5 Hz处存在一个峰值较高的低频扰动,幅值均大于轴频幅值。且由于该柴油机为4冲程柴油机,因此频谱图中存在0.5倍轴频谐次频率下的峰值,整体看来飞轮端及供油凸轮端角位移实测值与计算值频率成分一致,仅在部分轴频及倍频处的峰值存在幅值误差。
图10~13表1可知,本文所建立的柴油机多分支全轴系振动特性分析模型在自由振动结果中,计算结果与实机测试结果相比误差均小于4%;在强迫振动结果中,时域瞬时转速计算结果与实测结果分布在数值上均十分接近,频域上实测值与计算值频率成分一致,峰值分布体现出明显的轴频及其倍频特征,仅在部分轴频及倍频处存在幅值误差。这一幅值误差的存在,主要是由于在实际测试过程中,柴油机轴系不可避免地存在一定程度的回旋振动,当轴呈弯曲状态以另一角速度绕原平衡轴中心线回旋时,会对磁电传感器的磁力线进行切割,从而影响感应线圈内产生的电动势,即由于轴系扭转振动与回旋振动形式存在耦合作用,造成在输入能量上的一定区别,进一步影响试验结果。另外由于仿真模型难以做到全面考虑包括柴油机附属泵流体激励在内的所有激励谱,以及计算时与实际系统阻尼存在一定差异,种种因素的耦合作用导致了频域幅值上存在这一差异。因此综合考虑实测值与计算值的区别及差异原因,可得实机测试与计算结果基本吻合,模型可信。结合时域与频域结果进一步分析可知,供油凸轮从动齿轮扭角的整体频谱幅值大于飞轮端的扭角频谱幅值,且转速波动过大,振动特性恶劣。因此,油泵轴处从动正时齿轮即喷油泵驱动齿轮啮合环境十分恶劣,确易发生断齿故障。
针对喷油泵驱动齿轮断裂问题,在建立柴油机多分支全轴系振动特性模型的基础上,得到动载荷下齿根弯曲应力在啮合过程中的变化历程。该齿轮副主要参数如表2所示,正时齿轮系全部齿轮参数见附录B。
结合柴油机实际工况与正时齿轮参数,计算动载荷下喷油泵驱动齿轮齿根弯曲应力,其中齿形系数等可通过查阅手册计算得到19,齿根弯曲应力数值随啮合线的变化如图14所示。
由弯曲应力分布可知,由于单/双齿交替啮合效应,在一个啮合周期内齿根承受交变应力的作用,最大齿根弯曲应力值发生在单齿啮合区中,数值为349.39 MPa。该柴油机正时齿轮均采用18Cr2Ni4W高强度中合金渗碳钢,其弯曲疲劳极限应力为525.25 MPa,可得此位置处齿轮弯曲疲劳安全系数为1.35,结合表3所示的安全系数参考值19可知,安全系数1.35处于一般可靠度范围。因此在轮齿承受载荷时,齿根的过渡部分容易出现应力集中现象,且当齿轮过载或者由于长时间运转导致轮齿磨损、厚度减小时,即使在正常载荷下运转,也会出现断齿故障。
基于工程实践经验,齿轮发生断齿故障主要是由于齿轮力学强度不够,疲劳应力过大。因此要解决这个问题,最简单的办法是强化齿面,通过更换材料、齿面修形、加厚齿面等措施加以改进。
然而考虑到该型柴油机结构较为紧凑,且已加工安装完成,此种情况下对齿轮进行加强极易影响轮系传动与空间余量,因此为了确保轴系安全、稳定运行,采用在供油凸轮轴的主、从动齿轮自由端各增设一组减振器,以避免故障齿轮副过大的波动转速,降低扭振响应,避免断齿发生。针对提出的这一优化方案,扭振减振器安装后供油凸轮轴部分当量模型如图15所示。
选用该扭振减振器设计方案后,喷油泵驱动齿轮齿根弯曲应力分布如图16所示。
图1416可知,安装扭振减振器后,在优化供油时刻及时性的同时,喷油泵驱动齿轮齿根弯曲应力由349.39 MPa降低为292.88 MPa,安全系数由一般可靠度范围内的1.35上升到较高可靠度范围的1.61。可见,安装扭振减振器后,齿轮副啮合环境得到有效优化,齿轮因为过高的弯曲疲劳应力导致断齿故障发生的可能性得以显著降低。
针对某型20 V国产船用柴油机常出现的正时齿轮断裂问题,建立正时传动齿轮弯-扭耦合及柴油机多分支轴系集总参数化模型。考虑各类型内部激励对柴油机轴系进行强迫振动响应预测,并从动载荷角度对传统齿根弯曲应力计算方法进行改进,探究断齿故障成因并进行分析优化。具体结论如下:
(1)建立了柴油机正时齿轮轴系弯-扭耦合动力系模型,基于时域算法对柴油机轴系进行振动特性分析,并与实际柴油机正时齿轮传动轴系固有特性及响应实测结果进行对比验证。试验结果与理论分析相符合,并具有较高的可靠性。
(2)对柴油机轴系的振动特性进行了研究,发现飞轮端的转速波动只有油泵轴端的12.5%左右,且油泵轴端响应能量峰值是飞轮端响应能量峰值的5.2倍,振动特性恶劣是导致油泵轴位置正时齿轮频繁发生断齿故障的主要原因。
(3)对正时齿轮故障件进行弯曲疲劳强度校核,安全系数仅为1.35,处于一般可靠度范围,确易出现断齿故障。考虑实际工程应用情况,基于工程实践经验,提出增设减振器的优化方案,使安全系数上升为处于较高可靠度范围的1.61,避免断齿故障的发生。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905118)
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2024年第37卷第11期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.017
  • 接收时间:2022-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-20
  • 修回日期:2022-12-06
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51905118)
作者信息
    1哈尔滨工程大学动力与能源工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
    2中国船舶重工集团公司第七〇三研究所无锡分部,江苏 无锡 214151

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史修江(1989―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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