Article(id=1228653711807939219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693238400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-29, revisedDate=1700755200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863472177, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1732723200000, pubDateStr=2024-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863472177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863472177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863472177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653708687377017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='11', pageStart='1803', pageEnd='1992', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863471433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863902026, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655514792427774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653708687377017, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1936, endPage=1949, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653713389191843, articleId=1228653711807939219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Simulation study of sucker rod string on longitudinal,transverse and torsional coupling vibration in directional wells, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rod string is a thin rod string composed of a coupling and a rod connected by threads. The research on the dynamic behavior of the sucker rod string is the basis to prevent the failure of the sucker rod string and reduce the operation cost of the oil well. In view of the coupling vibration of rod string,it is proposed that the torsional torque generated by the friction force between the rod and tubing is the excitation of torsional vibration. Considering the influence of friction force on the coupling vibration of rod string,a simulation model of the coupling vibration of rod string in one directional well with initial bending is established under the conditions of displacement excitation at the top,load excitation at the bottom,trajectory excitation at the curved hole and tubing constraint. The four-order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the simulation model and to simulate the dynamic behavior of the rod string. The simulation results show that: both longitudinal and transverse vibration simulation results are affected by the coupling vibration of the rod string. The effect on longitudinal vibration is not obvious. The contact force between the rod and the tubing in the inclined section of the oil well is high,and the collision in the compressed section of the rod string is serious. Hence,the inclined section of the oil well and the compressed section of the rod string are dangerous points for eccentric wear. Under normal preload conditions,the torsional vibration of the rod string is not sufficient to cause the rod string to trip. However,when the preload force of the coupling drops below the maximum torque of the rod string,torsional vibration may cause the rod string to trip. The research provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the failure mechanism of pumping rods,improving the working life of pumping rods and optimizing the design of pumping rods.

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抽油杆柱是由接箍与抽油杆通过螺纹连接组成的细长杆柱。对抽油杆柱动力学行为的研究是预防抽油杆柱失效破坏,降低油井运行成本的基础。针对抽油杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动,提出杆管摩擦力产生的绕轴扭矩是扭转振动的激励这一观点。考虑摩擦力对杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的影响,建立了具有初弯曲的定向井抽油杆柱在顶端位移激励、底端载荷激励、弯曲井眼轨道激励与油管约束条件下的纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型。采用四阶龙格-库塔法实现了对仿真模型的求解和对杆柱动力学行为的仿真模拟。仿真结果表明:杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动对杆柱纵向、横向振动仿真结果均有影响,相对来说对纵向振动的影响并不明显;油井造斜段的杆管接触力大,杆柱受压段的杆管碰撞严重,因此油井的造斜段与杆柱的受压段为杆管偏磨的危险点;正常预紧情况下,杆柱的扭转振动不足以导致抽油杆柱脱扣,但当接箍螺纹预紧力降至杆柱的最大扭矩以下后,扭转振动即可能导致抽油杆柱脱扣。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙秀荣(1984—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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王宏博(1992—),男,博士,工程师。E-mail:

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王宏博(1992—),男,博士,工程师。E-mail:

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王宏博(1992—),男,博士,工程师。E-mail:

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caption=杆柱扭转振动仿真结果, figureFileSmall=RNSMfczu5ktpmo8RV67KTw==, figureFileBig=TuARg8hdEwQFUbvzcsMXKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228653742715765544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653711807939219, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Simulation parameters of the example

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数型号/数值参数型号/数值
抽油机型号CYJ10-3-53HB含水率/%19
电机型号Y280S-6动液面/m1570
l0/m0.5泵径/mm44
Lh/m0.21油管内径/mm62
下泵深度/m2100碰撞恢复系数γs0.56
冲程/m3碰撞时间ts /s0.03
冲次/min-14库仑摩擦系数0.07
油压/MPa0.3抽油杆材质20CrMo
套压/MPa0.5钢密度/(kgm‒3)7800
气油比/(m3m‒3)21弹性模量/GPa210
杆柱组合/(mm×m)25×400+22×750+19×950
各级杆柱对应接箍外径/mm55, 46, 41.3
各级杆柱对应扶正器外径/mm58,58,58
), ArticleFig(id=1228653742803845931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653711807939219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算例仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数型号/数值参数型号/数值
抽油机型号CYJ10-3-53HB含水率/%19
电机型号Y280S-6动液面/m1570
l0/m0.5泵径/mm44
Lh/m0.21油管内径/mm62
下泵深度/m2100碰撞恢复系数γs0.56
冲程/m3碰撞时间ts /s0.03
冲次/min-14库仑摩擦系数0.07
油压/MPa0.3抽油杆材质20CrMo
套压/MPa0.5钢密度/(kgm‒3)7800
气油比/(m3m‒3)21弹性模量/GPa210
杆柱组合/(mm×m)25×400+22×750+19×950
各级杆柱对应接箍外径/mm55, 46, 41.3
各级杆柱对应扶正器外径/mm58,58,58
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定向井抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动仿真研究
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王宏博 1 , 孙秀荣 2 , 李凤鑫 2 , 李伟成 3 , 辛顺 1 , 王长亮 1 , 李东芳 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(11): 1936-1949
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(11): 1936-1949
定向井抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动仿真研究
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王宏博1 , 孙秀荣2 , 李凤鑫2, 李伟成3, 辛顺1, 王长亮1, 李东芳1
作者信息
  • 1海洋石油工程股份有限公司,天津 300451
  • 2河北环境工程学院,河北 秦皇岛 066102
  • 3燕山大学机械工程学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004
  • 王宏博(1992—),男,博士,工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙秀荣(1984—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Simulation study of sucker rod string on longitudinal,transverse and torsional coupling vibration in directional wells
Hong-bo WANG1 , Xiu-rong SUN2 , Feng-xin LI2, Wei-cheng LI3, Shun XIN1, Chang-liang WANG1, Dong-fang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Offshore Oil Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300451,China
  • 2Hebei University of Environmental Engineering,Qinhuangdao 066102,China
  • 3School of Mechanical Engineering,Yanshan University,Qinhuangdao 066004,China
出版时间: 2024-11-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.014
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抽油杆柱是由接箍与抽油杆通过螺纹连接组成的细长杆柱。对抽油杆柱动力学行为的研究是预防抽油杆柱失效破坏,降低油井运行成本的基础。针对抽油杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动,提出杆管摩擦力产生的绕轴扭矩是扭转振动的激励这一观点。考虑摩擦力对杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的影响,建立了具有初弯曲的定向井抽油杆柱在顶端位移激励、底端载荷激励、弯曲井眼轨道激励与油管约束条件下的纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型。采用四阶龙格-库塔法实现了对仿真模型的求解和对杆柱动力学行为的仿真模拟。仿真结果表明:杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动对杆柱纵向、横向振动仿真结果均有影响,相对来说对纵向振动的影响并不明显;油井造斜段的杆管接触力大,杆柱受压段的杆管碰撞严重,因此油井的造斜段与杆柱的受压段为杆管偏磨的危险点;正常预紧情况下,杆柱的扭转振动不足以导致抽油杆柱脱扣,但当接箍螺纹预紧力降至杆柱的最大扭矩以下后,扭转振动即可能导致抽油杆柱脱扣。

耦合振动  /  抽油杆柱  /  定向井  /  轨道激励  /  摩擦扭矩

The rod string is a thin rod string composed of a coupling and a rod connected by threads. The research on the dynamic behavior of the sucker rod string is the basis to prevent the failure of the sucker rod string and reduce the operation cost of the oil well. In view of the coupling vibration of rod string,it is proposed that the torsional torque generated by the friction force between the rod and tubing is the excitation of torsional vibration. Considering the influence of friction force on the coupling vibration of rod string,a simulation model of the coupling vibration of rod string in one directional well with initial bending is established under the conditions of displacement excitation at the top,load excitation at the bottom,trajectory excitation at the curved hole and tubing constraint. The four-order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve the simulation model and to simulate the dynamic behavior of the rod string. The simulation results show that: both longitudinal and transverse vibration simulation results are affected by the coupling vibration of the rod string. The effect on longitudinal vibration is not obvious. The contact force between the rod and the tubing in the inclined section of the oil well is high,and the collision in the compressed section of the rod string is serious. Hence,the inclined section of the oil well and the compressed section of the rod string are dangerous points for eccentric wear. Under normal preload conditions,the torsional vibration of the rod string is not sufficient to cause the rod string to trip. However,when the preload force of the coupling drops below the maximum torque of the rod string,torsional vibration may cause the rod string to trip. The research provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the failure mechanism of pumping rods,improving the working life of pumping rods and optimizing the design of pumping rods.

coupling vibration  /  sucker rod string  /  directional well  /  trajectory excitation  /  friction torque
王宏博, 孙秀荣, 李凤鑫, 李伟成, 辛顺, 王长亮, 李东芳. 定向井抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动仿真研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1936 -1949 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.014
Hong-bo WANG, Xiu-rong SUN, Feng-xin LI, Wei-cheng LI, Shun XIN, Chang-liang WANG, Dong-fang LI. Simulation study of sucker rod string on longitudinal,transverse and torsional coupling vibration in directional wells[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (11) : 1936 -1949 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.014
抽油杆柱作为将地面抽油机能量传递至井底抽油泵的主要载体,是有杆泵抽油系统的重要组成部分1。在油井生产过程中,抽油杆柱的失效破坏是油井停井作业的主要原因之一。油井停井作业不仅增加了油井的生产成本,还降低了油井的产量,进而导致巨大的经济损失。油井运行过程中杆柱的振动是杆柱失效破坏的主要原因,因此对抽油杆柱振动的研究是预防杆柱失效破坏的基础。
目前大量学者对抽油杆柱的纵向振动与横向振动进行了研究,实现了对油井悬点示功图预测仿真与杆管偏磨现象的分析。1963年,GIBBS2采用一维有阻尼波动方程建立了描述抽油杆柱纵向振动的仿真模型,并采用有限差分法实现了仿真求解,为抽油杆柱动力学研究提供了思路。后来有研究人员分别考虑柱塞磨损、动静摩擦、温度变化等不同的影响因素,改进了抽油杆柱纵向振动的仿真模型3-7。孙秀荣等8考虑屈曲变形激励建立了直井抽油杆柱横向振动仿真模型。
LUKASIEWICZ9基于纵横弯曲梁理论提出了定向井抽油杆柱在井斜平面的纵横耦合振动仿真模型。XU等10-11采用虚位移原理建立了抽油杆柱在弯曲井眼内的纵横耦合振动仿真模型。WANG等12-13考虑弯曲井眼轨道对轴向运动抽油杆柱横向振动的激励,建立了考虑弯曲井眼轨道激励的抽油杆柱纵横耦合振动仿真模型。在以上杆柱纵向与横向仿真模型中均仅考虑了杆管库仑摩擦力对杆柱纵向振动的影响,而忽略了其对横向振动的影响。
抽油杆柱失效破坏的形式除了杆管偏磨外还包括抽油杆柱的脱扣现象。抽油杆柱的脱扣现象表明:除了纵向和横向振动以外,抽油杆柱还存在扭转振动,即抽油杆柱的动力学行为是纵横扭的耦合振动。与钻柱、螺杆泵不同,抽油机井在运行过程中,抽油杆柱不受系统外部扭矩,因此对抽油杆柱扭转激励的研究也就成为了抽油杆柱扭转振动研究的难点。王文昌等14曾采用有限元法建立了定向井抽油杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型,但其模型中未指出抽油杆柱扭转振动的激励。针对这一问题,本文作者结合抽油杆柱纵横耦合振动现象认识到:抽油机井运行过程中弯曲变形的抽油杆柱与油管之间存在接触力与相对运动,相对运动又将导致杆管接触点出现摩擦力,杆管之间的摩擦力作用点分别为油管的内壁以及抽油杆柱表面,作用于抽油杆柱表面上的摩擦力在与抽油杆柱轴线不同向时将产生绕其轴线的扭矩,进而激励抽油杆柱产生扭转振动。因此,杆管摩擦力产生的绕轴扭矩即为抽油杆柱扭转振动的真实激励。
抽油杆柱的摩擦扭矩是导致杆柱扭转振动的主要原因,因此对摩擦扭矩的仿真建模是抽油杆柱扭转振动建模的基础。目前大量学者对钻柱在井眼内的摩擦扭矩进行了分析。JOHANCSIK等15将钻柱简化为没有刚度的绳索,假设钻柱轴线与井眼重合,考虑轴向受力与钻柱自重推导出了钻柱与井壁的接触力模型;在不考虑摩擦力方向的前提下,基于钻柱与井壁接触力以及摩擦系数建立了钻柱摩擦扭矩的仿真模型。HO16考虑弯曲井眼轨道对钻柱弯曲变形的影响,以及弯曲钻柱刚度对钻柱与井壁接触力的影响,建立了钻柱摩擦扭矩的仿真模型。李子丰等17考虑钻井液等对钻柱阻力的影响,考虑轴向运动与钻柱自身旋转运动对阻力方向的影响、阻力方向对摩擦扭矩的影响提出了等效摩擦系数的概念,建立了钻柱稳态拉力与扭矩仿真模型。此外,有的学者考虑不同的影响因素建立了描述钻柱动力学行为的有限元模型,但其在计算摩擦扭矩时所采用的模型与上述两类模型并无本质差别18-21。祝效华等等22-24基于Hamilton原理与有限元原理建立了描述钻柱在弯曲井眼轨道内纵横耦合振动的动力学仿真模型,并据此得到了钻柱与井壁接触力的仿真模型,然后以钻柱纵横扭耦合振动的仿真模型为基础,考虑纵向振动与扭转振动对杆柱摩擦力方向的影响建立摩擦扭矩的仿真模型。此外在部分钻柱纵横扭耦合仿真模型中,部分学者还考虑了杆柱横向振动导致的相对速度改变对摩擦扭矩的影响25-26
以上钻柱摩擦扭矩的研究为抽油杆柱摩擦扭矩的研究提供了思路。但针对抽油杆柱这一研究对象,易忽略如下问题:(1)由于钻柱工作特性的影响,自身的旋转运动是影响相对运动速度横向分量的主要原因,因此忽略杆柱横向振动对杆管相对运动速度的影响不大。但抽油杆柱工作过程中不存在主动的旋转运动,即横向振动是影响杆管之间的相对运动的主要因素,在仿真建模时应特别注意。(2)除杆管相对运动速度外,杆柱轴线方向也是影响摩擦扭矩的原因。对于钻柱来说,其轴向速度比较小、横向速度比较大,因此杆管相对运动速度对摩擦扭矩的影响要远大于杆柱轴线方向的影响,以上模型中均忽略了杆柱弯曲形态的影响。但对于抽油杆柱,其工作过程中存在轴向往复运动,轴向速度比较大、横向速度比较小,杆柱弯曲形态对摩擦扭矩的影响明显,因此在建立仿真模型时需要考虑杆柱弯曲变形的影响。
通过对以上研究内容的分析可知,由于纵向振动、横向振动与弯曲井眼轨道的共同作用,抽油杆柱受油管库仑摩擦力的方向不再与杆柱轴线方向一致,进而产生绕杆柱轴线的摩擦扭矩,导致抽油杆柱产生扭转振动。同时杆柱的扭转振动将影响杆柱弯曲剪切力与杆管相对运动,进而影响杆柱振动。
目前已有部分学者对抽油杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动进行了研究,总结其研究,存在如下不足:(1)没有研究弯曲井眼轨道对轴向往复运动抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的影响;(2)未明确指出抽油杆柱扭转振动的激励。
本文针对上述不足,将定向井抽油杆柱的动力学问题概括为:具有初弯曲的抽油杆柱在顶端周期性位移激励、底端载荷激励与弯曲井眼轨道激励下,考虑油管壁与抽油杆柱的弹性碰撞、杆管之间的库仑摩擦力与液体黏滞阻力的纵横扭耦合振动问题,进而建立了定向井抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的仿真模型。采用有限差分法对杆柱长度进行离散,得到常微分方程组,并进一步采用四阶龙格-库塔法进行求解计算,实现了对定向井抽油杆柱动力行为的仿真模拟。
图1为定向井井眼轨道及抽油杆柱空间形态示意图。图中抽油杆柱由一定数量的抽油杆、接箍、扶正器组成。为描述井眼轨道与抽油杆柱的轴向位置,分别建立了固定坐标系和运动坐标系。固定坐标系原点为井口;运动坐标系原点在悬点处,且随悬点运动。以固定坐标系下sw描述井眼轨道上任意点相对于井口的曲线长度,以运动坐标系下s描述抽油杆柱任意点相对于悬点的曲线长度。
定向井的井眼轨道为一条空间曲线,现以直角坐标系进行描述。以井口为坐标原点,建立坐标系o-xyz,坐标系中xyz的方向分别为单位向量ijk的方向。结合静位置曲线坐标sw即可得到井眼轨道上任意一点A的位置矢量表示方法:
根据井眼轨道测量数据可以得到油井的井斜角α与方位角。据此可以计算井眼轴线上任意点A处的切向量τA、主法线向量nA、副法线向量bA、井眼轴线曲率kA与井眼轴线挠率TA,如下式表示:
式中  为井斜角对斜深sw的一阶求导;为井斜角对斜深sw的二阶求导;为方位角对斜深sw的一阶求导;为方位角对斜深sw的二阶求导。
以井眼轨道位置矢量模型为基础,通过动位置曲线坐标s描述抽油杆柱上任意点C的轴向位置;以与C点对应的井眼轨道轴线上A点的切线向量τA描述C点的轴向位移;以A点的主法线向量nA与副法线向量bA来描述C点的横向位移。抽油杆柱上任意点C的位置矢量即可表示为:
式中  est)为t时刻抽油杆柱上任意截面s在井眼轴线τA方向上的位移;ust)为t时刻抽油杆柱上任意截面s在井眼轴线nA方向上的位移;wst)为t时刻抽油杆柱上任意截面s在井眼轴线bA方向上的位移。
根据Frenet公式可求得在抽油杆柱轴线C点处的切向量τCs)、主法线向量nCs)、副法线向量bCs)、杆柱轴线曲率kCs)与杆柱轴线挠率TCs),如下式所示:
其中:
式中  sc为变形后杆柱的长度;eses求一阶偏导;usus求一阶偏导;wsws求一阶偏导;XsXs求一阶偏导;YsYs求一阶偏导;ZsZs求一阶偏导。
为便于研究,同时也为突出本文的研究重点,做如下简化和假设:(1)不考虑抽油机负载对电机转速的影响,假设电动机匀速转动;(2)油管柱的轴线与井眼轴线重合,且不考虑油管柱的振动;(3)忽略油管内液柱的振动;(4)忽略顶端钢丝绳的弹性;(5)抽油杆柱为均质弹性体;(6)杆柱各横截面轴力与杆柱轴线一致,杆柱各截面剪切力与杆柱轴线垂直。
根据油田实际生产情况可知,抽油杆柱在弯曲油管内的运动包括在油管约束下的空间位移与沿自身轴线的扭转。
对于抽油杆柱的纵向振动,杆柱顶端可简化为位移的边界条件27-28;对于横向振动,抽油机悬点至井口盘根处抽油杆柱可以简化为可滑动的固支端;对于扭转振动,杆柱顶端扭转受钢丝绳的约束,因此可以简化为扭矩的边界条件。对于抽油杆柱的纵向振动,杆柱底端受柱塞载荷的影响为力的边界条件;对于横向振动,杆柱的底端可以简化为可滑动的固支端;对于扭转振动,杆柱底端的柱塞可以在油管内自由旋转,因此可以简化为自由端。图2为抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的力学模型图与微元受力图。
图2中:S为抽油机冲程;Pt)为t时刻作用于抽油杆柱底端的柱塞载荷,以拉力为正;qst)为t时刻轴线位置s处抽油杆柱所受的轴向分布载荷,包括:杆柱自重在轴向的分力、液体黏滞阻力、杆管库仑摩擦力在轴向的分量;qubst)为t时刻轴线位置s处抽油杆柱所受的横向分布载荷,包括:杆柱浮重在横向的分量、杆管库仑摩擦力在横向的分量与液体黏滞阻力;mfst)为t时刻轴线s处单位长度抽油杆柱绕杆柱轴线的外力矩,包括:液体黏滞阻力矩与杆管库仑摩擦扭矩;uSt)为任意t时刻悬点相对于上死点的位移,悬点位移向下为正;Fest)为作用于微元两端轴心上的集中力;Mst)为作用于微元两端的弯矩;fest)为作用于微元段上的分布外力;mτst)为单位长度抽油杆柱绕微元段轴线的动量矩。
对微元受力进行分析,根据力与力矩的平衡关系得到描述微元段纵向振动、横向振动与扭转振动的动力学平衡方程:
其中:
式中  ρk为第k级抽油杆柱密度;Ak为第k级抽油杆柱横截面积;K为抽油杆柱级数;θst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处的扭转角;Jk为第k级抽油杆柱绕自身轴线的极惯性矩;Fst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处井眼轴线切线方向的内力;Fenst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处井眼轴线主法线方向的内力;Febst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处井眼轴线副法线方向的内力;Fst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处杆柱轴线切线方向的内力;Fmnst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处杆柱轴线主法线方向的内力;Fmbst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处杆柱轴线副法线方向的内力;Faeτst)为Fst)在井眼轴线切线方向上的分力;Faenst)为Fst)在井眼轴线主法线方向上的分力;Faebst)为Fst)在井眼轴线副法线方向上的分力;Fmeτst)为[Fmnst)+ Fmbst)]在井眼轴线切线方向上的分力;Fmenst)为[Fmnst)+Fmbst)]在井眼轴线主法线方向上的分力;Fmebst)为[Fmnst)+Fmbst)]在井眼轴线副法线方向上的分力;(FsFs求一阶偏导;(FensFens求一阶偏导;(FebsFebs求一阶偏导;fst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处井眼轴线切线方向所受外力;fenst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处井眼轴线主法线方向所受外力;febst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处井眼轴线副法线法向所受外力。
对式(6)进行分解与化简,可以得到杆柱在弯曲井眼轨道内的纵横扭耦合振动平衡微分方程:
式(8)中,轴向运动抽油杆静位置曲线坐标与动位置曲线坐标的关系为:
抽油杆柱长度的变化属于小变形,杆柱变形依然处于弹性变形范围之内,因此由弹性力学基本知识可以得到抽油杆柱轴线切线方向上的内力与其在井眼轴线切线方向、主法线方向与副法线方向分力的表达式:
式中  E1为第1级抽油杆柱材料弹性模量。
根据微元受力图,对微元段建立如下力矩平衡方程:
化简式(11)得到如下公式:
其中:
式中  MsMs求一阶偏导;为第k级抽油杆柱材料弹性模量;mfcst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处的杆管库仑摩擦力导致的绕轴分布摩擦扭矩;mflst)为t时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处的液体阻尼力导致的绕轴分布阻尼力矩;Ik为第k级抽油杆柱的抗弯惯性矩;Gk为第k级抽油杆柱材料的剪切弹性模量;θsθs求一阶偏导;θssθs求二阶偏导;(kCskCs求一阶偏导。
将式(13)代入式(12),求得FmbFmnmτ的表达式:
通过坐标转换求得FmeτFmenFmeb的表达式:
结合式(7),(10)和(15)即可求得Fe表达式:
杆柱各方向内力FFenFeb关于s的偏导均可根据式(16)直接求得,限于篇幅本文不再赘述。
杆柱所受分布外力可以由下式表示:
式中  ρl为管柱内液体密度;μ为液体黏性阻尼系数;g为重力加速度;f为单位长度抽油杆柱沿井眼轴线切线方向的杆管库仑摩擦力;ffn为单位长度抽油杆柱沿井眼轴线主法线方向的杆管库仑摩擦力;ffb为单位长度抽油杆柱沿井眼轴线副法线方向的杆管库仑摩擦力。
杆管接触与相对运动导致的库仑摩擦力是杆柱受到的外力之一。图3为杆管库仑摩擦力示意图。
图3(a)为杆柱与管柱空间形态示意图,图中标注出了杆柱变形后的切线方向、油管的切线方向与杆管接触点处油管的切平面。在切平面内建立直角坐标系DPQ,其中DQ与油管切线方向相同,DP为油管切平面与法平面在接触点的交线,DR为杆柱轴线的切线在油管切平面内的投影。图3(b)为切平面内杆管相对速度与摩擦力示意图,图中,vτD为杆柱横向振动导致的杆柱在DP方向上产生的相对运动速度;vω为由于杆柱扭转导致的杆管相对运动速度;vτ为由于杆柱纵向振动导致的杆管相对运动速度;vr为抽油杆柱相对于油管在切平面内的运动速度,为vτDvωvτ的速度矢量和;vrnv分别表示vr在不同方向上的速度分量;vf为杆管接触点在管柱切平面内的相对运动速度;θDn为DP和DR方向的夹角;θfvf和DP的夹角;θmvωvf之间的夹角;ff为抽油杆柱与油管柱间的库仑摩擦力;fffmffr分别代表摩擦力在不同方向上的分量。图3(c)为接触点法平面内杆管相对速度与库仑摩擦力的示意图,图中,vnvb分别为du/dt,dw/dtvτC为抽油杆柱轴线C点处的切向速度;θC为杆管位置方向与vn之间的夹角;ffnffb分别为ffr在井眼轴线主法线方向、副法线方向的分量。
根据图3中所呈现的杆管相对运动关系,可以求得各方向上的杆管库仑摩擦力:
其中:
式中  μc为库仑摩擦阻尼系数;Ft为单位长度抽油杆所受杆管接触力;ω为抽油杆柱扭转振动角速度;当i取r时,表示杆柱节点;当i取c时,表示接箍节点;当i取s时,表示扶正器节点;rr为抽油杆半径;rc为接箍半径;rs为扶正器半径,rt为油管半径。
杆管摩擦力作用在抽油杆柱的表面上,当杆柱的摩擦力方向与DR不重合时,摩擦力ff在垂直于DR的方向上产生摩擦分力ffm。摩擦分力ffm的存在将产生绕杆柱轴线的摩擦扭矩mfc,该绕轴扭矩将作为杆柱扭转振动的外力矩驱动或阻碍杆柱的扭转振动。绕轴摩擦扭矩mfc的表达式如下式所示:
其中:
杆柱在油液中扭转运动时还受到液体阻力矩mfl,其表达式为:
观察式(18),(20)可以发现,绕杆柱轴线的外界分布扭矩受杆柱形态、杆管相对速度与杆管接触力的影响,即受杆柱纵横耦合振动的影响。因此对杆柱纵横耦合振动的仿真计算是实现杆柱扭转振动仿真的基础。同时,杆柱的扭转振动将影响杆柱的内力与杆管摩擦力的方向,即杆柱的扭转振动也是杆柱纵横耦合振动的影响因素。因此,杆柱的动力学模型为具有初弯曲的细长杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动模型。
在研究纵向振动时,因为杆柱的顶端受悬点位移的约束,因此可以将顶端简化为位移的边界条件;杆柱底端受抽油泵的约束,因此可以将底端简化为力的边界条件。杆柱纵向振动的边界条件可表示为:
式中  L为抽油杆柱长度。
在研究横向振动时,井口盘根约束了杆柱的横向位移和横截面转角,因此悬点至井口盘根处抽油杆柱可以简化为可轴向滑动的固定约束;杆柱底端的横向位移与横截面转角受到泵筒的约束,因此可以将杆柱底端简化为可滑动的固定约束。抽油杆柱横向振动两端的边界条件可表示为:
抽油机与抽油杆柱通过钢丝绳与悬绳器连接在一起,两平行钢丝绳上部与驴头弧面贴合,下端与悬绳器连接,悬绳器与抽油杆柱固接在一起。在抽油机运行过程中,杆柱的扭转会带动悬绳器绕其轴线(与抽油杆柱轴线重合,与驴头圆弧面的中心线处于同一平面)旋转,导致两钢丝绳偏离其原始平面,进而使钢丝绳拉力绕悬绳器轴线产生一力矩,此力矩与杆柱顶端的扭转角相关。图4为悬绳器扭矩示意图。图4中,H1H2与H3H4表示两钢丝绳平行时的轴间距;H1H4与H2H3表示悬空段钢丝绳长度(钢丝绳与驴头弧面结合点到悬绳器连接点的长度,随抽油机的运转不断改变);pv表示悬点载荷的投影。抽油杆柱扭转振动顶部边界条件即可表示为:
式中  prlt)为悬点载荷;l0为悬点处于上死点时H1H4或H2H3的长度。
抽油杆柱的底端与抽油泵柱塞相连,可以将底端简化为自由端。杆柱扭转振动的底部边界条件可表示为:
对于多级组合抽油杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动,各级杆柱连接点处存在位移相等的连续性条件:
式中  Lk为第k级抽油杆柱的长度;分别为井眼轴线主法线和副法线方向的位移。
转角相等的连续性条件:
轴力(大小和方向)相等的连续性条件:
式中  pck为连接点处的液体压力。
扭矩与弯矩(大小和方向)相等的连续性条件:
剪切力(大小和方向)相等的连续性条件:
假设抽油杆柱在初始状态时,杆柱轴线与井眼轴线重合,悬点位于下死点。初始条件可表示为:
式中  为初始时刻抽油杆柱任意截面s处的变形量。
抽油杆柱与油管接触后产生杆管接触力,杆管接触力由杆管碰撞产生的碰撞力Fs和侧向压力Fn组成,其中Fn由杆柱弯曲导致的内力、杆柱弯曲与轴向拉力产生的侧向力组成。
杆管接触条件可以表示为:
式中  R为油管内圆半径。
碰撞后相应节点的位置为:
碰撞后相应节点的速度为:
其中:
式中  t+表示碰撞后,t-表示碰撞前;γs为碰撞恢复系数,其值取决于碰撞体的材料24
由于较难确定碰撞力的瞬时值,因此本文通过冲量的改变来描述碰撞的强弱。假设在ts25时间段内杆管完成碰撞,此时间段内由于杆管碰撞产生的分布力可由下式计算:
杆柱侧向压力的计算公式为:
杆管接触力可以表示为:
将抽油杆柱离散为N个节点,各节点的间距为Δs。为实现对抽油杆柱振动的仿真计算,首先需要对描述杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的二阶偏微分方程进行降阶处理。对扭转振动的二阶偏微分仿真模型进行降阶处理,得到其一阶偏微分形式,如下式所示:
对纵向振动的二阶偏微分仿真模型进行降阶处理,得到其一阶偏微分形式,如下式所示:
对横向振动的二阶偏微分仿真模型进行降阶处理,得到其一阶偏微分形式,如下式所示:
建立变量数组[y]用以分别代表不同的变量。数组[y]中各元素与变量的对应关系如下式所示:
应用四阶龙格-库塔法求解数学方程需要知道数组[y]对t的微分形式。数组[y]对t的微分形式中各元素与变量的对应关系如下式所示:
式中  θeuws的偏微分项可通过牛顿中心差分确定。式中大部分杆柱节点所对应的变量可以由式(40)~(42)确定。
杆柱上第一个仿真节点与最后一个仿真节点的动力学行为受边界条件的影响,第一个仿真节点在计算θs的偏导时采用前差公式,最后一个节点在计算θes的偏导时采用后差公式。根据顶部边界条件得到第一个仿真节点的运动行为,如下式所示:
根据杆柱振动的底部边界条件得到最后一个仿真节点的运动行为:
式中  为杆柱底端所受柱塞载荷。
多级抽油杆柱的连接点ik的位移和转角与其前、后各一个仿真节点(ik-1,ik+1)的位移可以由模型的连续性条件确定。通过泰勒级数展开求得连接点处轴向位移、横向位移与扭转角对s的偏导数。将连接点处偏导数的表达式代入式(27)~(31)即可得到K-1组10个关于的等式组成的方程组。求解方程组即可得到连接点的位移和转角与其前、后各一个仿真节点的位移。
最后根据式(40)~(46)即可完成对抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的仿真计算。仿真计算流程图如图5所示。
本文算例仿真参数如表1所示。油井全井布置扶正器,每根杆上均匀布置两个扶正器。查找油井井斜数据得到井眼轨道示意图如图6所示。
分别采用本文建立的抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型与文献[29]建立的定向井抽油杆柱纵向振动仿真模型对杆柱的振动进行仿真,得到了如图7(图中悬点位移以下死点为0点,向上为坐标轴正方向)和8所示的杆柱纵向振动仿真结果。
观察杆柱纵向振动仿真结果发现:(1)杆柱纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型所得杆柱纵向振动仿真结果与杆柱纵向振动仿真模型所得杆柱纵向振动仿真结果近似。(2)与杆柱纵向振动仿真结果相比,在抽油机的下冲程纵横扭耦合振动所得到的悬点载荷更小。
以上现象说明:(1)杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动对杆柱纵向振动的仿真结果有影响,但影响不明显。(2)考虑杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动后杆柱的下行阻力增大,进而导致下冲程悬点载荷降低。
分别采用本文建立的抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型与文献[30]建立的定向井抽油杆柱横向振动仿真模型对杆柱的振动进行仿真,得到如图910所示的相同时刻杆柱横向振动仿真结果对比。
观察杆柱横向振动仿真结果对比发现:(1)相同时刻两种模型的杆柱横向位移仿真结果有明显区别,在杆柱的受压段(约1800~2100 m)尤为不同。(2)相同时刻两种模型的杆管接触力的仿真结果也有明显区别。由于考虑纵横扭耦合振动后杆柱下行阻力更大,因此在杆柱的造斜段(约400~800 m)纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型所得杆管接触力仿真值相对较小,在杆柱的受压段,两种模型所得杆管接触力仿真值明显不同。
以上现象说明:杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动对杆柱的横向振动仿真结果有明显影响,在进行横向振动仿真时有必要考虑纵横扭耦合振动的影响。
图11为一完整冲程不同节点杆柱横向振动仿真结果;图12为杆管最大接触力沿杆长的分布曲线。
观察图1112仿真结果可以发现:(1)在杆柱的受拉段,接箍节点与扶正器节点均存在与油管的接触(接触力不为0),杆体节点不与油管接触(接触力为0)。在杆柱的受压段,接箍节点、扶正器节点与杆体节点均与油管接触。(2)油井造斜段的杆管接触力较杆柱受压段的接触力大;杆柱受压段的横向振动与杆管碰撞较油井造斜段剧烈。(3)相较于杆体节点与接箍节点,扶正器节点的杆管接触力更大。
以上现象说明:(1)油井的造斜段与杆柱的受压段为杆管偏磨的危险点。(2)扶正器有降低杆管偏磨现象的作用。
采用本文建立的纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型对杆柱进行仿真,得到如图13所示的扭转振动仿真结果。
根据图13发现:(1)杆柱上下冲程转化时杆柱轴向速度较慢,杆管库仑摩擦力在垂直于轴线方向上的分量更大,因此杆柱扭转角在上下冲程转化时变化最为明显。(2)整体来说杆柱扭转振动的幅值沿杆长逐渐增大。在油井的造斜段由于杆管接触力较大,因此杆柱扭转振动的幅值在此部分有突变;最后一级杆柱杆径最小、扭转刚度最低,且杆柱受压段杆管变形与横向振动更明显,因此最后一级杆柱扭转振动幅值增幅显著。(3)算例油井杆柱扭转振动所产生的扭矩远小于接箍的上扣预紧扭矩,即正常预紧情况下杆柱的扭转振动不足以导致抽油杆柱的脱扣现象。但在实际油井中,抽油杆柱轴向受较大交变轴向载荷作用,在循环载荷的作用下螺纹连接的预紧力有可能逐渐降低,当其预紧力降低到杆柱的最大扭矩后即可能导致抽油杆柱产生脱扣现象。
(1)指出了弯曲变形抽油杆柱与油管之间的摩擦力是影响杆柱横向振动的一项主要因素;杆管摩擦力导致的绕轴扭矩是抽油杆柱扭转振动的根本原因。考虑杆柱纵、横、扭振动之间的相互影响,建立了抽油杆柱的纵横扭耦合振动仿真模型。采用四阶龙格-库塔法实现对仿真模型的求解。
(2)仿真结果表明:杆柱的耦合振动对杆柱纵向振动、横向振动仿真结果均有影响。油井造斜段的杆管接触力相对较大,杆柱受压段的横向振动更为剧烈,因此油井的造斜段与杆柱的受压段均为杆管偏磨的危险点。定向井中,正常预紧情况下杆柱的扭转振动不足以导致抽油杆柱的脱扣现象,但当其螺纹预紧力降低到杆柱的最大扭矩后即可能导致抽油杆柱脱扣。
(3)本文研究工作指出了抽油杆柱扭转振动的机理,实现了对定向井抽油杆柱纵横扭耦合振动的仿真求解,对指导油田生产具有理论与实际意义。除了杆柱偏磨外,杆柱的疲劳破坏也是油井常见故障,因此下一步有必要基于本文仿真结果分析抽油杆柱在多轴应力下的疲劳强度。
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2024年第37卷第11期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.11.014
  • 接收时间:2023-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-29
  • 修回日期:2023-11-24
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52304049)
河北省自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(E2021203095)
国家高端外国专家引进计划项目(G2022003010L)
河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZC2023164)
河北环境工程学院科技支撑项目(2020ZRZD01)
河北省引进留学人员资助项目(C20220336)
燕山大学基础创新科研培育项目(青年)(2021LGQN009)
作者信息
    1海洋石油工程股份有限公司,天津 300451
    2河北环境工程学院,河北 秦皇岛 066102
    3燕山大学机械工程学院,河北 秦皇岛 066004

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孙秀荣(1984—),女,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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