Article(id=1228653358488158233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712505600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-08, revisedDate=1720540800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863387939, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863387939, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863387939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863387939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653350485422347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='10', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863386031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863862999, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1660, endPage=1668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653359817752644, articleId=1228653358488158233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Integrating response prior information and weighted dictionary for moving force identification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sparse regularization has been proven to be effective in addressing the ill-posed problem in moving force identification (MFI). However,existing methods often neglect frequency characteristic disparities between static and dynamic components in moving loads,thereby limiting the identification accuracy. Therefore,an MFI method integrating response prior information and weighted dictionary is proposed. A linear relationship between vehicle-induced bridge responses and moving vehicle loads is established in bridge-vehicle system. Once frequency domain analysis is separately performed on bending moment and acceleration responses,the obtained frequency prior information is then employed to construct weighted dictionaries that correspond to both static and dynamic load components. Subsequently,the static and dynamic components of moving loads are individually solved by alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated through numerical simulations on a real bridge,and a series of MFI experiments are conducted in laboratory. Results show that the weighted dictionaries considering response prior information significantly improves the accuracy of force identification and enhance its robustness to noise.

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稀疏正则化方法已被证明能够有效解决移动荷载识别(MFI)中的不适定性问题。然而,现有研究往往忽略了移动荷载中静态与动态分量之间的差异,导致识别精度受限。为此,提出了一种融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别方法。建立了车桥系统中车致桥梁响应与移动车载之间的线性关系。分别对弯矩和加速度响应开展频域分析,将获得的频率先验信息分别用于构建与静态和动态荷载分量相匹配的加权字典。利用该加权字典,采用ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers)分别求解移动荷载中的静态和动态分量。通过实桥数值案例证明了所提方法的有效性,并在实验室开展了一系列MFI实验验证。结果表明,融合响应先验信息和加权字典能够有效提升荷载识别精度,并增强其对噪声的鲁棒性。

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侯支龙(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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余岭(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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余岭(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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IFAC Procendings Volumes201245(16): 83-88., articleTitle=An ADMM algorithm for a class of total variation regularized estimation problems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228653387223335045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, awardId=52178290, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178290), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228653387282055305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, awardId=51678278, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678278), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228653382622184372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228653382630572981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, companyId=1228653382622184372, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同方法识别结果对比图, figureFileSmall=72dkFUgoL8HdPEfX9YTP4g==, figureFileBig=G8N1wGj6mfzcpmtcwDTO4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228653385755328579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of identification results by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法噪声水平正则化参数相对百分比误差(RPE)/%
静态分量动态分量总荷载
L1正则化
10%1.833×10-82.410.922.50
15%2.738×10-83.621.233.76
20%4.840×10-86.711.896.93
L2正则化
10%4.949×10-210.825.045.12
15%1.643×10-201.237.577.69
20%4.900×10-211.6410.1010.25
所提方法
10%1.349×10-10/3.071×10-100.380.840.91
15%3.710×10-10/4.475×10-100.541.041.19
20%5.450×10-10/6.718×10-100.841.671.85
), ArticleFig(id=1228653385843408969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方法识别结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法噪声水平正则化参数相对百分比误差(RPE)/%
静态分量动态分量总荷载
L1正则化
10%1.833×10-82.410.922.50
15%2.738×10-83.621.233.76
20%4.840×10-86.711.896.93
L2正则化
10%4.949×10-210.825.045.12
15%1.643×10-201.237.577.69
20%4.900×10-211.6410.1010.25
所提方法
10%1.349×10-10/3.071×10-100.380.840.91
15%3.710×10-10/4.475×10-100.541.041.19
20%5.450×10-10/6.718×10-100.841.671.85
), ArticleFig(id=1228653385910517837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Identification results of proposed method at different sampling frequencies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样频率/ Hz相对百分比误差 (RPE)/%
静态分量动态分量总荷载
500.841.671.85
1000.311.401.42
2500.270.500.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228653385994403922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

所提方法在不同采样频率下的识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样频率/ Hz相对百分比误差 (RPE)/%
静态分量动态分量总荷载
500.841.671.85
1000.311.401.42
2500.270.500.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386095067223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Identification results of proposed method under different response combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应组合相对百分比误差 (RPE)/%
静态分量动态分量总荷载
0.702.973.05
0.742.872.96
0.901.411.63
0.861.541.74
0.801.591.76
0.841.671.85
0.731.401.55
0.671.441.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386246062173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

所提方法在不同响应组合下的识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应组合相对百分比误差 (RPE)/%
静态分量动态分量总荷载
0.702.973.05
0.742.872.96
0.901.411.63
0.861.541.74
0.801.591.76
0.841.671.85
0.731.401.55
0.671.441.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386308976737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Identification results under different modal orders

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模态阶数RPE(总荷载)/%模态阶数RPE(总荷载)/%
30.57370.559
40.57280.557
50.57290.546
60.568100.541
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386367696996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同模态阶数下的识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数RPE(总荷载)/%模态阶数RPE(总荷载)/%
30.57370.559
40.57280.557
50.57290.546
60.568100.541
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386468360294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of the first three natural frequencies between experimental beam and uFEM

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阶次频率/HzRPE/%
实验梁uFEM
第一阶19.45419.3320.63
第二阶72.42373.2111.08
第三阶162.005160.0201.23
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386539663464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实验梁与uFEM前三阶固有频率的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶次频率/HzRPE/%
实验梁uFEM
第一阶19.45419.3320.63
第二阶72.42373.2111.08
第三阶162.005160.0201.23
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386606772331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Six different experiment conditions

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轴重/kg工况车速/(m·s-1)轴重比
前轴 5.567慢速10.3820.999
后轴 5.572中速10.799
GVW 11.139快速11.390
前轴 4.984慢速20.5970.735
后轴 6.777中速20.755
GVW 11.761快速21.321
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六种实验工况

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轴重/kg工况车速/(m·s-1)轴重比
前轴 5.567慢速10.3820.999
后轴 5.572中速10.799
GVW 11.139快速11.390
前轴 4.984慢速20.5970.735
后轴 6.777中速20.755
GVW 11.761快速21.321
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Identification results of three different methods

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方法前轴后轴前轴+后轴
轴重/kgRPE/%轴重/kgRPE/%轴重/kgRPE/%
L1正则化5.8575.215.7763.6611.6334.43
L2正则化5.8094.345.8625.1911.6714.77
所提方法5.6511.515.5330.7011.1840.41
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386833264758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

三种不同方法的识别结果

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方法前轴后轴前轴+后轴
轴重/kgRPE/%轴重/kgRPE/%轴重/kgRPE/%
L1正则化5.8575.215.7763.6611.6334.43
L2正则化5.8094.345.8625.1911.6714.77
所提方法5.6511.515.5330.7011.1840.41
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386904567927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Identification results under different experiment conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴重比工况前轴后轴前轴+后轴
实测值/kg轴重/kgRPE/%实测值/kg轴重/kgRPE/%实测值/kgGVW/kgRPE/%
0.999慢速15.5675.5730.115.5725.6691.7411.13911.2420.92
中速15.6160.885.7032.3611.3191.62
快速15.6511.515.5330.7011.1840.41
0.735慢速24.9844.9051.596.7776.5792.9211.76111.4842.35
中速25.1563.456.9312.2712.0872.77
快速24.9261.176.6022.5911.5271.98
), ArticleFig(id=1228653386971676794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同工况下的识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴重比工况前轴后轴前轴+后轴
实测值/kg轴重/kgRPE/%实测值/kg轴重/kgRPE/%实测值/kgGVW/kgRPE/%
0.999慢速15.5675.5730.115.5725.6691.7411.13911.2420.92
中速15.6160.885.7032.3611.3191.62
快速15.6511.515.5330.7011.1840.41
0.735慢速24.9844.9051.596.7776.5792.9211.76111.4842.35
中速25.1563.456.9312.2712.0872.77
快速24.9261.176.6022.5911.5271.98
), ArticleFig(id=1228653387034591358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Identification results of vehicle axle loads under different response combinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RPE/%
响应组合前轴后轴小车总重
1.022.460.72
1.172.391.78
1.401.531.46
2.241.992.12
1.510.700.41
1.690.540.57
), ArticleFig(id=1228653387126866049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653358488158233, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同响应组合下的车辆轴重识别误差结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RPE/%
响应组合前轴后轴小车总重
1.022.460.72
1.172.391.78
1.401.531.46
2.241.992.12
1.510.700.41
1.690.540.57
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融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别
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余岭 , 雷远东 , 侯支龙
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(10): 1660-1668
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(10): 1660-1668
融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别
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余岭 , 雷远东, 侯支龙
作者信息
  • 暨南大学力学与建筑工程学院重大工程灾害与控制教育部重点实验室,广东 广州 510632
  • 余岭(1963—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

侯支龙(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
Integrating response prior information and weighted dictionary for moving force identification
Ling YU , Yuan-dong LEI, Zhi-long HOU
Affiliations
  • MOE Key Laboratory of Disaster Forecast and Control in Engineering,School of Mechanics and Construction Engineering, Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.003
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稀疏正则化方法已被证明能够有效解决移动荷载识别(MFI)中的不适定性问题。然而,现有研究往往忽略了移动荷载中静态与动态分量之间的差异,导致识别精度受限。为此,提出了一种融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别方法。建立了车桥系统中车致桥梁响应与移动车载之间的线性关系。分别对弯矩和加速度响应开展频域分析,将获得的频率先验信息分别用于构建与静态和动态荷载分量相匹配的加权字典。利用该加权字典,采用ADMM (Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers)分别求解移动荷载中的静态和动态分量。通过实桥数值案例证明了所提方法的有效性,并在实验室开展了一系列MFI实验验证。结果表明,融合响应先验信息和加权字典能够有效提升荷载识别精度,并增强其对噪声的鲁棒性。

移动荷载识别  /  桥梁健康监测  /  响应先验信息  /  加权字典  /  稀疏正则化

Sparse regularization has been proven to be effective in addressing the ill-posed problem in moving force identification (MFI). However,existing methods often neglect frequency characteristic disparities between static and dynamic components in moving loads,thereby limiting the identification accuracy. Therefore,an MFI method integrating response prior information and weighted dictionary is proposed. A linear relationship between vehicle-induced bridge responses and moving vehicle loads is established in bridge-vehicle system. Once frequency domain analysis is separately performed on bending moment and acceleration responses,the obtained frequency prior information is then employed to construct weighted dictionaries that correspond to both static and dynamic load components. Subsequently,the static and dynamic components of moving loads are individually solved by alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated through numerical simulations on a real bridge,and a series of MFI experiments are conducted in laboratory. Results show that the weighted dictionaries considering response prior information significantly improves the accuracy of force identification and enhance its robustness to noise.

moving force identification  /  bridge health monitoring  /  prior information of response  /  weighted dictionary  /  sparse regularization
余岭, 雷远东, 侯支龙. 融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1660 -1668 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.003
Ling YU, Yuan-dong LEI, Zhi-long HOU. Integrating response prior information and weighted dictionary for moving force identification[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1660 -1668 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.003
移动车辆荷载(MVL)是桥梁全生命周期的主要活荷载之一。如果桥梁上的MVL超过安全范围,可能引发桥梁疲劳劣化和结构损伤的逐渐恶化,甚至导致桥梁的坍塌。因此,准确地评估作用在桥梁上的MVL对于桥梁健康监测和安全预警至关重要。
在早期阶段,研究人员主要致力于识别移动车辆的静态轴重1。然而,车辆荷载的动力效应会导致更大的桥梁响应,由其引起的平均桥面损伤量是静态轴重的2~4倍2。为此,大量学者、工程师和科学家提出了包含静态和时变分量的MFI方法3-6。其中以Law等5提出的时域法(TDM)为典型代表。TDM理论简单、识别精度高,但在逆问题求解过程中具有较强的不适定性,对测量噪声较为敏感。
为了解决不适定性问题,一些正则化方法,如Tikhonov正则化7-9、截断广义奇异值分解(TGSVD)10-11和稀疏正则化12-14等被引入到MFI领域。稀疏正则化是一种比较新的技术,其求解的关键在于正则化参数和字典的选择。正则化参数可通过贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)或L曲线方法确定。字典由各种基函数组成,合适的基函数可以拟合不同形式的移动车载。常见的基函数类型包含正余弦函数15、B样条函数16和小波函数17等。Zhou等18将移动荷载用一组离散余弦字典展开,在不同桥梁模型中实现了单轴和双轴移动荷载的有效识别。Xu等19利用Haar小波优越的函数逼近能力,将其构建成冗余字典并用于移动荷载识别。此外,为了提高字典的逼近性能,Pan等20提出了一种更适合MVL特征的三角函数和矩形函数组合字典。通过丰富字典中的基函数类型,可以更准确地捕捉MVL的频率特征。然而,由于桥梁振动、路面不平度和桥面凹凸等因素的影响,车-桥耦合系统中真实车载的具体形式未知且复杂21。如果采用固定的字典形式,往往不能准确描述MVL,从而无法充分对其稀疏表达。因此,迫切需要一种自适应的改进字典,以适应更复杂的MVL。此外,由MVL引起的桥梁响应相对容易获得,其频率信息通常与移动车载的频率特征相关。然而,以往学者往往对此缺乏考虑,忽略了桥梁响应中的先验信息。
针对以上问题,本文提出了一种融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别方法。该方法首先建立桥梁响应与移动荷载之间的线性关系。然后将弯矩和加速度响应分别展开至频域中,提取与移动荷载静态和动态分量相关的频率信息。进而对字典进行加权,构造出能够匹配两个荷载分量特征的加权字典。最后,采用不同的加权字典分别识别移动荷载中的静态和动态分量,以进一步提升移动荷载的识别精度和噪声鲁棒性。
当车辆重量远小于桥梁重量时,车辆可简化为一个作用在桥梁上的移动荷载F19。桥梁考虑为欧拉-伯努利梁,其抗弯刚度为EI,黏性阻尼系数为c,线密度为ρ,跨度为L,如图1所示。
如果车辆以速度v在桥上单向匀速行驶,桥梁响应可表示为:
式中  为桥梁第n阶固有频率;b为桥梁响应。
假设Fτ)在采样间隔Δt内保持不变,公式(1)可以在时域上离散为:
式中  n为模态振型的阶数;为采样点总数。式(2)可以表述为矩阵形式,得到桥梁响应与移动荷载之间的线性方程组,也即MFI控制方程:
式中  为车-桥模型的系统矩阵;为荷载向量;为测量响应向量。
由于逆问题的不适定性,直接求解方程(3)可能导致识别结果与真实值存在较大差异。稀疏正则化方法已被证明能够有效缓解MFI中的不适定性13。然而该方法得到的解具有稀疏性,因此需要对移动荷载进行字典展开:
式中  dj为字典中的第j列原子;αj为第j列原子的系数;kα中的元素个数。当仅采用少量原子即可表示移动荷载时,α便具有稀疏性。
将式(4)代入式(3)中,且令,则有:
此时,MFI的L1稀疏正则化解可以定义为19
式中  λ为非负正则化参数。
ADMM的求解速度快、收敛性能好,所以在优化问题中得到了广泛的应用22。因此,本研究采用ADMM求解式(6)。正则化参数λ通过贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)确定。
现有的稀疏正则化方法在字典展开时往往忽略了移动荷载中静态和动态分量之间的频率差异,导致识别精度受限。此处,车致桥梁响应与移动荷载间的关系被考虑为是线性的,所以在响应信号中,会包含有移动荷载(车辆)的信息。所以,桥梁响应的频率特征可以在一定程度上表征移动荷载中动静分量间的差异,这些先验信息可以用于构建加权字典,以提高字典与荷载之间的匹配程度。因而本文在响应谱的基础上,提出了一种加权字典的MFI方法。所提方法主要包含两个步骤:(1)基于响应谱构建加权字典;(2)在不同的字典模型中分别识别动、静荷载分量。
移动荷载可以表示为静态分量与动态分量之和:
式中  FstaFdyn分别表示静态和动态分量。
弯矩响应m和加速度响应a分别以低频和高频振动信息为主,可分别匹配移动荷载中的静态和动态分量,为字典构建提供频率先验信息。
由于车辆与桥梁之间的相互作用力较为复杂,所以采取三角函数来构建字典能更准确地描述移动车辆荷载20。因此,本文采用三角函数组合来构建未加权字典,用集合D来表示:
式中  表示元素均为1的列向量;di为未加权字典D中三角函数的第i列原子;t0为车辆上桥时刻;字典D的原子作为“坐标轴”需要满足正交性以保持相互独立,所以原子的频率为正整数;q为三角函数最高频率,通过下式计算:
式中  T表示荷载在桥上运动的总时长;fr表示所关注的最高荷载频率。
得到桥梁弯矩和加速度响应后,可通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)从中提取频率信息。桥梁的频域响应可表示为:
式中  B表示桥梁响应在各个频率处的幅值向量;bi为向量B中第i个元素。为了对字典进行加权,需要使向量B的频率分辨率为1。方法中对响应数据的频率分辨率Δf有一定要求:1能够被Δf整除。若无法满足1能够被Δf整除的条件,则只能够选择离整数频率最近的值作为近似,以对应字典中的原子,但这会导致所提方法的精度下降,所以需要尽可能满足频率分辨率的要求。
根据桥梁响应的频率特征信息,加权字典Dw可表示为:
式中  b1为1 Hz处的响应信号幅值,与频率为1 Hz的原子d1d2对应,其余同理。
由弯矩和加速度频率信息可分别得到静载加权字典和动载加权字典
首先识别静态分量Fsta,将代入式(6)得:
式中  αsta为静态分量Fsta对应的稀疏向量。
由字典的构造可知,αsta中第一个元素对应移动荷载中的零频项,即静态分量Fsta
其中,的所有元素均为
同样,可通过识别动态分量Fdyn
式中  αdyn为动态分量Fdyn对应的稀疏向量。
动态分量Fdyn由下式得到:
其中,的所有元素均等于αdyn中的第一个元素
综上所述,所提方法主要求解两个方程,即式(14)及(17)。求出静态分量Fsta和动态分量Fdyn后,相加即可得到移动荷载F。所提方法将原有字典进行改进,用加权字典代替原来的固定字典,同时考虑了动态分量与静态分量之间的差异,针对性地分别进行求解,从而提高了荷载识别精度与噪声鲁棒性,且有望提高正则化方法在实际工程中面对复杂环境噪声干扰时的识别效果。图2为所提方法流程图。
为了验证所提方法的有效性,考虑一个四室箱梁桥模型,如图3所示。该桥全长L=70 m,两端为简支约束,抗弯刚度EI=9.7931×1012 N·m2,线密度=4145 kg/m。
沿桥面中心线作用单轴移动荷载ft),速度v=14 m/s。移动荷载的时程曲线如下所示:
桥梁有限元模型(FEM)由商用有限元软件ANSYS19.0建立。考虑到运算成本和模型复杂度,采用SOLID185单元进行建模。桥梁的前三阶固有频率分别为1.37,5.384和11.82 Hz。
测量响应不可避免地会受到噪声干扰,为了模拟实测响应中的噪声成分,采用如下加噪公式20
式中  bnb分别表示加噪与不加噪的桥梁响应;表示噪声水平;rand表示标准正态分布列向量。
将真实移动荷载与识别移动荷载的相对百分比误差(RPE)作为评价指标。同样地,识别静态和动态分量与真实值的RPE也作为评价指标,分别定义如下:
式中  表示L2范数;分别表示真实的静态分量、动态分量和总荷载;分别表示识别的静态分量、动态分量和总荷载。
为了验证所提的加权字典相比固定字典具有更好的荷载识别精度,将所提方法与L1正则化和L2正则化进行对比研究。在正问题部分,荷载的计算时间步长为0.002 s。出于计算效率的考虑,对计算得到的响应数据降采样至50 Hz。选取桥梁的前三阶振动信息进行荷载识别。其中,50 Hz的响应采样频率已能够满足计算要求。响应采样时间为5 s,这也是移动荷载在桥上行驶的总时间。在确定了响应的采样时间及采样频率后,便可得到响应数据的频率分辨率Δf为0.2 Hz。将响应数据在频域展开,每间隔四个数据点进行重采样,可得到频率分辨率为1 Hz的向量B。根据所选的荷载,感兴趣的频率fr选为25 Hz即可满足计算要求。测量响应组合为m &a。其中,“”和“”分别表示测点位置位于桥梁的跨和跨,“a”和“m”分别表示加速度和弯矩响应。
三种方法识别得到的移动荷载结果如表1所示。在总荷载识别方面,所提方法的识别精度和噪声鲁棒性远优于其他两种方法。在三种噪声水平下,所提方法对总荷载的RPE值分别为0.91%,1.19%和1.85%,相较L1正则化的2.50%,3.76%和6.93%,均有明显提升。L2正则化由于不能产生稀疏解,识别结果相对最差。
对于动静荷载分量的识别,所提方法同样表现出更好的识别效果。虽然L1正则化和L2正则化分别对动态和静态分量具有良好的识别性能,但从表1中可以看出,所提方法的识别精度相较于L1正则化和L2正则化有着进一步提升。即使在20%高噪声水平下,所提方法的动、静荷载RPE也均在1.7%以下。同时可以发现,在不同噪声水平下,所提方法中的正则化参数λ2总大于λ1。这表明在识别动态分量时,需要更大的正则化参数来抑制高频噪声,而传统的L1和L2正则化未考虑这种差异。
图4为所提方法在三种噪声水平下的荷载识别结果。可以看出,无论是静态分量还是动态分量,均能较好地匹配真实荷载,这进一步表明了该方法具有很高的识别精度以及很强的噪声鲁棒性。
由于响应采样频率的变化会影响移动荷载的识别结果,因此有必要对该参数进行深入研究。表2列出了三种响应采样频率下的移动荷载识别结果。这里,噪声水平为20%,响应组合为m & a,均只考虑桥梁前三阶的模态信息(第三阶固有频率为11.82 Hz)。可以看到,随着采样频率的增大,总荷载以及动静荷载分量的RPE值均逐渐减小。当采样频率设置为250 Hz时,三种荷载识别结果的RPE值均达到最小,且不超过0.57%。但需要注意的是,采样频率的增大同样会带来计算成本的增加。因此,最佳的采样频率需要根据硬件环境和计算成本进行选择。当采样频率设置为50 Hz时,三种荷载的RPE值也均不超过1.85%,这在实际应用中是可以接受的。显然,即使在采样频率较低的情况下,所提方法的移动荷载识别精度仍然保持在较高水平。这表明在实际应用中选择所提方法能够在保证识别精度的同时减少计算成本。
同样考虑20%噪声水平,不同响应组合的移动荷载识别结果如表3所示。从静态分量的识别结果可以看出,所有响应组合的RPE值均低于0.90%,保持较高的识别精度。相较于只有弯矩的响应组合,添加一个加速度响应后,动态分量和总载荷的RPE值均得到减小。这表明,响应组合中的加速度响应可以引入高频振动信息,提高动态分量与总载荷的识别精度。进一步添加弯矩响应,如m &m &am &m &a,静态、动态分量和总载荷的识别精度均达到较高水平。因而,建议在应用所提方法时,采用这两个响应组合进行移动荷载识别。
系统模态阶数的不同会对移动荷载的识别结果产生一定影响,因此有必要对该参数进行研究。表4列出了不同的模态阶数下,荷载识别结果的相对百分比误差,噪声水平为20%,荷载组合选取为m & a,荷载的计算时间步长同样为 0.002 s。需要说明的是,为便于比较不同模态阶数下的识别结果,该小节将响应数据均降采样至250 Hz,以包含桥梁前 10 阶(第10阶频率为116.72 Hz)的振动信息,且在降采样过程中未采用数字滤波。从表4中可以看到,当模态阶数增加时,识别精度会有一定程度的提高,但精度提升幅度较小。而随着模态阶数的增加,计算量也会随之增加,所以在选择系统模态阶数时,为了平衡精度与计算效率,取前三阶已能满足要求。
在实验室搭建了空心方管梁跑车实验平台,如图5(a)所示。
为保证模型车在主梁上匀速行驶,在主梁前后端分别布置引导梁,以提供加速区和减速区。此外,沿主梁中心线粘贴铝制U形导轨,以确保模型车沿预定的直线行驶。主梁的跨度为L=3 m,横截面尺寸为150 mm宽、50 mm高和2 mm厚。支撑方式采用铰接支撑,如图5(b)所示。图5(c)为实验采用的两轴模型车,轴距为33 mm;图5(d)为实验装置示意图,沿主梁一侧均匀布置了7个光电门传感器,用于测量模型车在主梁上行驶的速度。在主梁的LLL分别布置应变和加速度测点,动态响应由西门子LMS系统采集。
实验梁FEM的单元划分及两端约束如图6所示。由于移动荷载与实测响应之间的系统矩阵,是通过有限元法建立起来的,所以有限元模型与实验梁的动态特性吻合程度越高,移动荷载与实测响应之间的系统矩阵映射关系就越准确,越有利于提高荷载识别的准确性。为了使FEM更贴近实验梁的特性,通过灵敏度方法对FEM进行修正。修正的参数包含线密度、抗弯刚度和支座刚度。修正后有限元模型(uFEM)的线密度和抗弯刚度分别为6.67 kg/m和7.3607×104 N‧m2。竖向弹簧的刚度系数为kh=6.4125×1011 N/m,扭转弹簧的刚度系数为kt=1.6230×105N·m/rad,两端的弹簧参数保持相同。表5为uFEM和实验梁的前三阶固有频率对比,可以看到,uFEM和实验梁的前三阶频率吻合较好,最大的RPE为1.23%,表明uFEM是适用的。
图7为实验测得的时域响应信号。图7(a)为光电门信号,信号的峰值意味着车辆某一轴通过光电门所在位置。连续两个峰值信号之间的间隔几乎相等,表明车辆在桥上的速度近似保持不变。图7(b)图7(c)分别为L的应变响应和L的加速度响应时程图。
同时考虑到响应数据的频率分辨率以及实验梁的第三阶固有频率为162.01 Hz,根据香农采样定理以及频率分辨率的定义,实测响应的采样频率设置为512 Hz,可以满足实验要求。
由于采集的响应会受到环境噪声干扰,采用Butterworth低通滤波器对应变与加速度响应进行滤波。由于实验梁的第三阶固有频率为162.01 Hz,滤波器的截止频率选为165 Hz。滤波后的应变与加速度响应分别见图7(b)和(c)
实验测量的应变响应与uFEM得到的计算值之间存在测量误差,采用分级加载实验对应变计进行校准。分别在桥梁的LLL依次分级加载,每级荷载为49.98 N。通过对数据点进行线性拟合,得到的斜率即为应变和弯矩之间的校准系数。LLL的应变校准系数分别为3.1612,3.1882和3.1352。
考虑不同的车速以及轴重比,设置了6种工况,如表6所示。模型车的轴重比为前轴与后轴重量之比。车辆总重(GVW)表示车辆前后轴重量的总和。车辆速度考虑了慢速、中速和快速三种情况。
以工况“快速1”为例,为凸显所提方法的优越性,同样与L1和L2正则化方法进行对比研究。所关注荷载的最高频率为250 Hz,则加权字典的原子数为501,向量B中共包含250个元素。采用“m &m &a”响应组合识别移动荷载。三种方法正则化参数均通过BIC准则选取。
由于实验设备限制,很难直接测量移动车载的动态分量。因此,将模型车识别轴重与测量轴重的RPE作为评价指标,定义为:
式中  分别为模型车轴重的实测和识别结果;|‧|表示L1范数。图8为所提方法与现有两种方法的移动车载识别结果比较。
图8中,黑色水平线表示模型车的实测轴重。可以看出,当采用所提方法时,识别的移动车载围绕真实轴重波动最小,表明所提方法有效地抑制了高频噪声成分。其主要原因在于该方法将结构响应中的频率成分作为先验信息,并用于构建加权字典,可以更好地抑制噪声的影响。因此,与其他两种方法相比,所提方法表现出更强的噪声鲁棒性。
表7对比了三种方法轴重识别的RPE结果。可以看出,无论是从模型车的前、后轴重量还是从模型车的总重来看,所提方法识别的轴重RPE值都是最小的。现有L1和L2正则化方法识别得到的结果与真实轴重均存在较大偏差。这是因为这两种方法在求解过程中同时求解移动荷载的静态与动态分量,忽略了各个分量本身的特点,从而导致求解时两个分量相互影响,识别精度较差,具体原因在数值仿真中做了详细说明。在所提方法中,静态和动态分量是分开求解的,并且还针对两个分量构建了不同的加权字典,以更好地匹配移动荷载中的静态和动态分量的特征。这也是所提方法优于L1和L2正则化方法的主要原因。
不同速度和轴重比下的移动荷载识别结果如表8所示。采用响应组合为m &m &a。由表8可知,所提方法对模型车轴重的识别结果在一定程度上会受到不同车速的影响。中等速度下移动荷载识别结果的RPE值相对较高。但是在不同速度下的识别结果精度都是可接受的。此外,轴重比也会对移动荷载识别的准确性产生一定影响。当前轴和后轴的重量接近时,即轴重比为0.999时,所提方法具有更高的识别精度。尽管在轴重比为0.735时识别精度相对较低,但识别结果的最高RPE值也仅为3.45%。
总而言之,表8中列出的识别结果RPE值均保持在较低水平。这意味着所提方法的识别结果稳定且准确。
选取工况“快速1”,轴重比0.999为例,考虑不同响应组合对所提方法的影响,如表9所示。
由于设备限制,加速度计无法采集到零频的振动信息,所以单独使用加速度响应识别移动荷载会严重影响识别精度。因此,将同时使用弯矩响应和加速度响应来识别移动荷载,这表示响应组合中同时包含低频与高频的振动信息。在表9中,当响应组合为一个弯矩响应和一个加速度响应时,识别得到的前轴、后轴和GVW最高RPE值分别为2.24%,2.46%和2.12%。可以看出,选取一个弯矩及一个加速度的响应组合,能够较为准确地识别模型车的前后轴重以及GVW。如果在响应组合中再增加一个弯矩响应,所提方法将能够利用更多的响应信息,提取更多的响应特征以实现对移动荷载的更准确识别。例如,在响应组合m & m &am &m &a中,轴重的识别精度得到了进一步提高,前轴、后轴和GVW识别结果的最高RPE值分别为1.69%,0.70%和0.57%。
综上,通过数值模拟与实验验证,建议选择响应组合m &m &am &m &a来识别移动荷载。在这些响应组合下,所提方法不仅高效地利用了主要频率信息,还很好地减轻了与加速度响应相关的噪声影响。由此可见,所提方法能够准确地识别移动荷载,表明该方法在MFI领域具有更广泛的适用性。
针对稀疏正则化方法存在的问题,提出了一种融合响应先验信息和加权字典的移动荷载识别方法。该方法首先利用结构响应的频率特征构建与移动荷载相匹配的加权字典。然后采用该加权字典分别识别移动荷载中的静态和动态分量,最终将静态和动态分量相加以获得完整的荷载信息。通过数值模拟和实验验证,得出以下结论:
(1)利用结构响应的先验信息对字典加权,能够有效地识别静态和动态分量。相较于其他正则化方法,所提方法展现出更高的识别精度和更强的噪声鲁棒性。
(2)在不同的实验工况下,无论是车轴重量还是整车总重量,识别精度均在可接受范围内。由表8可知,前、后轴重量和GVW的最高RPE值分别为3.45%,2.92%和2.77%,说明在使用实测数据的情况下,本文方法仍能提供较高的MFI精度,有望应用于实际工程。
(3)适当的响应组合能更有效提高识别精度。从表39可知,由两个弯矩和一个加速度响应组成的响应组合是这些响应组合中最优的选择。
(4)在实际应用中,若有其他车辆进入造成干扰,便会涉及到多车情况下的移动荷载识别。本文主要关注单车问题,针对多车移动荷载识别问题,将在未来另文进行研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178290)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678278)
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2024年第37卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.003
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 修回日期:2024-07-10
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178290)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678278)
作者信息
    暨南大学力学与建筑工程学院重大工程灾害与控制教育部重点实验室,广东 广州 510632

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侯支龙(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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