Article(id=1228653357225672714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713456000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-19, revisedDate=1720627200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863387637, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863387637, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863387637, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863387637, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653350485422347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='10', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863386031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863862999, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1783, endPage=1791, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653357485719573, articleId=1228653357225672714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Disturb force observation and model-free vibration control of flexible manipulator, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to suppress the nonlinear vibration during the motion of a flexible manipulator,a model-free hybrid control strategy of trajectory tracking and vibration suppression based on a novel online observation of disturb forces is proposed. The Lagrange equation and singular perturbation method are employed to model and decouple the dynamics of the manipulator,which are decomposed into a slow subsystem representing rigid motion and a fast subsystem representing flexible vibration. Considering the complexity of modeling and uncertainty of model parameters,PD control method is adopted to realize trajectory tracking,and model-free adaptive control algorithm is proposed to realize nonlinear vibration control of flexible links. To solve the control divergence problem caused by unknown external disturb forces,a modified extended state observer is proposed to online estimate and real-time compensate the disturb force,which can improve the convergence performance of model-free vibration control algorithm effectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively suppress the vibration of the flexible manipulator in the presence of disturb force,and has good dynamic performance and robustness.

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为了抑制柔性机械臂运动过程中的非线性振动,提出一种基于干扰力在线观测的无模型轨迹跟踪和振动抑制混合控制策略。采用拉格朗日方程和奇异摄动法对存在未知干扰的柔性机械臂进行动力学建模和解耦,将其分解为表征刚性运动的慢变子系统和表征柔性振动的快变子系统;考虑到建模的复杂性和模型参数的不确定性,采用PD控制方法实现轨迹跟踪,并提出无模型自适应控制算法以实现柔性臂杆的非线性振动控制。针对未知外界干扰可能引起的控制发散问题,提出了改进的干扰力状态观测器,用于干扰力矩的在线估计和实时补偿,有效提高无模型振动控制算法的收敛性能。仿真试验结果表明,所提算法在存在干扰力的情况下对柔性机械臂的振动抑制效果显著,且具有良好的动态性能和鲁棒性。

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张崇峰(1968―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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浦玉学(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

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Dynamics parameters of flexible manipulator system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
臂杆1长度/m0.8
臂杆2长度/m0.44
臂杆1截面积/m20.08×0.004
臂杆2截面积/m20.01×0.002
臂杆密度/(kg∙m-32840
臂杆弹性模量/GPa78
关节1质量/kg2
关节2质量/kg1
末端质量/kg0.1
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柔性机械臂系统动力学参数

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参数取值
臂杆1长度/m0.8
臂杆2长度/m0.44
臂杆1截面积/m20.08×0.004
臂杆2截面积/m20.01×0.002
臂杆密度/(kg∙m-32840
臂杆弹性模量/GPa78
关节1质量/kg2
关节2质量/kg1
末端质量/kg0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1228653409948074577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653357225672714, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Control parameters

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算法控制参数
PD,
LQR,
MESO-MFACMFAC
MESO,
), ArticleFig(id=1228653410023572050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653357225672714, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

控制参数

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算法控制参数
PD,
LQR,
MESO-MFACMFAC
MESO,
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Setting of disturb force

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时间/s干扰类型幅值/(N∙m)
8~8.5锯齿波20
13~13.5方波110
18~18.5方波220
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干扰力设置

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时间/s干扰类型幅值/(N∙m)
8~8.5锯齿波20
13~13.5方波110
18~18.5方波220
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Control parameters

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算法控制参数
PD,
MFAC
ESO,
MESO,
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控制参数

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算法控制参数
PD,
MFAC
ESO,
MESO,
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Comparison of accuracy of disturb force estimation

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干扰类型ESOMESO
锯齿波85%94%
方波190%95%
方波283%93%
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干扰力估计准确度对比

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干扰类型ESOMESO
锯齿波85%94%
方波190%95%
方波283%93%
), ArticleFig(id=1228653410539471449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653357225672714, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparison of vibration control effect

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控制算法臂杆1(1.4 Hz)臂杆2(3.2 Hz)
PD+MFAC54.5%83.5%
PD+ESO-MFAC90.4%94.2%
PD+MESO-MFAC96.3%98.3%
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减振效果对比

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控制算法臂杆1(1.4 Hz)臂杆2(3.2 Hz)
PD+MFAC54.5%83.5%
PD+ESO-MFAC90.4%94.2%
PD+MESO-MFAC96.3%98.3%
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柔性机械臂干扰力观测与无模型振动控制
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浦玉学 1, 2 , 古妍 1 , 张崇峰 3 , 邹怀武 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(10): 1783-1791
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(10): 1783-1791
柔性机械臂干扰力观测与无模型振动控制
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浦玉学1, 2 , 古妍1, 张崇峰3 , 邹怀武3
作者信息
  • 1合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 2土木工程结构与材料安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 3宇航空间机构全国重点实验室,上海 201108
  • 浦玉学(1987—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张崇峰(1968―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Disturb force observation and model-free vibration control of flexible manipulator
Yu-xue Pu1, 2 , Yan Gu1, Chong-feng ZHANG3 , Huai-wu Zou3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 2Anhui Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures and Materials, Hefei 230009, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Mechanism, Shanghai 201108, China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.017
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为了抑制柔性机械臂运动过程中的非线性振动,提出一种基于干扰力在线观测的无模型轨迹跟踪和振动抑制混合控制策略。采用拉格朗日方程和奇异摄动法对存在未知干扰的柔性机械臂进行动力学建模和解耦,将其分解为表征刚性运动的慢变子系统和表征柔性振动的快变子系统;考虑到建模的复杂性和模型参数的不确定性,采用PD控制方法实现轨迹跟踪,并提出无模型自适应控制算法以实现柔性臂杆的非线性振动控制。针对未知外界干扰可能引起的控制发散问题,提出了改进的干扰力状态观测器,用于干扰力矩的在线估计和实时补偿,有效提高无模型振动控制算法的收敛性能。仿真试验结果表明,所提算法在存在干扰力的情况下对柔性机械臂的振动抑制效果显著,且具有良好的动态性能和鲁棒性。

柔性机械臂  /  振动控制  /  无模型自适应控制  /  干扰观测器

In order to suppress the nonlinear vibration during the motion of a flexible manipulator,a model-free hybrid control strategy of trajectory tracking and vibration suppression based on a novel online observation of disturb forces is proposed. The Lagrange equation and singular perturbation method are employed to model and decouple the dynamics of the manipulator,which are decomposed into a slow subsystem representing rigid motion and a fast subsystem representing flexible vibration. Considering the complexity of modeling and uncertainty of model parameters,PD control method is adopted to realize trajectory tracking,and model-free adaptive control algorithm is proposed to realize nonlinear vibration control of flexible links. To solve the control divergence problem caused by unknown external disturb forces,a modified extended state observer is proposed to online estimate and real-time compensate the disturb force,which can improve the convergence performance of model-free vibration control algorithm effectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively suppress the vibration of the flexible manipulator in the presence of disturb force,and has good dynamic performance and robustness.

flexible manipulator  /  vibration control  /  model free adaptive control  /  disturb observer
浦玉学, 古妍, 张崇峰, 邹怀武. 柔性机械臂干扰力观测与无模型振动控制. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1783 -1791 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.017
Yu-xue Pu, Yan Gu, Chong-feng ZHANG, Huai-wu Zou. Disturb force observation and model-free vibration control of flexible manipulator[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1783 -1791 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.017
柔性机械臂具有结构轻、负载比高、能耗低等优点,被广泛应用于工业、军事、航空航天等领域1-2。然而,由于其刚度低、阻尼小,在运动过程中易产生低频振动,严重影响了机械臂的定位精度和运动稳定性3-4。柔性机械臂振动控制可分为反馈控制和前馈控制两大类5。前馈控制的优点是不需要反馈传感器,但其本质属于开环控制技术,在处理各种干扰和参数变化方面存在局限性。反馈控制充分利用关节和柔性臂杆振动状态信息,具有较强的抗外界干扰能力,可实现稳定控制。传统反馈振动控制方法大多需要获得柔性机械臂精确的模型参数,即模型类反馈控制。然而,由于末端负载变化、关节非线性摩擦、臂杆柔性等不确定及非线性因素,柔性机械臂的精确模型参数难以获得。为了克服这个问题,滑模控制6、鲁棒控制7、神经网络控制8-9、模糊控制10-11等智能控制方法陆续被提出,以解决模型参数获取困难的问题。但这些算法存在计算量大、实时性差等问题。
无模型控制是一种数据驱动型控制,不需要被控对象的物理模型参数,只需要系统的输入和输出数据。当被控系统结构参数时变或不确定时,无模型控制可以避免结构参数辨识,提高控制效率。PID控制和迭代学习控制12是相对成熟且应用广泛的无模型控制方法。近年来,无模型自适应控制(Model Free Adaptive Control,MFAC)13-14因其仅依靠输入/输出数据即能够实现未知非线性系统的自适应控制而备受关注。然而,直接将MFAC算法应用于柔性机械臂控制存在一些挑战。MFAC算法需要实时输入/输出数据,对数据质量要求极高,尤其是在数据出现突变的情况下适应能力较差。在机械臂遭遇干扰或碰撞时,控制力会出现剧烈波动,从而导致系统稳定时间延长,严重时甚至可能导致控制系统崩溃。未知外界干扰无法直接测得或测量代价太高。一般情况下,通过设计状态观测器来利用可测量状态估计系统外部干扰,并通过反馈扰动估计提高系统的鲁棒性。Liu等15利用降阶扩展状态观测器,设计自抗扰控制算法,实现永磁同步电动机电流控制。Shang等16提出了一种采用非线性扰动观测器的自适应PI控制策略,实现柔性机械臂的振动抑制。可见,通过干扰观测器进行外部干扰估计,是解决未知外界扰动对MFAC控制算法的影响的可行方案。
综上所述,柔性机械臂的精确建模难度较大,模型参数获取不易,且在控制过程中容易受到各种干扰。因此,本文提出了一种基于扩张状态观测器(Extended State Observer,ESO)的无模型混合控制方法。该方法无需系统精确模型参数,通过无模型PD和MFAC控制算法进行混合控制,实现柔性机械臂轨迹跟踪和振动控制。针对未知外界干扰,提出改进型扩张状态观测器(Modified Extended State Observer,MESO)对干扰力矩进行在线估计和实时补偿,有效提高柔性机械臂无模型振动控制算法的收敛性能。
图1为双臂杆柔性机械臂模型。坐标系为固定在关节1处的惯性参考系,坐标系为固定在关节2处的惯性参考系,分别为机械臂关节1,2处的随动坐标系。两机械臂关节的质量分别为;转动惯量分别为;关节1,2的转角分别为。机械臂杆1,2的长度分别为;抗弯刚度分别为;机械臂杆1,2的弹性位移分别为。末端负载的质量和转动惯量分别为
当柔性臂杆满足小变形假设时,忽略柔性臂的轴向变形与剪切变形,可将其视为Euler-Bernoulli梁,采用假设模态法,柔性机械臂杆的横向挠度为:
式中  为柔性臂杆的横向挠度;为第i号臂杆的第j阶振型,为对应的模态坐标;s为模态截断阶数。
假设关节刚度较大,柔性臂振动主要取决于柔性臂的结构参数,故将柔性臂杆根部近似为固定边界条件。由于柔性臂末端带有负载,自由振动时梁的自由端内力不再为零。假设为柔性臂杆i的末端转动惯量和质量,为柔性臂杆i+1转动产生的偏移量对质量的影响。则柔性臂i末端的剪应力和弯矩分别由决定17,机械臂杆的边界条件为:
由于柔性机械臂的低阶振动模态占主导地位,高阶振动模态的贡献可以忽略18,故本文取2阶模态截断。定义为柔性机械臂转角向量,为描述柔性机械臂弹性振动的模态坐标向量,利用拉格朗日方程可以推导出柔性机械臂动力学方程为:
式中  组成了惯性矩阵;为刚度矩阵的组成部分;为包含了科式力和离心力的向量;为关节控制驱动力矩;为外部干扰力。
基于动力学方程状态变量在时间尺度上的差异,采用奇异摄动法将柔性机械臂动力学系统分解为两个低阶系统。首先,忽略快变变化现象,得到简化解。稳态结果表示在系统中起主导作用的缓慢变化现象。然后在“拉伸”时间尺度上计算边界层校正项,进行误差校正和补偿。
从系统的动力学特性上来看,其质量矩阵是正定对称的,因此质量矩阵M存在逆矩阵N为:
方程(3)两边左乘矩阵N,动力学方程改写为:
为了导出系统奇异摄动方程的标准形式,需要引入奇异摄动尺度因子为一个很小的正参数。由于与动力学方程中其他矩阵元素相比,刚度矩阵中的元素具有较大的数量级,令,其中为刚度矩阵中的元素。令,并定义奇异摄动尺度下新的变量为:
将式(6)代入式(5),动力学方程可改写为奇异摄动模型:
,则式(7)可以化简为:
从式(9)中解出并代入式(8),适当简化方程中符号,可得机械臂慢变子系统的动力学方程为:
式中  =分别为慢变子系统的驱动力矩和干扰力。
对于快变子系统,引入边界层校正变量:
式中  为慢变子系统中的值,在快变尺度下可以被视为常数。
在边界层上引入快变时标,可写出快变子系统的动力学方程为:
式中  为慢变子系统中的惯性矩阵相应子矩阵;分别为慢变子系统的电机驱动力矩和干扰力。
通过奇异摄动法,将柔性机械臂的动力学方程分解为慢变子系统和快变子系统的动力学方程,分别如式(10)和(12)所示。可以看出,慢变子系统在大时间范围内代表刚性运动,快变子系统在小时间范围内代表弹性振动。
基于1.2节中得到的动力学方程(10)和(12),并考虑到柔性机械臂的精确模型参数无法获取,本节提出一种柔性机械臂轨迹跟踪和振动抑制无模型混合控制策略。混合控制原理图如图2所示。
控制系统由3部分组成:第1部分采用PD反馈控制,计算慢变子系统控制力矩,实现轨迹跟踪;第2部分设计抑制柔性机械臂振动的MFAC算法,计算快变子系统控制力矩;第3部分设计MESO进行干扰观测,并计算干扰补偿力矩,提高无模型控制算法的鲁棒性。总控制力矩如下:
PD反馈控制是一种简单有效的无模型控制方法,不需要获取控制系统的数学模型,降低了控制器设计的难度,易于实现。慢变子系统采用PD算法进行机械臂轨迹跟踪控制,如下式所示:
式中  分别为期望转角和角速度;分别表示PD控制律的比例增益和差分增益。
根据无模型自适应控制理论,对于离散时间非线性系统:
式中  分别表示控制系统在k时刻的输入向量和输出向量;表示一个未知的动态非线性函数;分别为系统使用的输入、输出向量的长度。满足如下假设:
假设1:非线性函数对控制输入的偏导数是连续可微的。
假设2:系统满足广义Lipschitz条件,即满足以下条件:
其中:
时,必存在一个时变参数矩阵,称为伪雅可比矩阵,将系统转换为以下紧格式动态线性化方法的泛模型:
其中,任意时刻是有界的且对角占优,即中元素,其满足:
式中  的有界阈值参数,且满足,其中
原动态非线性系统的复杂行为特征,如非线性及时变参数等,被压缩融入到时变的标量矩阵中,原系统的复杂且难以估计的动态特性可以转变为一个被严格证明存在的伪雅可比矩阵。这种紧格式动态线性化方法的泛模型仅与闭环系统的I/O测量数据相关,不显含结构模型参数,本质为数据驱动方法,因此可以适用于大多数时变非线性系统。另外可以被证明是动态有界的,通过设计适当的迭代估计算法可以保证泛模型的精度。
将机械臂快变子系统的动力学方程离散化:
式中  为采样时间间隔。则k时刻机械臂快变子系统的动力学方程可改写为:
可见,快变子系统动力学方程符合MFAC控制所需的离散时间非线性系统形式。快变子系统控制力矩可表示为如下紧格式动态线性化模型:
其中:
定义MFAC输入向量的准则函数如下:
式中  ,其中为机械臂期望振动响应,取为权重因子,用于惩罚控制力矩发生突变。
将式(21)代入式(22),对求导,取极值,可得控制信号的迭代公式如下:
式中  为迭代步长,;为防止分母为0,
在控制过程中,由于输入控制转矩向量和输出运动向量的动态变化,获得准确的值难以实现。可以通过系统输入和输出数据来估计。设计估计的准则函数:
式中  的估计,为一个权重因子,用于惩罚估计中的较大变化。与式(23)的推导过程类似,的迭代过程如下:
式中  为迭代步长,为小正值。
考虑到需满足有界性要求,当矩阵元素超出阈值时,按如下规则进行初始化:
式中  矩阵元素初值。
实际柔性机械臂系统运行时会受到外界扰动影响。设,对于柔性机械臂系统可改写为:
式中  为总扰动。定义状态量的观测值为,其中,是对系统的广义位移向量的估计,是对系统的广义速度向量的估计,是对系统总扰动的估计。
设计ESO如下:
式中  为观测误差;为非线性函数向量,为非线性状态观测器的核心部分;为非线性函数参数,在式(28)中有不同取值,分别取值分别取值为控制力增差矩阵;为观测器滤波系数。通过仿真发现,对于低阶系统,的选取按照菲波那契数列可以获得较好的观测效果19,参数选取如下:
非线性函数向量可以表示为:
式中 元素为特殊构造的非线性函数,遵循“小误差,大增益;大误差,小增益”的原则15,这种设计使其在处理系统模型不确定性和内外干扰时表现出色。传统函数表达式为:
式中  决定函数的线性长度,越大,线性区间越长;决定函数的线性区间长度。
然而,由式(31)可知,函数在时虽连续,但其对误差e的导数突变,容易引起振荡;且时,系统增益仍可能很大,不满足“大误差,小增益”的原则。本节基于三角函数和幂函数组合拟合函数,提出新型fal函数,即函数,如下式所示:
式中  为增益系数;为防止误差较大时fal函数增益过大而引入的限制量,
图34fal函数和函数的性能对比曲线,可以发现函数可实现曲线连续可导,避免振荡。本节采用函数设计MESO,实现对干扰力的估计后,即可计算干扰补偿力矩
为了验证所提控制策略的有效性,对柔性机械臂的混合控制进行了一系列仿真试验。双臂杆柔性关节机械臂系统动力学参数如表1所示。
设置柔性机械臂两关节的期望运动轨迹如下:
式中  分别为机械臂运动的开始时间和结束时间;分别关节的初始角度和最终角度。
机械臂在执行抓取任务的过程中,包含被抓取物在内的机械臂系统参数会发生剧烈变化,这给基于模型的控制算法带来了诸多不便。而本文提出的基于无模型的联合控制方法在处理这类问题时具有很大优势。在15 s时,机械臂抓取物体质量为1.5 kg。抓取后,机械臂系统质量参数发生突变。本节通过以下3组试验来体现本文所提出的混合控制器的控制效果:(1)仅有基于PD控制的关节轨迹跟踪,无振动控制算法;(2)基于PD控制的关节轨迹跟踪控制和LQR振动控制的混合控制算法(PD+LQR);(3)基于MESO干扰观测器的PD控制和MFAC振动控制混合控制(PD+MESO-MFAC)。3种算法具有相同PD控制参数。LQR控制算法选取原则:控制输入加权矩阵的值适当取小,状态加权矩阵Q适当取大,在保证响应速度的同时可以避免响应波动过大20。MFAC控制参数参考文献[13]选取;MESO参数按照式(31)以及参考文献[19]选取。在满足上述依据的前提下,对3种控制算法参数进行了调试,以确保控制效果最优。控制参数设置如表2所示。
图56为柔性机械臂杆末端振动响应结果。由图可知,PD+LQR算法和PD+MESO-MFAC算法都在不同程度上实现了振动的有效抑制。然而,当系统在15 s发生模型参数突变后,由于基于模型的PD+LQR算法无法实时跟踪系统参数,导致其振动抑制效果大打折扣。而PD+MESO-MFAC算法对参数突变具有很强的适应性,在参数突变发生后可以稳定保持其振动抑制效果。图5(b)6(b)为振动频率分析结果,可以看出,参数突变前臂杆1(1.3 Hz)、臂杆2(3.2 Hz)的振动都得到了有效的抑制。惯性参数突变后,臂杆1和2的固有频率分别降低为0.36 Hz和0.39 Hz(见图5(b)6(b)虚线框),结构柔性进一步增强,但PD+MESO-MFAC算法的抑振效果基本不受干扰影响,表现出很强的鲁棒性。
机械臂在任务过程中受到干扰力的作用,会导致系统振动增强。本节通过以下4组试验验证本文设计算法在不同干扰力作用下的振动控制效果:(1)仅有基于PD控制的关节轨迹跟踪,无振动控制算法;(2)基于PD控制的关节轨迹跟踪控制和MFAC振动控制的混合控制算法(PD+MFAC);(3)基于ESO干扰观测器的PD控制和MFAC振动控制混合控制(PD+ESO-MFAC)。(4)基于MESO干扰观测器的PD控制和MFAC振动控制混合控制(PD+MESO-MFAC)。
为验证所提出算法的抗扰动性,设置柔性机械臂在不同类型和不同幅值干扰作用下(见表3)的干扰观测和振动抑制效果。
4种算法具有相同PD控制参数,MFAC控制参数和ESO参数选取原则与3.1节一致,控制参数设置如表4所示。
图7所示,无论关节1还是关节2,ESO和MESO算法均能有效估计外部干扰。ESO算法在干扰力突变时刻具有较大的估计超调量,尤其对于大幅值干扰力更为明显。相对而言,MESO快速收敛且无超调,表现出更好的估计稳定性。由表5可知,在不同类型干扰突变时刻,MESO干扰估计准确率具有明显优势,平均辨识精度达到94%。并且随着控制系统趋于稳定,干扰估计的准确率进一步提升。
图89为柔性机械臂杆末端振动响应结果。由图可知,仅仅依赖于轨迹跟踪的PD控制,柔性臂杆的振动抑制速度很慢。尤其是在受到外部干扰时,臂杆振动会进一步被激发。采用PD+MFAC算法进行振动抑制后,柔性臂杆振动可以被有效地抑制,但受突变干扰力影响明显。采用PD+ESO-MFAC算法时,即使系统受到不同类型的突变干扰,振动依然得到了有效抑制,说明ESO对外部干扰进行有效估计并进行力矩补偿后,干扰对控制系统的影响被削弱。由于本文提出MESO算法对不同干扰力具有更加有效的估计能力,PD+MESO-MFAC算法表现出更强的鲁棒性。由图8(b)9(b)振动的频率分析结果可以看出,本文提出的PD+MESO-MFAC算法相较于PD+MFAC算法和PD+ESO-MFAC算法,减振效果大大提高(见表6)。
考虑到柔性机械臂精确,模型参数获取不易,且在控制过程中容易受到外界干扰力。本文提出了一种基于MESO的无模型混合控制方法,用于柔性机械臂轨迹跟踪和振动控制。所提方法的优势体现在以下方面:
(1)与基于精确模型参数的控制方法相比,所提方法对模型参数的精度要求不高。
(2)通过构造新型fal函数,提出MESO算法,对未知动态干扰进行更加有效估计,干扰力估计准确率达94%以上。
(3)与传统MFAC算法相比,所提算法对未知突变干扰下的柔性机械臂具有良好的振动控制效果,系统鲁棒性强。
综上所述,所提出的混合控制策略不仅保证了柔性机械臂较高的轨迹跟踪精度,而且快速降低了柔性臂杆的振动,显著提高了柔性机械臂的工作效率。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2208085ME129)
  • 宇航空间机构全国重点实验室开放课题基金资助项目(CYY-F805202312006)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M730651)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U21B6002)
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2024年第37卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.017
  • 接收时间:2024-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-19
  • 修回日期:2024-07-11
基金
安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2208085ME129)
宇航空间机构全国重点实验室开放课题基金资助项目(CYY-F805202312006)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2023M730651)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U21B6002)
作者信息
    1合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
    2土木工程结构与材料安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230009
    3宇航空间机构全国重点实验室,上海 201108

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张崇峰(1968―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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