Article(id=1228653356084818266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683561600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-09, revisedDate=1692806400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863387366, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863387366, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863387366, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863387366, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653350485422347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='10', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863386031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863862999, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1747, endPage=1757, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653356512637287, articleId=1228653356084818266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamics and control of UAV transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper considers a quadrotor transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload. The relative position between quadrotor and payload is introduced and used to derive the tension of cables and describe the transportation system. A cost function inspired by payload and time is built to equipoise rapid UAV positioning and payload swing elimination. Then,the pseudo-spectral method is applied to transform the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming problem and solve the optimal trajectory. A quadrotor transportation system’s trajectory tracking is facilitated by a PID controller. The optimal trajectory is validated through the presentation of both simulation and experimental results at last.

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针对四旋翼吊挂运输系统,本文引入了四绳吊挂运输方式,开展了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的动力学建模、轨迹规划与控制研究。根据四旋翼和负载的相对位姿推导了绳索张力,建立了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的动力学模型。为平衡运输时间与负载摆动抑制,引入时间和负载摆幅作为复合性能指标,利用伪谱法将原本的最优控制问题转换为非线性规划问题,求解了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的最优位置轨迹,设计了轨迹跟踪算法,并通过数值仿真和实验验证了这一轨迹的合理性。

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陈提(1989―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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莫兰(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=rIAZVLTp6xiLrEU2QSYDwg==, figureFileBig=+Ked0L9ISr4RT2BO+KmYvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228653400401834912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical parameters of quadrotor transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload

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参数数值
0.087 kg
0.01 kg
0.077 m
0.085 m
K145 N/m
0.061 m
0.02 m
0.045 m
0.00025 kg·m2
0.00025 kg·m2
0.00054 kg·m2
), ArticleFig(id=1228653400485720995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
0.087 kg
0.01 kg
0.077 m
0.085 m
K145 N/m
0.061 m
0.02 m
0.045 m
0.00025 kg·m2
0.00025 kg·m2
0.00054 kg·m2
), ArticleFig(id=1228653400561218469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Initial state and end state values for the quadrotor and payload

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
0 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 m; 0 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
-0.017 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
-0.064 m; -0.064 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 rad; 0 rad
0 rad; 0 rad
0 rad; 0 rad
0 rad/s; 0 rad/s
0 rad/s; 0 rad/s
0 rad/s; 0 rad/s
), ArticleFig(id=1228653400640910246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

四旋翼和负载变量的初、末状态值

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参数数值
0 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 m; 0 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
-0.017 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 m; 1 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
-0.064 m; -0.064 m
0 m/s; 0 m/s
0 rad; 0 rad
0 rad; 0 rad
0 rad; 0 rad
0 rad/s; 0 rad/s
0 rad/s; 0 rad/s
0 rad/s; 0 rad/s
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Constraint ranges of quadrotor control force and control torque and attitude angle

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参数约束范围
[-2 N; 2 N]
[-0.5 N; 0.5 N]
[-0.5 N; 0.5 N]
[-0.5 N; 0.5 N]
[-π/8 rad; π/8 rad]
[-π/8 rad; π/8 rad]
[-π/8 rad; π/8 rad]
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四旋翼的旋翼控制力和控制力矩以及姿态角的约束范围

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参数约束范围
[-2 N; 2 N]
[-0.5 N; 0.5 N]
[-0.5 N; 0.5 N]
[-0.5 N; 0.5 N]
[-π/8 rad; π/8 rad]
[-π/8 rad; π/8 rad]
[-π/8 rad; π/8 rad]
), ArticleFig(id=1228653400859014060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Quadrotor PID control parameters

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PID参数比例系数kp积分系数ki微分系数kd
Xe41023.5
Ye40.33030.92
Ze126030.28
滚转角ϕ20.8415.0410.07
俯仰角θ27.710.810.69
偏航角ψ135.85157.1328.6
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四旋翼PID控制参数

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PID参数比例系数kp积分系数ki微分系数kd
Xe41023.5
Ye40.33030.92
Ze126030.28
滚转角ϕ20.8415.0410.07
俯仰角θ27.710.810.69
偏航角ψ135.85157.1328.6
), ArticleFig(id=1228653400980648880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Experimental parameters of quadrotor transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload

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参数数值
TELLO 尺寸(长×宽×高)(0.084×0.09×0.038) m3
四旋翼总质量0.087 kg
Xe轴转动惯量0.00025 kg·m2
Ye轴转动惯量0.00025 kg·m2
Ze轴转动惯量0.00054 kg·m2
四旋翼最大负载~0.012 kg
负载质量0.01 kg
TELLO四旋翼的轴距0.061 m
), ArticleFig(id=1228653401098089394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228653356084818266, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统实验参数

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参数数值
TELLO 尺寸(长×宽×高)(0.084×0.09×0.038) m3
四旋翼总质量0.087 kg
Xe轴转动惯量0.00025 kg·m2
Ye轴转动惯量0.00025 kg·m2
Ze轴转动惯量0.00054 kg·m2
四旋翼最大负载~0.012 kg
负载质量0.01 kg
TELLO四旋翼的轴距0.061 m
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无人机四绳吊挂运输系统动力学与控制
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莫兰 , 王延凯 , 魏铭宏 , 陈提
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(10): 1747-1757
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(10): 1747-1757
无人机四绳吊挂运输系统动力学与控制
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莫兰 , 王延凯, 魏铭宏, 陈提
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016
  • 莫兰(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈提(1989―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Dynamics and control of UAV transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload
Lan MO , Yan-kai WANG, Ming-hong WEI, Ti CHEN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Aerospace Structures,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.013
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针对四旋翼吊挂运输系统,本文引入了四绳吊挂运输方式,开展了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的动力学建模、轨迹规划与控制研究。根据四旋翼和负载的相对位姿推导了绳索张力,建立了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的动力学模型。为平衡运输时间与负载摆动抑制,引入时间和负载摆幅作为复合性能指标,利用伪谱法将原本的最优控制问题转换为非线性规划问题,求解了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的最优位置轨迹,设计了轨迹跟踪算法,并通过数值仿真和实验验证了这一轨迹的合理性。

无人机吊挂运输  /  非线性规划  /  摆动抑制  /  伪谱法

This paper considers a quadrotor transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload. The relative position between quadrotor and payload is introduced and used to derive the tension of cables and describe the transportation system. A cost function inspired by payload and time is built to equipoise rapid UAV positioning and payload swing elimination. Then,the pseudo-spectral method is applied to transform the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming problem and solve the optimal trajectory. A quadrotor transportation system’s trajectory tracking is facilitated by a PID controller. The optimal trajectory is validated through the presentation of both simulation and experimental results at last.

UAV transportation with a cable-suspended payload  /  nonlinear programming  /  swing suppression  /  the pseudo-spectral method
莫兰, 王延凯, 魏铭宏, 陈提. 无人机四绳吊挂运输系统动力学与控制. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1747 -1757 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.013
Lan MO, Yan-kai WANG, Ming-hong WEI, Ti CHEN. Dynamics and control of UAV transportation system with a four-cable-suspended payload[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1747 -1757 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.013
无人机是通过无线遥控装置或机载计算机内置程序控制的无人驾驶飞行器。在过去的30多年里,无人机的普及度以前所未有的速度持续增长。目前有50多个国家正在开发超过1000种无人机型号,无人机已成为军事和民用领域的重要组成部分,其作用不容忽视1
无人机的回收技术有多种选择,从空中悬停、伞降、起飞架滑行、拦阻网或天钩悬停、气垫悬停到垂直悬停2-7,都能够满足不同的需求。由于复杂的地形条件和多种规则的约束,垂直着陆的回收效率要远远高于其他回收方式。因此,无人机回收越来越趋向于垂直起降的设计,最常见的垂直起降型无人机为多旋翼无人机。
鉴于欠驱动、强耦合和非线性等特点,大量学者关注了四旋翼运输系统8。四旋翼运输负载的方法有两种。一种是装配夹持器,但这种附加机构会显著提高四旋翼的附加惯性,从而减缓其姿态反应的速度9。另一种方法是通过绳索连接四旋翼和负载,保持了四旋翼的敏捷性10
本文针对第二种方法开展研究。采用四旋翼吊挂运输系统能够有效避免负载外形与夹具的不匹配,减少负载对四旋翼转动惯量的影响,提升其灵活性,使其能够在复杂的环境中迅速、有效地完成作业,而且无需考虑陆上交通的限制。
四旋翼吊挂运输系统按连接负载的绳索数量可分为四旋翼单绳吊挂运输系统和四旋翼多绳吊挂运输系统。四旋翼单绳吊挂运输系统是利用四旋翼位置运动和负载振荡之间的自然耦合来实现对负载的摆动抑制。文献[11]研究了弱非线性条件下受控系统的稳定性,并设计了一个实验系统,以便更好地控制绳系单体系统的面内运动。文献[12]提出了一种新的方法,将机器人的振动控制转换为模态空间,以便更好地控制柔性机器人的低阶振动,该方法通过规划支杆的局部运动实现这一目标。文献[13]提出了一种非线性有限时间控制策略来解决四旋翼吊挂运输系统的运动控制问题,实现了存在扰动情况下四旋翼吊挂运输系统的高性能运动控制。Guerrero-Sánchez等14提出了一种基于阻尼分配-无源控制策略,以稳定四旋翼绳索吊挂负载的摆动。Foehn等15将轨迹优化问题转化为一种具有互补约束的数学模型,从而实现了期望的轨迹规划。
与只有单绳的四旋翼吊挂运输系统相比,四旋翼多绳吊挂运输系统中负载摆动与四旋翼姿态运动也存在耦合,因此负载摆动可以得到更有效的抑制。文献[16]研究了一种新型四旋翼航空运输系统,讨论了绳索不同状态下的稳定条件,以显示四根绳索系统的优点,并在李群SO(3)上设计了一种分层自适应控制器以完成四旋翼负载运输。
四旋翼吊挂运输系统的负载摆动幅值依赖于期望的运输路径,本文将通过路径规划来实现负载摆动抑制。路径规划旨在寻求一条特定目标函数的最佳路线,以便实现从起点到目的地的运动17。基于数学模型的算法可以分为线性规划法(Linear Programming,LP)和非线性规划法(Nonlinear Programming,NLP)。
Fiaz等18提出了一种混合组合方法,将度量时态逻辑规范转化为线性约束,并使用混合整数线性规划求解器求解所需路径的相关最优控制问题。Tang等19提出了一种基于混合整数二次规划的方法,通过优化运动轨迹,实现了在已知障碍环境中对四旋翼吊挂负载运输的控制。根据文献[18-19]的研究结果,线性规划算法具有结构紧凑、运行效率极高、操作便捷等特性,然而,由于计算能力受到局部变量的影响,其处理能力受到一定的限制。文献[20]描述了一种基于非线性模型预测控制和闭环局部轨迹规划的在线方法,实现了动态环境下无人机吊挂负载系统的避障控制。Liang等21将原来的时间最优问题转化为非线性规划问题,使用非线性规划技术对四旋翼运输系统进行动力学分析和时间优化运动规划。
综上所述的文献研究都是围绕四旋翼单绳吊挂运输系统的,目前针对四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的研究相对较少,本文在文献[21]的基础上研究了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输问题,引入时间和负载摆幅作为复合性能指标,求解了最优轨迹。首先,给出绳索张力约束下的四旋翼和负载的动力学方程;其次,通过伪谱法将四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的运动轨迹规划问题转换为一类非线性规划问题,求解得到最优轨迹;最后,通过数值仿真与飞行实验验证最优轨迹的合理性。本文针对四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统,建立了高精度动力学模型,给出了最优路径规划方法,四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统通过此方法准确地运输负载到达了目标点。
图1展示了一种四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统。坐标系为固定在地面上的惯性坐标系,坐标系为固定在四旋翼机身上的体坐标系。
本文将所运输的负载近似为一个质点,因此,四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统中无人机和负载的运动学模型可以分别表示为:
式中  分别为四旋翼质心和负载在惯性系中的位置矢量;分别为四旋翼和负载在惯性系中的速度矢量;表示滚转角、俯仰角和偏航角构成的向量;为四旋翼角速度矢量;为角速度对应XbYbZb轴转换为姿态角的变换矩阵,具体表达式如下:
四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统中无人机和负载的动力学模型在惯性坐标系下可以分别表示为:
式中  分别为四旋翼和负载在惯性坐标系中的加速度矢量;为四根绳索在惯性坐标系下的张力之和;分别为四旋翼和负载的重力,其中,g为重力加速度;m1m2分别为四旋翼和负载的质量;为四旋翼转动惯量;为升力对四旋翼质心产生的力矩;为四根绳索对四旋翼质心产生的力矩之和;FT表示四旋翼在惯性坐标系下的升力,其具体表达式为:
式中  为四旋翼在体坐标系下的升力;R为体坐标系转换为惯性坐标系的旋转矩阵。
l根绳索的方向矢量记为。绳索的方向矢量及其导数可由三角形的矢量关系获得,关系式如下式所示:
式中  表示第l根绳索在机体坐标系下连接点的位置矢量。第l根绳索的长度和变化率分别如下式所示:
绳索有张力的条件是被拉伸,为此可以引入函数,其定义为:
当绳索紧绷时:
当绳索松弛时:
l根绳索的张力和四根绳索的合力可以表示为:
式中  bl表示第l根绳索的初始长度;表示绳索的弹性系数。本文阻力假设为零。
l根绳索的张力力矩τl和四根绳索的合力矩τ可以表示为:
式中  Tl表示四旋翼在机体坐标系下第l根绳索的张力,其具体表达式为:
式中  R1为惯性坐标系转换为体坐标系的旋转矩阵。
本文的飞行器轨迹优化是一个非线性,且受到绳长、推力、力矩、角度、速度等约束的最优控制问题。通过直接优化性能指标,轨迹优化的数值方法可以分为间接法和直接法,以满足不同的需求。间接法通过Lagrange算子法22和变分法23推导最优控制一阶必要条件,将轨迹优化问题转换为Hamiltonian多点边值问题24。直接法将优化轨迹问题通过变量离散化离散为非线性规划问题。因为间接法在处理小规模问题时与直接法求解的优化结果相差无几,却需要更长的计算时间和成本,同时间接法受初始条件的影响较大,而直接法通常受初始条件的影响不大25,因此本文采用直接法来解决轨迹优化问题,以达到更好的效果。
根据配点法,直接法可以分为欧拉法、Runge-Kutta法、Hermit-Simpson法以及伪谱法26-29,它们各自具有独特的优势。鉴于伪谱法具有出色的计算性能,且在航空航天领域中已成为一种有力的解决方案,因此本文将采用它来实现轨迹优化的目标。伪谱法有Legendre,Radau以及Gauss等多种方法30-32,它们都能够提供准确的信息。Radau伪谱法是一种有效的NLP算法,它可以通过协态映射定理和NLP算法的最优解来确定初始点的控制变量,因此被广泛用于解决轨迹优化问题。Radau伪谱法在网格优化时采用的3种方法分别为h方法、p方法和hp方法33-35。本文采用hp自适应Radau伪谱法,它将h方法和p方法的优势结合以求解轨迹优化问题,从而获得更好的效果。本文选取的软件是采用hp自适应Radau伪谱法的MATLAB最优控制软件GPOPS-Ⅱ36
将式(1)~(3)中变量组成一组状态向量x=x1y1z1x2y2z2vx1vy1vz1vx2vy2vz2ϕθψwx wywzT18×1,可以把方程(1)~(3),(5)~(7)转化为下式中的状态空间形式:
式中  分别为关于状态向量x的向量和矩阵;U=[06×1u1u1u106×1u2u3u418×1hy18×1为关于状态向量y的矩阵;为重力和力矩的组合矩阵。
本文的性能指标是四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的负载摆幅。因此,性能指标函数定义如下:
式中  tf为终端时间;x20y20分别为负载在XeYe方向上的初始坐标。
考虑到工程中无人机的驱动能力有限,本文限制了无人机的推力和力矩以及姿态角。主要考虑的约束如下:
(1)推力u1和力矩u2u3u4约束如下:
(2)角度ϕθψ的约束如下:
Radau伪谱法的工作原理是将系统问题的状态变量、控制变量和离散约束条件通过在一系列Legendre-Guass-Radau(LGR)点上构建Lagrange插值多项式转换为非线性规划问题,然后利用IPOPT求解器对这些非线性问题进行求解得到最优方案。由于LGR配置点位于半开区间中,首先需要把τ转换为四旋翼飞行的连续时间,转换公式如下:
式(18)~(23)相应地转换为:
微分状态方程:
优化性能指标:
路径约束:
然后对上述公式进行近似,标准Legendre- Gauss-Radau(LGR)点定义为多项式的根,其中N阶Legendre多项式:
(1)状态向量的近似
记优化轨迹上的N个标准LGR点分别为,同时增加节点为插值节点,则状态向量可由Lagrange全局插值多项式近似:
式中  表示状态变量x在插值节点处的取值;表示一个Lagrange插值基函数,它具有正交性,并且具有如下的分布特征:
(2)控制变量的近似
式中 
(3)微分状态方程约束的近似
在标准LGR点处,式(38)可以整理为:
式中  DjiN×(N+1)维Radau伪谱微分矩阵:
式中 
将式(39)代入微分状态方程(26)的左端,即可在配点处将微分状态方程转换为代数方程:
(4)性能指标的近似
根据Gauss-Radau积分法则,需要在标准LGR点上进行积分,以计算出性能指标式(27)右侧的积分项:
式中  wi为标准LGR点τi的积分权重系数:
通过将式(40)等式右端替换为式(26),可以获得一个近似的性能指标表示方法:
(5)路径约束条件离散
通过以上变换,连续最优控制问题就转换成非线性规划问题,通过求解器寻找参数,在满足参数化的代数方程(35),(39)以及约束条件(43)~(46)的前提下,使得性能指标(42)最小。
为了验证GPOPS求得的XeYeZe轴方向的最优轨迹的可行性,采用了外环PD控制+内环PID控制的控制系统来跟踪四旋翼的轨迹。系统的外环位置控制器根据最优轨迹确定期望的俯仰角和偏航角,并将二者和控制力输入到内环姿态控制器中。通过这种方式可以调整四旋翼的姿态,从而验证最优轨迹的可行性。本文控制系统结构如图2所示。
根据前面建立的四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的模型,在去除负载和绳子的作用下,外环四旋翼位置模型可以由下式描述:
分别为四旋翼在XeYeZe轴上的期望位置,分别为的PD虚拟位置控制输入。如下式所示:
式中  分别为四旋翼位置的比例系数;分别为四旋翼位置的微分系数。
因为在四旋翼PID控制中的期望控制量是,所以设计推力的期望控制量,即外环控制器如下式所示:
内环姿态控制器的输入是期望滚转角ϕd和期望俯仰角θd,根据式(49),(50),(52),(53)推导获得,推导结果如下式所示:
同理,根据推导外环四旋翼位置模型的方式,推导得内环姿态模型如下式所示:
分别为四旋翼在XbYbZb轴上的期望姿态角,建立的PID虚拟姿态控制输入如下式所示:
式中  分别为四旋翼姿态角的比例系数;分别为四旋翼姿态角的积分系数;分别为四旋翼姿态角的微分系数。
考虑到转动惯量很小,为了简化计算和提高计算效率,忽略了姿态角一阶导项对姿态角动力学模型的影响。因此,在时姿态角一阶导项不存在,推导式(58)~(63)分别得到力矩的期望控制量,设计内环控制器如下式所示:
通过数值仿真,本节对前述轨迹优化方法进行了详细的验证和评估。表1为四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的物理参数。
为了不影响实验无人机的摄像机正常工作,四根绳子的连接点A1,A2,A3,A4位置分布如图3所示,其中,d2d3分布如图3所示。
设变量下标加“0”为初始状态值,变量下标加“f”为末端状态值,四旋翼和负载变量的初、末状态值如表2所示,四旋翼的旋翼控制力和控制力矩以及姿态角的约束范围如表3所示。
在数值仿真中,利用GPOPS对优化问题进行离散化处理。本文四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的最优位置轨迹如图4所示,从图中可以看出四旋翼运输负载到达期望位置的时间为10 s。为更好地观察负载的摆动,建立了一个误差摆动的变量:
求出的摆动幅值如图5所示。其最大值为0.01279 m,平均值为0.000347 m。本文通过设置控制器跟踪轨迹和实验验证来证明此轨迹的合理性。
采用先调节内环后调节外环的方法调节系统各个PID控制器的参数。经过精心调试,表4显示了最终的成果。
四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统运输负载到达期望位置的轨迹跟踪如图6~9所示。
图6~8可知,PID控制跟踪轨迹在10 s内到达目标位置,XeYeZe方向的最终跟踪误差分别小于0.143,0.036,0.026 m。
图9可知,PID控制跟踪轨迹在10 s后最大摆动误差小于0.058 m,因此仿真结果表明,控制系统实现了四旋翼对最优轨迹的跟踪。
为了验证本文所得到的优化轨迹,开展了室内四旋翼无人机吊挂运输系统飞行实验,该实验平台主要由三部分组成:一是四旋翼无人机吊挂运输系统,包括TELLO四旋翼和吊挂负载,其中为了实现运动捕捉,四旋翼上设置了3个标记点,负载上设置了1个标记点来跟踪轨迹,如图10所示;二是运动捕捉系统,由8个型号为OptiTrack PrimeX13的动作捕捉相机组成,测量四旋翼飞行器和负载的位置,并通过TCP/IP通信协议传输到地面工作站,如图11所示;三是地面工作站,用来连接TELLO四旋翼和接收来自运动捕捉系统的位置信息。表5为四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统实验时所用的参数。
通过MATLAB发送指令到TELLO确定初始位置,令初始位置为[0; 0; 0],使TELLO沿着最优轨迹向目标点[1; 1 ;0]飞行。飞行轨迹如图12~15所示。
图12~14中可以看出,TELLO飞行轨迹与GPOPS飞行轨迹在XeYeZe方向,10 s后的跟踪误差分别小于0.14,0.171和0.136 m。
图15可知,负载飞行摆动曲线在10 s后最大摆动误差小于0.039 m。因为在飞行实验中,四旋翼达到期望位置的摆幅较小,所以得出了最优轨迹被跟踪的结论,这证明了求解的最优轨迹是有效且合理的。
本文建立了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的三维模型,有效地改善了四旋翼飞行的轨迹。用伪谱法将连续时间最优飞行轨迹问题离散为非线性规划问题,通过GPOPS求解得到了四旋翼四绳吊挂运输系统的最优飞行轨迹,最后进行了轨迹跟踪仿真和飞行实验。通过仿真和实验可以发现最优飞行轨迹是可行且合理的。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(12102174)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(11832005)
  • 航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室(南京航空航天大学)自主研究课题资助项目(MCMS-0122K01)
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2024年第37卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.013
  • 接收时间:2023-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-09
  • 修回日期:2023-08-24
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(12102174)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(11832005)
航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室(南京航空航天大学)自主研究课题资助项目(MCMS-0122K01)
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    南京航空航天大学航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210016

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陈提(1989―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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