Article(id=1228653354637788106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1719504000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863387021, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863387021, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863387021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863387021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653350485422347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='10', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863386031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863862999, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1758, endPage=1766, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653354964943824, articleId=1228653354637788106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Rate gyro adaptive weighting method for launch vehicle attitude control, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A rate gyro adaptive weighting method is proposed for the problem that the serious coupling of elastic vibration signals and rigid-body signals in the feedback control loop of flexible launch vehicles will significantly reduce the stability of the attitude control system. The method can be applied to the cases where there are deviations in the shape slope and frequency of elastic vibration. The rate gyro observation signal is converted into a frequency domain expression,and the interpolated discrete Fourier transform method is used to identify the elastic frequency. An adaptive updating algorithm for the rate gyro weighting coefficient matrix is derived based on the frequency domain,which eliminates the elastic vibration signals of each order in a stepwise manner. A simulation calibration is carried out under different cases of deviation. Simulation results indicate that the rate gyro adaptive weighting method can realize significant suppression of elastic vibration signals in the rate gyro measurement signals and reduce the adverse effect of elastic vibration signals on the stability of the attitude control system from the source. Thus the performance of the launch vehicle attitude controller is improved and the difficulty in the controller design is reduced.

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针对运载火箭反馈控制回路中弹性振动信号与刚体信号存在耦合,会明显降低姿控系统稳定性的问题,提出了一种速率陀螺自适应加权方法,该方法适用于弹性振动的模态振型斜率和频率存在偏差的情况。将速率陀螺观测信号转换为频域表达,采用插值离散傅里叶变换方法辨识弹性频率;基于频域信号提出了速率陀螺加权系数矩阵自适应更新算法,分步抑制了各阶弹性振动信号;开展了不同偏差情况下的仿真校验工作。仿真结果表明,速率陀螺自适应加权方法可实现对速率陀螺测量信号中弹性振动信号的显著抑制,从源头上减小弹性振动信号对姿控系统稳定性的不利影响,从而提高运载火箭姿态控制器的性能,降低控制器的设计难度。

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龚胜平(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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江星宇(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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江星宇(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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运载火箭姿态控制速率陀螺自适应加权方法
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江星宇 , 师鹏 , 龚胜平
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(10): 1758-1766
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(10): 1758-1766
运载火箭姿态控制速率陀螺自适应加权方法
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江星宇 , 师鹏, 龚胜平
作者信息
  • 北京航空航天大学宇航学院,北京 102206
  • 江星宇(2000—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

龚胜平(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Rate gyro adaptive weighting method for launch vehicle attitude control
Xing-yu JIANG , Peng SHI, Sheng-ping GONG
Affiliations
  • School of Astronautics,Beihang University,Beijing 102206,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.014
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针对运载火箭反馈控制回路中弹性振动信号与刚体信号存在耦合,会明显降低姿控系统稳定性的问题,提出了一种速率陀螺自适应加权方法,该方法适用于弹性振动的模态振型斜率和频率存在偏差的情况。将速率陀螺观测信号转换为频域表达,采用插值离散傅里叶变换方法辨识弹性频率;基于频域信号提出了速率陀螺加权系数矩阵自适应更新算法,分步抑制了各阶弹性振动信号;开展了不同偏差情况下的仿真校验工作。仿真结果表明,速率陀螺自适应加权方法可实现对速率陀螺测量信号中弹性振动信号的显著抑制,从源头上减小弹性振动信号对姿控系统稳定性的不利影响,从而提高运载火箭姿态控制器的性能,降低控制器的设计难度。

运载火箭  /  姿态控制  /  刚-弹耦合  /  速率陀螺  /  模态振型斜率

A rate gyro adaptive weighting method is proposed for the problem that the serious coupling of elastic vibration signals and rigid-body signals in the feedback control loop of flexible launch vehicles will significantly reduce the stability of the attitude control system. The method can be applied to the cases where there are deviations in the shape slope and frequency of elastic vibration. The rate gyro observation signal is converted into a frequency domain expression,and the interpolated discrete Fourier transform method is used to identify the elastic frequency. An adaptive updating algorithm for the rate gyro weighting coefficient matrix is derived based on the frequency domain,which eliminates the elastic vibration signals of each order in a stepwise manner. A simulation calibration is carried out under different cases of deviation. Simulation results indicate that the rate gyro adaptive weighting method can realize significant suppression of elastic vibration signals in the rate gyro measurement signals and reduce the adverse effect of elastic vibration signals on the stability of the attitude control system from the source. Thus the performance of the launch vehicle attitude controller is improved and the difficulty in the controller design is reduced.

launch vehicle  /  attitude control  /  rigid-elastic coupling  /  rate gyro  /  mode shape slope
江星宇, 师鹏, 龚胜平. 运载火箭姿态控制速率陀螺自适应加权方法. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1758 -1766 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.014
Xing-yu JIANG, Peng SHI, Sheng-ping GONG. Rate gyro adaptive weighting method for launch vehicle attitude control[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1758 -1766 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.014
人类对大型卫星、大规模空间站、载人登月1和超远距离深空探测活动的需求对运载火箭的运载能力提出了更高要求。重型运载火箭是一种强有力的航天器运载器,是人类开展大规模空间活动的基础,在未来的航天活动中将扮演十分重要的角色2-3。随着运载火箭运载能力的提高,箭体结构是弹性体的特征也越发明显,其一阶弹性振动的频率很低,具有明显的刚-弹耦合特征,且低频弹性模态密集4。箭体的弹性振动信号可以被惯组平台和速率陀螺感知,且与刚体信号耦合在一起,从而通过反馈进入控制回路中。这些弹性振动信号很容易与控制系统发生相互作用,使得弹性振动进一步被激发,影响控制系统的稳定性,甚至导致发射任务失败5。此外,运载火箭结构复杂,模型参数与实际值容易存在明显偏差难以进行精确建模。为此,运载火箭姿态控制器的设计问题受到了广泛关注。
运载火箭姿态控制器设计的一个重要任务就是抑制箭体的弹性振动。国内外许多学者针对运载火箭姿控系统设计了具有鲁棒性的控制器,在抑制弹性振动方面取得了一些研究成果。ZHANG等6基于预定时间稳定理论,提出了一种自适应预定时间滑模控制器,在保证系统稳定的同时实现了预定性能。WEI等7提出了一种基于固定时间非奇异快速终端滑模控制的自适应律,可实现对系统扰动的快速估计并在控制量中进行补偿。邓立为等8采用主动振动补偿技术设计了应变速率反馈补偿器,提高了控制器的抗干扰性能。ARAQUE等9结合扰动频率信息,利用遗传算法优化H控制器,改善了系统的鲁棒稳定性。但是,这些控制方法大多是把弹性振动视为扰动,没有充分利用运载火箭刚-弹耦合模型的特点,可能导致控制器设计过于保守。
除了设计具有鲁棒性的控制器外,还可以通过滤除控制回路中的弹性振动信号来抑制弹性振动。经典方法多采用校正网络或者陷波滤波器来减小弹性振动信号对控制系统的不利影响,这是目前工程上使用的主流方法。但是,随着箭体弹性频率逐渐降低,校正网络的设计变得越发困难。考虑到运载火箭的速率陀螺可以被布置在多个位置,可以采用某种算法,对多个速率陀螺的姿态测量数据进行加权,从源头上减小进入控制回路的弹性振动信号,从而降低校正网络的设计难度。美国国家航天局在分析运载火箭上升段稳定性时,采用了多个速率陀螺组合的形式10。JANKOVSKY等11对速度和加速度传感器进行建模,研究了传感器安放位置对系统稳定性的影响,给出了描述系统可观测性的性能指标。王建民等12提出了任意数量速率陀螺组合的斜率计算方法,可降低对全箭模态试验振型斜率选位和斜率测量精度的要求。于海森等13提出基于遗传算法的速率陀螺融合方法,可以有效减弱火箭姿态控制回路中的弹性信号,提高火箭控制器的性能。
目前的速率陀螺加权方法多是将弹性振动信号的抑制问题转化为一个优化问题,然后采用不同优化算法进行求解,从而获得最优的速率陀螺数量和加权值。然而,这些方法基本都忽略了弹性振动模态的振型斜率存在很大偏差的情况,或是简单使用方差来描述振型斜率的不确定性。因此,它们在实际应用时不够灵活,亟需一种适应性强的速率陀螺加权方法。鉴于此,本文给出了一种速率陀螺自适应加权方法,可基于插值离散傅里叶变换实现加权系数矩阵的自适应更新,且不依赖弹性振动模态的振型斜率信息。仿真实例表明,该方法可明显抑制速率陀螺测量信号中的弹性振动信号,提高控制器的性能,且能在弹性振动模态的振型斜率和频率存在偏差的情况下正常工作,具有良好的适应性。
运载火箭是一个非常庞大的非线性系统,其动力学特性十分复杂,且存在明显的时变特性,很难直接设计控制器实现稳定的姿态控制。因此,在进行运载火箭姿控系统设计时,一般采用“冻结时间法”,将箭体姿态的非线性模型在标称轨迹附近做线性化处理14。针对得到的线性化姿态动力学模型,可以较为简便地设计相关控制器。
运载火箭的弹性振动信号可通过惯组和速率陀螺进入控制回路,从而对姿控系统的稳定性产生影响。因此,在建立运载火箭姿态动力学模型时,必须考虑弹性振动的影响。本文以俯仰通道为例,建立姿态动力学刚-弹耦合模型如下式所示15
式中  为俯仰角偏差;为弹道倾角偏差;为攻角偏差;为发动机俯仰通道的等效摆角;为第阶弹性振动广义坐标;为风攻角;为俯仰通道广义干扰力矩;为横向广义干扰力;为第阶弹性振动广义干扰力;为第i阶弹性振动阻尼;为第i阶弹性振动的频率;其余变量为运载火箭结构和气动相关系数。
一般采用惯组和速率陀螺对运载火箭的姿态进行测量,它们获得的信号不仅包含刚体姿态信息,还包含弹性振动引发的附加姿态信息。于是,观测方程可建立为:
式中  为惯组测量的俯仰角偏差;为速率陀螺测量的俯仰角速度偏差;为第阶弹性振动在惯组安装位置的振型斜率;为第阶弹性振动在第个速率陀螺安装位置的振型斜率。
考虑前两阶弹性振动,并将发动机等效摆角加速度偏差和风攻角的作用统一算入广义干扰力,建立姿态动力学状态方程,其表达式为:
其中:
其中,广义干扰力根据影响的通道不同可以分为两部分,分别是影响刚体通道的广义干扰力和影响弹性振动通道的广义干扰力
为了使速率陀螺加权能够达到弹性抑制的效果,布置的速率陀螺数量至少比考虑的弹性振动数量多一个12。因此,可在箭体上安装3个速率陀螺,相应的观测方程为:
式中  表示第h个速率陀螺的测量值,h=1,2,3。
弹性频率的辨识是通过对速率陀螺信号进行插值离散傅里叶变换(IpDFT)来完成的。插值离散傅里叶变换是在普通离散傅里叶变换的基础上进行插值的改进形式,可以提高频率辨识的精度。
记普通的离散傅里叶变换结果为:
将式(9)中幅值最大时对应的记为,插值改进后最大幅值对应的频率满足:
其中:
式中  表示信号的实部;为傅里叶变换采样个数;为采样频率;时域和频域的起始序号均为0。
采样频率的倒数为采样时间间隔,用符号表示。单次傅里叶变换的采样区间长度为,用符号表示。通过傅里叶变换来获取频率并非是时刻进行的,每隔固定时长进行一次辨识,在获得下一次辨识结果前维持上次的辨识结果不变,频率辨识结果的初始值则采用地面振动试验的测量值。
将采用插值离散傅里叶变换得到的第阶弹性频率辨识值记为,通常该值可能会出现明显抖振,可以利用下式对其进行平滑:
式中  为第次辨识后采用的第阶弹性频率辨识值;为第次辨识后采用的第阶弹性频率辨识值;为仿真步长;为平滑因子。
只考虑3个速率陀螺通道,式(8)表示的观测方程可简写为:
为方便表达,式(13)可进一步改写为:
与运载火箭的姿态角相比,振型斜率的变化较为缓慢。因此可以假设在傅里叶变换的时间内,振型斜率均为常值。对式(14)等式两边进行傅里叶变换,结果为:
可以发现,由于振型斜率的存在,速率陀螺观测信号中都包含刚体信号、一阶弹性振动信号和二阶弹性振动信号
通过对不同行作差消除刚体信号,作差后的表达式为:
三个信号中任意选取一个信号,根据插值离散傅里叶变换算法,可以得到一阶弹性频率的辨识值
图1给出了速率陀螺测量信号各分量的幅频曲线。由图1可知,在一阶弹性频率处,经过傅里叶变换后的速率陀螺观测信号的幅值由一阶弹性振动占主导,而一阶弹性振动的幅值与速率陀螺安装位置的振型斜率成正比,可见中包含了振型斜率信息。于是,振型斜率比值的估计值可表示为:
在进行傅里叶变换时,通过选取合适的采样区间长度和时间间隔,可以保证振型斜率比值的估计值有合适的更新速度和精度。
引入加权矩阵
将式(17)代入式(18)中,可计算出加权矩阵。由于式(17)中只采用了速率陀螺观测信号的傅里叶变换结果来估计振型斜率比值,不需要振型斜率的实际值,因此,该自适应加权方法对振型斜率偏差具有很好的鲁棒性。
将速率陀螺观测信号左乘加权矩阵
其中:
观察式(19)可知,信号仅由刚体信号和二阶弹性振动信号组成。在加权矩阵的作用下,速率陀螺观测信号中的一阶弹性信号已被基本消除。
将信号作差,作差后的信号为:
可以观察到信号中只包含二阶弹性振动信号。因此,使用插值离散傅里叶变换算法处理信号,可以得到二阶弹性频率的辨识值
考虑到在二阶弹性频率处,信号的幅值由二阶弹性振动占主导,于是的估计值可以表示为:
引入加权矩阵
将式(23)代入式(24)中,可计算出加权矩阵。将信号左乘加权矩阵
由式(25)可知,信号经加权矩阵处理后,可得到纯正的刚体信号
于是,加权系数矩阵可以表示为:
加权系数矩阵为1行3列的矩阵,每一列可定义为相应的速度陀螺加权系数,即
经加权系数矩阵作用之后,一阶和二阶弹性振动的等效振型斜率记为,可表示为:
加权系数矩阵自适应更新算法的流程如图2所示。该算法的核心就是采用“分步消除”策略进行加权系数矩阵的计算,即先引入一个加权矩阵消除一阶弹性振动信号,再引入一个加权矩阵消除二阶弹性振动信号。该策略可以有效避免各阶弹性振动信号分量相互干扰,保证加权系数矩阵的计算精度。
“分步消除”策略还能够应用于消除更多阶数的弹性振动信号,各加权矩阵按照消除的顺序依次左乘即可得到总的加权系数矩阵:
式中  为需要消除的弹性振动信号的最高阶数。需要注意的是,为消除前阶弹性振动信号,需要在箭体上布置个速率陀螺。
为了验证本文设计的运载火箭姿态控制速率陀螺自适应加权方法的性能,对上述提出的模型进行仿真验证。仿真中,设置运载火箭飞行时间为140 s。整个仿真期间均对控制量施加零均值、标准差为0.1°的白噪声干扰。在第20 s时施加2°的俯仰角突变,在最大动压点时刻(80 s)施加-2°的俯仰角突变,以测试姿态控制器的跟踪性能。
为了保证傅里叶变换辨识频率的精度,设置单次傅里叶变换的采样区间长度,频率辨识时间间隔,采样频率,平滑因子
图34分别给出了80 s时俯仰通道开环传递函数的Bode图和Nyquist图。仅采用PD控制器时,Nyquist曲线在低频段对负实轴有一次正穿越,在一阶弹性频率处对负实轴有一次负穿越。考虑到系统存在两个开环不稳定极点,所以PD控制器不能维持系统的稳定。校正网络通过改变一阶弹性频率附近的相角,同时在一定程度上减小了一阶弹性振动模态的幅值,从而消除了在该位置处的一次负穿越,实现了姿控系统的稳定,即相角稳定。从图3中可以看出,本文提出的速率陀螺自适应加权方法可进一步降低弹性振动模态的幅值,甚至实现一阶弹性振动的幅值稳定,这大大提高了姿控系统的弹性稳定性。
(1)模型参数无偏差仿真
当运载火箭模型参数无偏差时,运载火箭俯仰角和俯仰角速度偏差分别如图56所示。由图可知,“PD+校正网络”控制器16可以保证系统的稳定,校正网络的设计合理。速率陀螺加权可一定程度上减小状态量的超调,对控制性能起到一定的改善作用。
(2)振型斜率偏差仿真
在飞行过程中,运载火箭弹性振动模态的振型斜率可能与地面测量值存在明显差异。当振型斜率偏大时,速率陀螺测量到的姿态角速度信号中包含的弹性振动信号也偏大,系统稳定性随之变差。为了测试所提方法在振型斜率存在偏差时的效果,将3个速率陀螺所在位置的振型斜率增大为原来的2倍,得到的仿真结果如图7~12所示。
图78可知,“PD+校正网络”控制器会导致姿态误差发散,无法应对振型斜率存在明显偏差的情况。而本文提出的速率陀螺自适应加权方法可以避免姿态误差发散,且跟踪速度没有受到明显影响。
图9中,一阶弹性频率的辨识结果在实际值±10%的区间内波动,二阶弹性频率的辨识结果与实际值的偏差小于5%。由此可见,弹性频率的辨识结果是令人满意的。由于采用傅里叶变换进行频率辨识时需要一定的数据积累,而弹性频率是时变的,因此辨识结果难免存在一些偏差。另外,箭体动力学和反馈控制构成的闭环系统会改变自身的固有频率,这也导致了辨识结果相对实际弹性频率存在波动。
图10给出了3个速率陀螺对应加权系数的辨识结果。在第10 s启动辨识之后,辨识值逐渐向理想值收敛。在40 s之后,辨识值始终保持在理想值附近。由图11可知,一阶和二阶弹性振动模态对应的等效振型斜率也在40 s时刻收敛到初始值的1/10以下,并最终稳定在一个很小的值。经过加权以后的俯仰角速度偏差如图12所示。对比加权前、后的俯仰角速度偏差可知,通过加权可以很好地抑制速率陀螺测量信号中的弹性振动信号,从而避免弹性振动信号进入控制回路,破坏系统的稳定性。
(3)振型斜率和弹性振动频率偏差仿真
当运载火箭的弹性振动频率较地面测量值偏低时,刚-弹耦合的效应更加明显,这也更加不利于系统的稳定。为了测试本方法应对弹性参数偏差的能力,在振型斜率扩大为原来2倍的基础上,将一阶和二阶弹性振动频率减小30%,得到的仿真结果如图13~18所示。
图1314可知,在使用“PD+校正网络”控制器时,弹性振动频率的减小导致姿态发散出现得更早,系统稳定性遭遇严峻挑战。然而,速率陀螺自适应加权方法依然能够正常发挥作用,保证了系统的稳定。
图1516表明,由于频率辨识的初值与真实值存在明显偏差,因此在频率辨识结果收敛之前,俯仰角速度偏差的估计值中依然存在比较明显的弹性振动信号。不过在大约45 s之后,频率辨识结果基本收敛到误差界内,速率陀螺测量信号中的弹性振动信号基本被滤除。从图1718中也可以看出,弹性振动模态的等效振型斜率可稳定至0附近,速率陀螺加权系数也能够收敛到理想值附近,这证明该方法能够应对振型斜率和弹性振动频率同时存在偏差的情况。
本文针对运载火箭姿控系统刚-弹耦合严重的问题,利用插值离散傅里叶变换给出了一种速率陀螺自适应加权方法。该方法可以显著抑制速率陀螺测量信号中的弹性振动信号,增强姿控系统的稳定性,并且能够适用于振型斜率和弹性振动频率存在明显偏差的情况。文中给出的仿真实例证明了该方法的有效性,表明了该方法对工程实际应用有一定借鉴意义。后续工作可以在速率陀螺自适应加权的基础上,考虑姿控系统的外部扰动、未建模动态和控制输入饱和等问题,对控制方法做进一步优化。
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2024年第37卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.014
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-06-28
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    北京航空航天大学宇航学院,北京 102206

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龚胜平(1981—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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