Article(id=1228653351672415147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707235200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-07, revisedDate=1712937600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770863386314, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1730044800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770863386314, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770863386314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863386314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228653350485422347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='10', pageStart='1625', pageEnd='1802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770863386031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770863862999, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228655351092936955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228653350485422347, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1651, endPage=1659, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228653351877936046, articleId=1228653351672415147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A deep neural network method for rapid localization of aircraft abnormal dynamic loads, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aircraft often operate in complex and variable dynamic load environment,and dynamic load localization is the primary problem that needs to be solved in this field. This paper focuses on the dynamic load localization requirements of common and prone to abnormal vibrations in aircraft structures. Combining deep neural network,a rapid dynamic load localization method for aircraft structures is developed. By using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network,the inverse implicit function model which can accurately describe the corresponding relationship between the dynamic load location and vibration response of the structure is constructed. A dynamic load localization method based on the LSTM neural network classification model is proposed. A simplified finite element model of the entire aircraft structure is established to simulate several typical dynamic load conditions that the aircraft may encounter during actual flight. The noise resistance and robustness of the established deep neural network are also studied. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately identify the location of dynamic loads under various load conditions,and can still maintain high locating accuracy under the measurement noise level of 10 dB and the parameter perturbation of 2.8%.

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飞机在服役中往往处于复杂多变的动载荷环境,动载荷定位是需首要解决的问题。本文针对飞机结构多种常见且易引起异常振动的动载荷定位需求,结合深度神经网络,建立了一种面向飞机结构的异常动载荷快速定位方法。采用长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络构建可以精确描述结构所受动载荷的作用位置与振动响应间对应关系的逆向隐式函数模型,提出了基于LSTM神经网络分类模型的动载荷定位技术。建立了简化的全机结构有限元模型,对飞机在实际飞行中可能遇到的几个典型动载荷工况进行了模拟,准确完成了对动载荷的定位,并对所建立深度神经网络的抗噪性、鲁棒性进行了研究。仿真结果表明,所提方法对多种载荷工况下的动载荷位置可以进行准确识别,且在10 dB的测量噪声水平和2.8%的参数摄动下仍能保持较高的定位准确率。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨智春(1964―),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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梁舒雅(1998—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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梁舒雅(1998—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Operating conditions and label instructions

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工况激励状态说明标签号
工况1左翼襟翼单点激励1
工况2前起落架舱门单点激励2
工况3左后机身单点激励3
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工况及标签说明

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工况激励状态说明标签号
工况1左翼襟翼单点激励1
工况2前起落架舱门单点激励2
工况3左后机身单点激励3
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LSTM neural network training parameters

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参数名称
输入特征数6
隐藏层单元数(Hidden Units)100
批尺寸(Batch Size)64
初始学习率(Initial Learning Rate)0.015
优化器(Optimizer)Adam
最大迭代(Max Epochs)500
学习率下降周期(Learn Rate Drop Period)100
学习率下降因子(Learn Rate Drop Factor)0.5
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LSTM神经网络训练参数

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参数名称
输入特征数6
隐藏层单元数(Hidden Units)100
批尺寸(Batch Size)64
初始学习率(Initial Learning Rate)0.015
优化器(Optimizer)Adam
最大迭代(Max Epochs)500
学习率下降周期(Learn Rate Drop Period)100
学习率下降因子(Learn Rate Drop Factor)0.5
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Operating conditions and label instructions

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工况激励状态说明标签号
工况1左翼襟翼单点激励1
工况2前起落架舱门单点激励2
工况3左后机身单点激励3
工况4左翼襟翼、左后机身同时激励4
工况5左翼襟翼、前起落架舱门同时激励5
工况6左后机身、前起落架舱门同时激励6
工况7左翼襟翼、左后机身、前起落架舱门同时激励7
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工况及标签说明

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工况激励状态说明标签号
工况1左翼襟翼单点激励1
工况2前起落架舱门单点激励2
工况3左后机身单点激励3
工况4左翼襟翼、左后机身同时激励4
工况5左翼襟翼、前起落架舱门同时激励5
工况6左后机身、前起落架舱门同时激励6
工况7左翼襟翼、左后机身、前起落架舱门同时激励7
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The first five order frequency changes of the model after the change of elastic modulus

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弹性模量/GPa第1阶/Hz第2阶/Hz第3阶/Hz第4阶/Hz第5阶/Hz
702.67793.53115.29616.75506.8334
69.52.66833.51865.27736.73116.8093
摄动量0.359%0.354%0.355%0.354%0.353%
682.63933.48065.22016.65836.7356
摄动量1.441%1.430%1.435%1.432%1.431%
652.58083.40325.10386.51026.5858
摄动量3.626%3.622%3.631%3.624%3.623%
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弹性模量改变后模型前5阶固有频率变化

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弹性模量/GPa第1阶/Hz第2阶/Hz第3阶/Hz第4阶/Hz第5阶/Hz
702.67793.53115.29616.75506.8334
69.52.66833.51865.27736.73116.8093
摄动量0.359%0.354%0.355%0.354%0.353%
682.63933.48065.22016.65836.7356
摄动量1.441%1.430%1.435%1.432%1.431%
652.58083.40325.10386.51026.5858
摄动量3.626%3.622%3.631%3.624%3.623%
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飞机异常动载荷快速定位的深度神经网络方法
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梁舒雅 1, 3 , 徐昕炜 2 , 杨特 1, 3 , 王乐 1, 3 , 杨智春 1, 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(10): 1651-1659
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(10): 1651-1659
飞机异常动载荷快速定位的深度神经网络方法
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梁舒雅1, 3 , 徐昕炜2, 杨特1, 3, 王乐1, 3, 杨智春1, 3
作者信息
  • 1西北工业大学航空学院, 陕西 西安 710072
  • 2四川航天系统工程研究所, 四川 成都 610100
  • 3强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710072
  • 梁舒雅(1998—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨智春(1964―),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
A deep neural network method for rapid localization of aircraft abnormal dynamic loads
Shu-ya LIANG1, 3 , Xin-wei XU2, Te YANG1, 3, Le WANG1, 3, Zhi-chun YANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 2Sichuan Institute of Aerospace System Engineering, Chengdu 610100, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, Xi’an 710072, China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.002
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飞机在服役中往往处于复杂多变的动载荷环境,动载荷定位是需首要解决的问题。本文针对飞机结构多种常见且易引起异常振动的动载荷定位需求,结合深度神经网络,建立了一种面向飞机结构的异常动载荷快速定位方法。采用长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络构建可以精确描述结构所受动载荷的作用位置与振动响应间对应关系的逆向隐式函数模型,提出了基于LSTM神经网络分类模型的动载荷定位技术。建立了简化的全机结构有限元模型,对飞机在实际飞行中可能遇到的几个典型动载荷工况进行了模拟,准确完成了对动载荷的定位,并对所建立深度神经网络的抗噪性、鲁棒性进行了研究。仿真结果表明,所提方法对多种载荷工况下的动载荷位置可以进行准确识别,且在10 dB的测量噪声水平和2.8%的参数摄动下仍能保持较高的定位准确率。

动载荷定位  /  深度神经网络  /  LSTM神经网络  /  飞机结构  /  反问题

Aircraft often operate in complex and variable dynamic load environment,and dynamic load localization is the primary problem that needs to be solved in this field. This paper focuses on the dynamic load localization requirements of common and prone to abnormal vibrations in aircraft structures. Combining deep neural network,a rapid dynamic load localization method for aircraft structures is developed. By using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network,the inverse implicit function model which can accurately describe the corresponding relationship between the dynamic load location and vibration response of the structure is constructed. A dynamic load localization method based on the LSTM neural network classification model is proposed. A simplified finite element model of the entire aircraft structure is established to simulate several typical dynamic load conditions that the aircraft may encounter during actual flight. The noise resistance and robustness of the established deep neural network are also studied. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately identify the location of dynamic loads under various load conditions,and can still maintain high locating accuracy under the measurement noise level of 10 dB and the parameter perturbation of 2.8%.

dynamic load localization  /  deep neural network  /  LSTM neural network  /  aircraft structure  /  inverse problem
梁舒雅, 徐昕炜, 杨特, 王乐, 杨智春. 飞机异常动载荷快速定位的深度神经网络方法. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1651 -1659 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.002
Shu-ya LIANG, Xin-wei XU, Te YANG, Le WANG, Zhi-chun YANG. A deep neural network method for rapid localization of aircraft abnormal dynamic loads[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (10) : 1651 -1659 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.002
飞机在服役期间受到的外部动载荷是十分复杂的,除了着陆、滑跑工况下的冲击及随机振动载荷、发动机的振动载荷、飞行过程中的突风载荷等常见动载荷外,还会因为整流罩密封条脱落、襟翼异常卡滞等各种原因出现各类引起结构异常振动的未知动载荷,也称为异常动载荷。对飞机结构的异常振动情况进行激励源的确定是排除异常振动现象的关键。传统的动载荷定位方法是从弹性波传播速度差异的角度去考虑的1-2,往往是在基于均匀材料、简单结构以及全场高精度响应测量的前提下才可以得到较好的识别效果,而这在应用于复杂飞机结构上时存在明显的局限性。如何基于少量振动响应测点实现对作用于附加结构的未知动载荷的精确定位,是亟待解决的一个关键问题,一直以来受到学术界与工程界的共同关注。
近年来,深度神经网络因其能够对复杂的相关关系实现非公式化的强拟合,在各学科中的复杂问题建模上取得了成功应用。神经网络主要解决三大类问题:回归问题、分类问题及聚类问题。在结构动力学领域,已有学者将深度神经网络成功应用于系统辨识、振动主动控制、结构健康监测等方面,相关成果也证明了深度神经网络在结构动力学领域的适用性。早期学者们大多应用回归神经网络解决动载荷大小的识别问题。STASZEWSKI等3利用回归神经网络对作用在复合材料箱体面板上的冲击载荷进行了识别。在此项工作的基础上,GHAJARI等4将同样的方法应用于复合材料加筋板的冲击载荷识别,并研究了动响应传感器的布置、动响应信号特征以及神经网络模型结构对于动载荷识别的影响。ZHOU等5提出应用深度循环神经网络来识别作用在非线性结构上的冲击载荷,该深度循环神经网络模型由双向长短期记忆层、两层长短期记忆层和一层时间分布的全连接层组成,采用反向传播算法对深度递归模型进行训练,通过实验验证,表明该方法能够识别复杂冲击载荷。夏鹏等6提出了利用时延神经网络的动载荷倒序识别方法,结合时延神经网络的“记忆”特性、因果有限长脉冲响应系统理论与振动响应的求解原理,应用时延神经网络完成了时域动载荷的有效识别。杨特等7利用小波变换提取宽频随机动载荷与动响应的特征信号,并采用深度神经网络对特征信号进行对应识别,该方法分别从神经网络与动力学理论出发,从方法原理上有效改善了神经网络识别宽频随机载荷时容易出现的泛化性不足的问题。YANG等8提出了一种基于深度空洞卷积神经网络的动载荷识别方法,构建了包括两个一维空洞卷积层、一个池化层和两个全连接层的动载荷识别模型,准确识别了简支梁的正弦、冲击和随机动载荷,该方法对参数不确定、测点分布不确定、频率数据不确定的系统具有较好的适用性和工程应用价值。应用深度神经网络解决动载荷识别、动载荷定位等结构动力学问题,其关键在于精确抓取结构动力学问题的数学本质,由此构建合适的深度神经网络模型,并建立合理的应用方法,有效避免动力学系统的不适定问题。
动载荷位置的确定是动载荷大小识别的前提条件,从结构动力学原理上讲,只有先对作用于结构上的外载荷进行定位后,才能准确识别出载荷的时域历程或频域载荷谱。在动载荷大小识别取得长足发展的同时,动载荷位置识别领域的相关研究也取得了诸多的进展。INOUE等9以梁结构为研究对象,应用小波分解技术将散射波进行时频变换,并通过计算各频率下弯曲波的传播时间识别出冲击载荷的作用位置。在该研究的基础上,GAUL等10将研究对象变为板结构,将原方法与优化算法相结合,在成功识别板上冲击载荷位置的同时还获取到了冲击时刻到信号记录时刻的时延。WORDEN等11以及HAYWOOD等12将遗传算法引入到冲击载荷位置识别中,得到了较好的识别效果,证明了遗传算法在冲击载荷识别中良好的应用前景。严刚等13以加筋复合材料结构为研究对象,提出了一种可以同时识别冲击位置并重建冲击载荷时间历程的方法,将时域内的载荷识别问题转换为参数识别问题,基于遗传算法自适应地识别出冲击位置和时间历程的参数,达到了很好的识别效果。随后,他们还提出了一种在时刻未知且量测信息缺失的情况下,同时识别冲击时刻及位置、并近似重建冲击载荷时间历程的方法14。祝德春等15提出了最小判定系数法,以简支梁结构为研究对象,将动载荷位置识别问题转化为计算当量动载荷之间差值最小的最优化问题,实现了对动载荷的定位。在上述动载荷位置识别的方法中,识别真实的载荷作用位置的过程中需要进行大量的矩阵求逆,这不仅会降低动载荷识别效率,求逆运算的数值误差也会降低位置识别的精度。基于此,张景等16基于分离变量法设法将载荷位置信息从脉冲响应函数矩阵中提取出来,随后进行矩阵求逆来实现载荷位置识别,识别过程较为简单。
针对飞机结构的未知动载荷定位问题,可以从常见的飞机结构异常振动问题背景入手。研究17-19表明,对于以民航客机为代表的大部分飞机,往往由于舱门闭合不完全、整流罩密封条脱落、襟翼异常卡滞等典型情况而产生未知动载荷。对于飞机结构的未知动载荷定位问题,本质即如何基于动响应信号判断出未知激励源的作用区域。因此,从其背后的动力学原理出发,建立上述各种典型未知动载荷作用位置与测点处动响应之间的映射关系,从而建立未知动载荷定位的判别模型。
本文借鉴时间序列特征判别的问题解决思路,从分类问题的角度,采用LSTM神经网络,构建可以精确描述结构所受动载荷的作用位置与振动响应间对应关系的逆向隐式函数模型,采用基于LSTM神经网络的动载荷定位方法,并基于某飞机的全机动力学有限元仿真模型完成方法的有效性验证。
针对单输入、单输出的线性定常系统,假设零初始条件,当在结构上作用一个动载荷时,根据结构振动理论,通常可将时域内的动载荷分解为一系列脉冲载荷的线性组合,结构振动响应可由动载荷和结构的单位脉冲响应函数的卷积关系来描述:
式中 “”表示卷积运算;表示时移因子,且满足表示系统响应,如加速度、速度、位移、应变等便于测量的物理量。而式(1)的单位脉冲响应函数中则包含了系统响应点位置信息以及加载点位置信息。
式(1)描述的是一个正问题,即已知系统激励和传递函数求响应,而对于动载荷识别的定位问题,需要应用反问题分析方法来确定作用在结构上未知位置的动载荷。对式(1)在时域进行离散化处理,可获得如下关系:
式中 时间间隔,其中为总时间;坐标为系统维数;分别为单位脉冲响应函数在时的值、动载荷和实测响应在时的值。将式(2)记为更加紧凑的形式:
式中  表示动载荷矢量;表示系统响应矢量;系统传递矩阵是一个下三角矩阵,表征系统的动态特性,与激励点和响应点位置有关。对于工程中常见的多输入多输出系统,由于传递矩阵通常是病态甚至秩亏的,具有很大的条件数,并且随着反问题维数的增大,病态程度变得更加严重,因此,对式(2)直接求逆来识别动载荷位置得到的解通常是不稳定的,容易出现较大的识别误差。若利用人工神经网络对此类问题进行逆向动力学关系的建模,则可以避免矩阵求逆运算,从而对问题进行准确且稳定的求解。聚焦于动载荷定位这个具体问题,则可应用擅长对时间序列信号进行特征提取与判定的深度神经网络模型,而LSTM神经网络正是符合该需求的一种神经网络模型。
对于循环神经网络,其主体结构的输入不仅来自于网络的输入层,还有一部分来自于上一时刻循环的状态,可以处理有前、后输入关系的序列数据,从而在时间序列问题的处理中有着广泛的应用及良好的表现,其结构示意图如图1所示。但是,由于传统的循环神经网络具有迭代性,存在着梯度消失和梯度爆炸等问题,往往很难实现信息的长期保存,为解决该问题,研究者们提出了LSTM神经网络。LSTM神经网络是一种特殊的循环神经网络,相比于传统的循环神经网络,其隐藏单元内的结构更为复杂。如图2所示,LSTM使用门控机制来更好地构建数据中的长期依赖关系,在LSTM中,常规的神经元被储存单元代替,每个储存单元由输入门、输出门和遗忘门组成,它通过门的开关来实现时间上的记忆功能,可以有效防止梯度爆炸与梯度消失的发生,从而能够实现长时依赖问题的有效建模,因此更满足飞机结构动载荷定位问题的需求。
图2中,为LSTM神经网络的Sigmod激活函数,遗忘门ft、输入门it、输出门ot、本单元状态ct及本单元输出ht的计算式如下所示:
式中  表示t时刻单元的输入;表示上一时刻隐含层的输出量;WfxWfhWixWihWoxWohWcxWch为权重矩阵;bfbibobc为对应的偏置;“”表示向量中元素按位相乘;表示tanh函数;则是存储了t时刻及之前时刻所有有用信息的隐含状态向量。
对神经网络的训练,实质上是基于实测数据样本进行真实“输入-输出”关系的逼近。完成训练后的深度神经网络,理论上可以依据深度神经网络自身的隐式函数关系式,精确地拟合建模对象的“输入-输出”物理关系,从而进行进一步的应用。
本文所提出的深度神经网络动载荷定位方法的关键,是通过对LSTM神经网络的训练,建立起结构各测点在不同位置动载荷激励下的输出响应与实际动载荷激励点之间的相关关系,以期利用神经网络将从不同动载荷作用位置处获得的不同特征的多变量时间序列进行分类式判别,以完成对动载荷作用位置的判定。网络训练思路与流程如图3所示。
本文所搭建的LSTM神经网络由“时间序列输入层”“LSTM层”“全连接层”“Softmax激活函数层”“分类器输出层”组成,如图4所示。图中,T0表示所选取的最初时刻;M表示时域中心的采样时间间隔;N表示传感器的个数,即响应测点个数;n1,…,nn表示分类器输出的定位结果。
本文将动载荷定位问题归为多变量时间序列分类问题,利用LSTM神经网络模型对时序数据特征提取和处理方面的优势,将多变量时间序列的上下依赖关系进行表征,使用Softmax作为分类器进行动载荷的定位。由于该问题归属于分类问题,因此对数据的前处理与传统的回归问题不同,其本质为有监督的学习,需对数据组进行切片、分组、贴标签等处理,即将响应的时序数据作为输入数据,动载荷的位置标签作为输出数据,对所有数据进行归一化处理后,按时间将其分为训练集、验证集及测试集数据组,并为各组数据附加标签。
利用上述网络结构进行LSTM神经网络训练,将动载荷定位问题转化为多变量时间序列的分类问题,并利用信息检索和统计学分类领域常用评价指标对训练完成的神经网络进行性能评价。
混淆矩阵是评估分类模型性能的基础,它可以协助计算多种重要的性能指标,以量化模型在不同类别上的表现。通过将模型的分类结果分成正类别(True)和负类别(False),可以计算出一系列性能指标,例如准确率、精确率、召回率和F1值。其中,准确率指正确被预测的样本数量占全部样本数量的比例,表达式为:
式中 TP表示实际为正类且预测为正类的样本;FN指实际为正类但预测为负类的样本;FP表示实际为负类但预测为正类的样本;TN表示实际为负类且预测为负类的样本。针对动载荷定位这一多分类问题,考虑采用准确率这一指标作为神经网络定位方法有效性的评估标准。
本节通过简化的飞机全机模型的仿真来验证上节建立的动载荷定位的神经网络方法的可行性。首先建立了简化的全机有限元模型,模拟了襟翼异常卡滞、前起落架舱门关闭异常、后机身气流分离引起异常振动导致的动载荷工况。利用第1节建立的神经网络分类问题模型,将动载荷定位问题转换为模式识别问题,将来自于不同区域的动载荷的激励状态分为不同模式,贴上对应的人工标签,利用神经网络对其进行分类处理,来定位动载荷的作用位置。
本节建立了某飞机简化的动力学模型,如图5所示,全机模型节点数共14595个,单元数18032个,全部由梁单元与板单元组成。所有单元材料属性皆为铝合金,杨氏模量为70 GPa,泊松比为0.33,密度为2700 kg/m3
面向工程实际中飞机常常遭遇的异常动载荷问题与实际振动响应测试情况,本节主要模拟全机模型在不同部位受到异常动载荷作用下,其客舱地板、机身、机翼等结构上关键测点的动响应。飞机内部地板结构示意图如图6所示。
依据文献[17-19]所述的常见异常动载荷作用情况,本节模拟了襟翼区域受到动载荷激励的情况,为此对机翼的襟翼以及垂尾、平尾上的升降舵、方向舵分别单独建模,并在有限元软件中利用MPC单元将各舵面连接到机翼及垂尾、平尾的相应位置处,如图7所示。
为模拟襟翼异常卡滞、前起落架舱门关闭异常、后机身气流分离引起异常振动导致的动载荷工况,分别在左翼襟翼附近、前起落架舱门附近、左后机身某一节点处施加z向随机载荷激励,其为一段频率范围为1~10 Hz的平稳随机动载荷,具体载荷施加位置如图8所示。
分别在地板上布置3个测点,机身上布置2个测点,左翼中段布置1个测点,共计6个测点,其分布示意图如图9所示。计算得到6个测点在外激励下z向加速度时域响应数据,对测点阵列的加速度时域数据进行处理分析,可以提取出结构的频率、振型等模态参数。不同载荷激励点传达到测点阵列的信息是不同的,这些特征信息的差异是神经网络对模式进行区别的关键,也是基于神经网络分类模型进行动载荷定位的关键。
2.2.1节中获取到三种载荷工况下6个测点的时域响应数据,每一种工况下每个测点测得50000个时刻的时序数据,共得到18个1×50000的时间序列向量。对时序数据进行前处理。首先对所有数据进行归一化处理,再将50000个时刻的数据按100个时刻一段进行分段,将每一组时间序列向量切成500段,其中300段用于构成训练集,100段用于构成验证集,100段用于构成测试集。将6个传感器在同一段时间的数据划分为一个数据切片,即一个6×100的矩阵为一个数据切片,最终得到3×500共1500个切片用作神经网络的输入。
按照不同载荷工况,为这1500个切片进行人工附加标签,如表1所示,得到含有标签信息的1×1500向量,用作神经网络的输出,作为后续模型训练和验证的基准。
本节利用2.2.2节中前处理的数据进行LSTM神经网络的训练,神经网络模型超参数,如神经元个数、激活函数类型、学习率、Dropout比例等,都会影响神经网络模型的分类结果及网络性能。本节通过穷举隐藏层单元数、初始学习率、学习率下降周期及学习率下降因子等重点参数,以提高训练收敛时的训练集准确率为目标来进行超参数优化,获取最优的神经网络超参数组合。同时,采用加入L1正则化、Dropout层等方法来避免产生过拟合,最终得到的神经网络训练超参数如表2所示。
经过500轮的训练,网络识别准确率接近100%,损失(loss)降至约0.0004。利用前处理好的未参与过训练的测试集,对训练好的LSTM神经网络进行测试,测试集的动载荷定位结果如图10所示。对于所设定三处动载荷作用位置各50组的测试数据所组成的共150组测试数据集,LSTM神经网络仅对其中2组测试数据发生误判,其中一组是将实际为机翼副翼处的激励误定位为前起落架舱门处的激励,另一组是将前起落架舱门处的激励误定位为机翼副翼处的激励,其余对角线上的148组测试数据均定位成功。由式(9)计算可得,网络对动载荷作用位置判断的准确率为98.67%,表明神经网络对单点动载荷作用位置具有良好的识别效果。
考虑到飞机在飞行时,有可能同时受到两个甚至多个位置处的动载荷激励。当传感器测得多点载荷共同引起的响应时,从振动响应中得到的时间序列特征显然与单点载荷激励时的特征不一致,由于这种新的特征是神经网络没有学习过的,因此神经网络无法将新的特征进行分组。本节将多点同时受动载荷激励时的振动响应进行采集与处理,将这种新的特征工况生成新的组别并附加新的标签,工况说明如表3所示。
工况数的增加代表网络需要用现有的数据进行更多模式的识别,若仍用6个测点响应的时间序列数据进行网络训练,会出现用较少的特征数去判断较多的模式的情况,网络识别的准确率会大大下降。因此在原有的6个响应测点的基础上,在飞机不同位置新增9个响应测点,对网络训练的数据量及特征量进行扩充。利用扩充后的数据依照相同网络结构与参数设置进行网络训练,图11为得到的定位结果,网络对7种工况的定位准确率为99.71%。说明增加分类类别后,可通过增加输入信息量来提高分类类别增加后的网络识别正确率。
在飞机服役时利用布置在飞机各处的加速度传感器进行加速度响应测试,这一过程不可避免地会受到环境噪声的影响,同时也会有测量噪声与误差的引入,噪声的引入可能会对神经网络特征识别产生影响。本节将对实际工况中在响应测试时可能产生噪声影响的情况进行模拟,分析测试噪声对网络识别结果的影响。
正常信号中的噪声量级通常用信噪比来描述,信噪比是指一个系统中信号与噪声的比值,在工程中,往往希望信噪比越高越好。其定义如下式所示:
式中  为信号的有效功率;为噪声的功率。SNR的单位为分贝(dB)。当信号的有效功率越大,噪声功率越小,则信号信噪比越高,表明信号质量越好。
对15个响应测点的响应时序数据人为添加一定程度的白噪声信号,使其信噪比为10 dB,引入噪声前、后的时间序列对比如图12所示,可以直观看出当信噪比为10 dB时,噪声对信号的影响很大。将引入噪声后的信号进行处理生成测试集,用2.3节中训练完成的网络进行测试。信噪比为10 dB的数据测试结果的混淆矩阵如图13所示,可以看出即使在引入信噪比高达10 dB的白噪声后,网络依然取得了很好的定位效果,定位准确率为99.71%。研究结果表明,LSTM神经网络在动载荷定位任务中表现出很好的抗噪性。
本节通过对全机简化模型所采用的材料参数进行参数摄动,并基于参数摄动后的全机简化模型计算获得测试数据集,测试在2.3节中训练获得的LSTM神经网络,以研究LSTM神经网络对于研究对象出现结构动力学参数摄动情况下动载荷定位的鲁棒性。
通过改变材料弹性模量来模拟有限元建模不精确的工况,原模型材料弹性模量为70 GPa,分别改变材料弹性模量至69.5,68,65 GPa,即材料弹性模量摄动量分别为0.7%,2.8%,7.1%,将这3种工况分别记为摄动工况1、摄动工况2、摄动工况3。对改变弹性模量后的模型进行模态分析,得到3种摄动工况下分别全机简化模型前5阶固有频率的摄动情况,如表4所示。
对发生参数摄动后的有限元模型进行响应计算,仍利用1.2.2节中的方法对求得的响应数据进行前处理,生成测试集后应用2.3节中已完成训练的网络进行动载荷定位测试,结果如图14所示。
可以看出,在用摄动工况1、摄动工况2的测试数据集进行测试时,原参数训练的网络对参数摄动后的测试数据仍有较高的定位精度,在材料弹性模量摄动2.8%的情况下,能达到91.4%的定位准确率;而在摄动工况3,即材料弹性模量摄动量达到7.1%的测试中,定位准确率有所下降,为71.1%。从上述结果来看,在模型参数摄动较小时,所建立的神经网络模型对动载荷的定位性能受到的影响较小,但当模型参数摄动较大时,神经网络识别的准确率会有所降低。因此,可以得出,当参数摄动在合理范围内时,LSTM神经网络定位方法仍具有较好的鲁棒性;当模型参数摄动程度过大,导致实际应用模型与理论模型具有较大偏差时,LSTM神经网络定位方法存在定位性能下降的情况。
为探究本文所提出的基于LSTM分类神经网络的动载荷定位方法的泛化能力,本节取飞机结构中的一个部件,将一机翼模型作为研究对象,开展异常动载荷定位的实验研究。
在机翼模型上布置7个加速度计采集加速度响应,同时选取3个激励点,对其进行单点或多点激励,共有7组不同的加载工况。采用1.2.1节中建立的LSTM分类神经网络,应用采集到的实测数据进行网络训练,神经网络训练参数中的输入特征数在本算例中为7,其余均如表2所示。用测试集对训练完成的网络进行测试,定位准确率为99.71%,证明了所提的深度神经网络方法针对不同研究对象仍能展现出较强的异常动载荷定位能力,具有较强的泛化能力。
本文针对飞行器结构在实际飞行中可能出现的各类引起结构异常振动的未知动载荷的定位需求,应用神经网络构建可以精确描述结构所受动载荷的作用位置与振动响应间对应关系的逆向隐式函数模型,建立了一种基于LSTM分类神经网络的动载荷定位方法。以某飞机全机动力学有限元仿真模型为研究对象,通过动载荷定位仿真验证了方法的有效性,成功对单点动载荷及多点动载荷进行了定位。同时,研究结果表明,对于多点动载荷定位问题,需要更多的响应测点数据作为支撑,增加输入信息量及特征量,提高分类类别增加后的定位准确率。通过对方法抗噪性、鲁棒性及泛化能力的仿真、实验研究可以发现,所提方法在响应数据添加信噪比为10 dB的噪声情况下,7种工况共350组测试数据中仅有1组定位错误,达到99.71%的定位准确率。在材料弹性模量摄动2.8%的情况下,能达到91.4%的定位准确率,而在材料弹性模量摄动量达到7.1%时,测试集的定位准确率有所降低,为71.1%。方法在动载荷定位任务中表现出了较好的抗噪性、鲁棒性及泛化能力,能够满足工程需求,并且当神经网络的训练完成之后,后续在应用神经网络进行定位时,只需将实测振动响应输入至深度神经网络,即可快速实现飞机异常动载荷的定位。
  • 航空科学基金资助项目(20220015053002)
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2024年第37卷第10期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.10.002
  • 接收时间:2024-02-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-07
  • 修回日期:2024-04-13
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航空科学基金资助项目(20220015053002)
作者信息
    1西北工业大学航空学院, 陕西 西安 710072
    2四川航天系统工程研究所, 四川 成都 610100
    3强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710072

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杨智春(1964―),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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