Article(id=1228635269562302973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228635264860484432, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.09.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664035200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-25, revisedDate=1671379200000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770859075202, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1727452800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770859075202, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770859075202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859075202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228635264860484432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='9', pageStart='1451', pageEnd='1624', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770859074081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859151707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635590502055946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228635264860484432, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635590502055947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228635264860484432, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1606, endPage=1615, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228635269839127051, articleId=1228635269562302973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Time-varying seismic fragility analysis of restrained masonry structure subjected to acid rain, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The durability issue of multi-age masonry structures subjected to acid rain has become increasingly prominent,but a complete time-varying model of structural durability has not been formed at home and abroad. To study the relationship between the evolution of material properties and masonry properties,accelerated corrosion tests were carried out on mortar with different mix ratios,bricks,and masonry,and a compressive strength model of masonry components considering the number of acid rain erosion cycles was established. Based on the sample data of masonry in natural environment,the mathematical relationship between the degradation degree of mechanical properties of in-service masonry structures and their service life under the action of acid rain erosion was established. The typical structure method was used to analyze the seismic fragility of a two-story constrained masonry structure,and the influence of different parameters on the fragility curve and failure probability of constrained masonry structures under acid rain erosion was discussed. The results show that the probability of severe damage and collapse of restrained masonry structures under the action of acid rain erosion increases gradually with the increase of service life under the condition that other factors remain unchanged and the intensity of local vibration is higher.

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多龄期砌体结构在酸雨侵蚀作用下的耐久性问题日益凸显,但目前国内外还没有形成完整的结构层次耐久性时变模型。为研究材料性能演化与砌体性能演化的关系,对不同配合比砂浆、砖块和砌体分别进行加速侵蚀试验,建立了考虑酸雨侵蚀循环次数的砌体构件抗压强度模型,再根据自然环境下砌体样本数据,建立酸雨侵蚀作用下在役砌体结构力学性能退化程度与服役年限的数学关系,并使用典型结构法对某二层约束砌体结构进行地震易损性分析,分别讨论了不同参数对酸雨侵蚀作用下约束砌体结构易损性曲线和破坏概率的影响规律。结果表明,在其他因素不变的条件下,当地震动强度较高时,酸雨侵蚀作用下约束砌体结构严重破坏和倒塌的发生概率随服役年限的增大而逐渐增加。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄 军(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EeNheOEMEVXqCYcLV55Imw==, magXml=eNDl+9Fi1DfCkpCYKxhxDw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ePH6Shcc6xIB5/QrGeMUjw==, pdfFileSize=2674541, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MdKF+nQiBtCLFQKfKbXFGw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sNy34eh/J0vLuxRfDR+AWQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

董淑卿(1980—),男,硕士,正高级工程师。E-mail:

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董淑卿(1980—),男,硕士,正高级工程师。E-mail:

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董淑卿(1980—),男,硕士,正高级工程师。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228635269562302973, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Test mortar material mix ratio

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编号水灰比水/(kg·m-3)水泥/(kg·m-3)砂/(kg·m-3)掺合料/(kg·m-3)
A0.381203201450
B0.441202751450
C0.521202301450
D0.44130290145090
E0.441052401450102
), ArticleFig(id=1228635298536554914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228635269562302973, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验砂浆材料配合比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号水灰比水/(kg·m-3)水泥/(kg·m-3)砂/(kg·m-3)掺合料/(kg·m-3)
A0.381203201450
B0.441202751450
C0.521202301450
D0.44130290145090
E0.441052401450102
), ArticleFig(id=1228635298628829607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228635269562302973, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correlation coefficients of fitting curve

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组别abcdR2
A12.88×10-3-1.75×10-51.67×10-80.98
B12.35×10-3-1.55×10-52.00×10-80.99
C12.05×10-3-1.50×10-52.50×10-80.99
D11.87×10-3-8.50×10-61.67×10-90.98
E13.27×10-3-2.05×10-52.83×10-80.99
), ArticleFig(id=1228635298729492908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228635269562302973, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

拟合曲线相关系数

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组别abcdR2
A12.88×10-3-1.75×10-51.67×10-80.98
B12.35×10-3-1.55×10-52.00×10-80.99
C12.05×10-3-1.50×10-52.50×10-80.99
D11.87×10-3-8.50×10-61.67×10-90.98
E13.27×10-3-2.05×10-52.83×10-80.99
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Comparison between test values and calculated values of compressive strength of masonry compressive specimens

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nA1B1C1D1E1
NtNcNtNcNtNcNtNcNtNc
07.97.06.65.95.85.25.95.56.05.4
1008.47.46.86.15.95.26.05.66.35.6
2006.96.76.05.65.34.95.45.25.65.2
3005.05.44.74.94.64.54.24.44.64.6
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砌体抗压试件抗压强度试验值和计算值对比

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nA1B1C1D1E1
NtNcNtNcNtNcNtNcNtNc
07.97.06.65.95.85.25.95.56.05.4
1008.47.46.86.15.95.26.05.66.35.6
2006.96.76.05.65.34.95.45.25.65.2
3005.05.44.74.94.64.54.24.44.64.6
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Mean and standard deviation of each subsample after merging age in test area under acid rain erosion environment

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龄期t/年样本容量砌块抗压强度退化系数砂浆抗压强度退化系数
均值μ标准差σ/%均值μ标准差σ/%
10141.0165.3440.9758.082
12240.9884.4310.9756.812
13240.9844.3340.9746.806
16120.9756.3020.9751.631
19241.0165.1490.9681.784
22361.0015.8800.9741.705
25121.0133.4150.9731.448
30180.9955.2720.9671.223
31120.9984.7830.9721.162
34120.9985.4460.9691.313
36121.0054.2600.9641.360
37121.0083.6550.9511.211
42180.9844.4660.9320.922
48121.0183.4770.9011.011
5080.9734.4380.9126.880
59120.9483.6560.8740.775
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酸雨侵蚀环境下测区归并龄期后各子样本均值和标准差

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均值μ标准差σ/%均值μ标准差σ/%
10141.0165.3440.9758.082
12240.9884.4310.9756.812
13240.9844.3340.9746.806
16120.9756.3020.9751.631
19241.0165.1490.9681.784
22361.0015.8800.9741.705
25121.0133.4150.9731.448
30180.9955.2720.9671.223
31120.9984.7830.9721.162
34120.9985.4460.9691.313
36121.0054.2600.9641.360
37121.0083.6550.9511.211
42180.9844.4660.9320.922
48121.0183.4770.9011.011
5080.9734.4380.9126.880
59120.9483.6560.8740.775
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Quantitative limit values of various failure limit states of different restrained masonry structures

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结构类别量化限值
LS1LS2LS3LS4
7度-30年0.00040.000840.001800.00232
7度-40年0.00040.000820.001750.00223
7度-50年0.00040.000790.001690.00212
7度-60年0.00040.000750.001580.00201
8度-30年0.00040.000910.001900.00241
8度-40年0.00040.000880.001830.00231
8度-50年0.00040.000840.001760.00224
8度-60年0.00040.000800.001680.00216
9度-30年0.00040.000960.001990.00251
9度-40年0.00040.000930.001940.00242
9度-50年0.00040.000880.001850.00233
9度-60年0.00040.000820.001750.00228
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不同约束砌体结构各种破坏极限状态量化限值

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结构类别量化限值
LS1LS2LS3LS4
7度-30年0.00040.000840.001800.00232
7度-40年0.00040.000820.001750.00223
7度-50年0.00040.000790.001690.00212
7度-60年0.00040.000750.001580.00201
8度-30年0.00040.000910.001900.00241
8度-40年0.00040.000880.001830.00231
8度-50年0.00040.000840.001760.00224
8度-60年0.00040.000800.001680.00216
9度-30年0.00040.000960.001990.00251
9度-40年0.00040.000930.001940.00242
9度-50年0.00040.000880.001850.00233
9度-60年0.00040.000820.001750.00228
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酸雨侵蚀环境中约束砌体结构时变地震易损性分析
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董淑卿 1 , 黄瑜 1 , 黄军 2 , 佘阳阳 1 , 孙烨 1 , 郑山锁 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(9): 1606-1615
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(9): 1606-1615
酸雨侵蚀环境中约束砌体结构时变地震易损性分析
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董淑卿1 , 黄瑜1, 黄军2 , 佘阳阳1, 孙烨1, 郑山锁2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国能源建设集团陕西省电力设计院有限公司,陕西 西安,710054
  • 2西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安,710055
  • 3西安建筑科技大学结构工程与抗震教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安,710055
  • 董淑卿(1980—),男,硕士,正高级工程师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

黄 军(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
Time-varying seismic fragility analysis of restrained masonry structure subjected to acid rain
Shu-qing DONG1 , Yu HUANG1, Jun HUANG2 , Yang-yang SHE1, Ye SUN1, Shan-suo ZHENG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Shaanxi Electric Power Design Institute Co.,Ltd. of China Energy Engineering Group,Xi’an 710054,China
  • 2College of Civil Engineering,Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi’an 710055,China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Structral Engineeing and Earthquake Resistance of Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi’an 710055,China
出版时间: 2024-09-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.09.017
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多龄期砌体结构在酸雨侵蚀作用下的耐久性问题日益凸显,但目前国内外还没有形成完整的结构层次耐久性时变模型。为研究材料性能演化与砌体性能演化的关系,对不同配合比砂浆、砖块和砌体分别进行加速侵蚀试验,建立了考虑酸雨侵蚀循环次数的砌体构件抗压强度模型,再根据自然环境下砌体样本数据,建立酸雨侵蚀作用下在役砌体结构力学性能退化程度与服役年限的数学关系,并使用典型结构法对某二层约束砌体结构进行地震易损性分析,分别讨论了不同参数对酸雨侵蚀作用下约束砌体结构易损性曲线和破坏概率的影响规律。结果表明,在其他因素不变的条件下,当地震动强度较高时,酸雨侵蚀作用下约束砌体结构严重破坏和倒塌的发生概率随服役年限的增大而逐渐增加。

约束砌体结构  /  酸雨侵蚀  /  数值模拟  /  典型结构

The durability issue of multi-age masonry structures subjected to acid rain has become increasingly prominent,but a complete time-varying model of structural durability has not been formed at home and abroad. To study the relationship between the evolution of material properties and masonry properties,accelerated corrosion tests were carried out on mortar with different mix ratios,bricks,and masonry,and a compressive strength model of masonry components considering the number of acid rain erosion cycles was established. Based on the sample data of masonry in natural environment,the mathematical relationship between the degradation degree of mechanical properties of in-service masonry structures and their service life under the action of acid rain erosion was established. The typical structure method was used to analyze the seismic fragility of a two-story constrained masonry structure,and the influence of different parameters on the fragility curve and failure probability of constrained masonry structures under acid rain erosion was discussed. The results show that the probability of severe damage and collapse of restrained masonry structures under the action of acid rain erosion increases gradually with the increase of service life under the condition that other factors remain unchanged and the intensity of local vibration is higher.

restrained masonry structure  /  acid rain erosion  /  numerical simulation  /  typic structure
董淑卿, 黄瑜, 黄军, 佘阳阳, 孙烨, 郑山锁. 酸雨侵蚀环境中约束砌体结构时变地震易损性分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (9) : 1606 -1615 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.09.017
Shu-qing DONG, Yu HUANG, Jun HUANG, Yang-yang SHE, Ye SUN, Shan-suo ZHENG. Time-varying seismic fragility analysis of restrained masonry structure subjected to acid rain[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (9) : 1606 -1615 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.09.017
约束砌体结构作为一种中国传统建筑中的主要结构形式,因其取材方便、造价低廉的优点被广泛应用于中国农村及欠发达地区。但随着工业化进程加快,环境问题日益突出,中国已然成为世界三大酸雨区之一,长期遭受酸雨侵蚀作用的约束砌体结构会出现力学性能和抗震能力的显著退化1
组成砌体结构的材料所受到的侵蚀损伤与所在环境中SO,Cl-,HCO等有害离子的浓度关系密切2,酸雨中的主要成分硫酸首先与砌筑砂浆中的碳酸钙发生反应形成硫酸钙,造成盐结晶侵蚀,直接损伤砌筑砂浆的质量和内部形态3,随着侵蚀时间的推移,孔隙率将明显提升4,砖与砂浆之间的黏结性能显著下降。硫酸根离子还会侵蚀约束砌体结构中的钢筋混凝土结构,进一步降低结构的整体工作性能。
国内外诸多学者对砌体结构数值建模方法进行了大量研究,Pande等5在整体连续型建模理念基础上引入均质化理论,提出了一种弹性平行层组成的砌块砂浆体系,用于砌体结构层次建模。Gambarotta等6进一步提出了等效体积单元的建模方法,是砌体结构建模应用最为广泛的方法之一。为适应砌体结构研究和工程应用,层间模型、等效框架模型和等效斜撑模型79先后被提出,其中层间模型适用于多层框架,具有自由度少和运算高效的特点,但无法反映砌体结构的局部响应。等效框架模型来源于对砌体结构震损现象的观察,将不会发生破坏的墙肢与窗裙梁相交部位等效为刚域,精确度较高但需要精确计算各刚域的尺寸,而纤维化的等效斜撑模型较好地解决了精度与计算量的矛盾问题。闫维明等10将双对角斜撑模型引入砌体结构建模中,通过对比相关试验,证明了等效双对角斜撑模型在砌体结构数值分析中的有效性,但目前尚缺乏关于考虑酸雨侵蚀作用的砌体结构数值模型的相关研究。
本文对不同水灰比和不同掺合料砌体试件进行人工加速酸雨侵蚀试验和抗压试验,研究酸雨侵蚀作用下砌体结构材料层次与构件层次力学性能的关系,在此基础上建立酸雨侵蚀环境中砌体结构力学性能与服役年限的数学关系,并对二层约束砌体结构进行增量动力时程分析,绘制出相应的地震易损性曲线,以期对酸雨侵蚀环境中砌体结构的抗震性能评估提供理论支撑。
砌筑砂浆试件共4组(光照⁃酸雨侵蚀循环次数0次、100次、200次、300次),每组含5种类型(配合比如表1所示),每种类型3个,共计60个试件。试件尺寸均为70.7 mm×70.7 mm×70.7 mm。
试验砖块共4组(光照⁃酸雨侵蚀循环次数0次、100次、200次、300次),每组3个,共12个试件,选取既有民用砌体房屋广泛采用的普通烧结砖,强度为MU15,尺寸均为240 mm×115 mm×53 mm。
砌体抗压试件共5组,分别采用表1中A~E的5种砂浆与普通烧结砖制作,每组3个,进行4个不同级别酸雨侵蚀循环水平(0次、100次、200次、300次),共60个砌体试验试件,试件尺寸均为365 mm×240 mm×746 mm,灰缝为10 mm。
试验用水泥采用秦岭牌P.O32.5级普通硅酸盐水泥,中砂取自西安灞河,粒径不大于4.75 mm,掺合料分为石灰膏与粉煤灰。
利用人工气候模拟试验室对试验试件进行加速酸雨侵蚀作用,按照《建筑砂浆基本性能试验方法标准》(JGJ/T 70-2009)11与《砌墙砖试验方法》(GB/T 2542-2012)12的规定制定并实施操作过程,如图1所示。具体试验步骤如下:
(1)配制pH为3.5的酸雨混合溶液,对养护后的砌体试验试件进行喷淋,为了保证试件可以充分受到酸雨溶液喷淋,时长定为3 h,此过程实验室内的温度保持为20 ℃。
(2)随后将实验室内温度升温半小时至45 ℃并持续2 h,之后降温半小时至20 ℃,温度升降速率均为0.5 ℃/min。
(3)每次酸雨混合溶液侵蚀循环时间为6 h,对试验试件进行交替连续地喷淋与烘干,试验期间实验室内CO2浓度恒定。
图2给出了砂浆试件抗压强度试验结果,砂浆试件水灰比越小,砂浆受到酸雨侵蚀作用的影响越大,在侵蚀循环次数相同时,其抗压强度损失程度越大。在砂浆制作过程中掺合粉煤灰可提高砂浆试件对酸雨侵蚀环境的抗侵蚀性能,掺合石灰膏则降低砂浆抗酸雨侵蚀性能。
为统一表示5组试件的抗压强度与酸雨侵蚀循环次数的关系,采用相对抗压强度表示n次循环后试件的抗压强度与未遭受侵蚀时的抗压强度的比值。
进行3次函数的拟合,得到砂浆相对抗压强度与酸雨侵蚀循环次数n之间的关系为:
拟合参数abcd具体数值如表2所示。
砖块试件在不同酸雨侵蚀循环次数下的抗压强度如图3所示,砖块的抗压强度随酸雨侵蚀循环次数的增加逐渐下降。
进行3次函数拟合,得到酸雨侵蚀循环作用下试验砖块试件相对抗压强度Kd,n与酸雨侵蚀循环次数n之间的关系为:
砌体试件在初始侵蚀阶段没有明显损伤,砖块与构造柱表面被轻微侵蚀,随后灰缝出现微裂缝,整个砌体构件侵蚀速度加快,直至墙面开始脱落。
图4给出了不同酸雨侵蚀循环次数下砌体抗压试件抗压强度曲线。所有砌体抗压试件的抗压强度随着酸雨侵蚀程度的上升而呈现出先上升后下降的变化规律,这是由于硫酸在侵蚀混凝土或砂浆初期,经化学反应生成的硫酸钙会堵塞材料中的空隙,降低侵蚀速率的同时提高了材料的抗压性能13
图4表明,砌筑砂浆水灰比越小,在侵蚀循环300次时,砌体抗压试件的抗压强度损失程度越大。砂浆制作过程中掺合粉煤灰可提高砌体抗压试件对酸雨侵蚀环境的抗侵蚀性能,而掺合石膏使该性能降低。
中国《砌体结构设计规范》(GB 50003-2011)14给出的砌体轴心抗压强度平均值计算公式为:
式中  为砌体轴心抗压强度平均值;f1f2分别为砌块和砌筑砂浆的抗压强度平均值。对于普通烧结砖,取 α=0.5,k1=0.78,k2=1。
将各组砌块和砌筑砂浆的试验值代入式(3)得到计算值,与相应砌体构件抗压强度试验值的平均值相比较,结果如表3所示。从表3中可以看出,利用公式法计算得到的不同水灰比、掺合料以及酸雨侵蚀循环次数的砖块和砂浆所组成的砌体构件抗压强度平均值与试验值基本吻合,验证了通过修正材料抗压强度计算构件抗压强度方法的正确性,由此得到酸雨侵蚀作用下砌体轴心抗压强度平均值的计算公式为:
施楚贤15提出了砌体弹性模量的表达式为:
式中  为砌体抗压强度。将式(4)代入式(5)得到当酸雨侵蚀循环次数为n时的弹性模量Ein,n的计算公式为:
砌体结构侵蚀的发生具有随机性,本文以两层平房作为研究对象,故假设同一结构中的不同砌体墙的侵蚀程度相同。施楚贤15结合中国砌体结构相关规范建立了砌体应力⁃应变曲线,该曲线采用四段直线式,且具有与混凝土受压过程类似的特征,故本文采用Concrete02模型作为斜撑杆材料本构模型进行砌体结构数值模拟分析,峰值应力、峰值应变分别取为6 MPa,0.0016,极限压应力、极限压应变分别取为1.2 MPa,0.0032。
砌体结构的力学性能与砌体墙、构造柱密切相关,数值模型必须同时考虑钢筋、混凝土与砌体材料本构模型受到酸雨侵蚀的影响。本文通过修正砌体材料的抗压性能考虑酸雨侵蚀环境对砌体墙的侵蚀作用,模型中峰值应力fpc取值等于砌体轴心抗压强度平均值,初始弹性模量采用考虑酸雨侵蚀循环次数为n的弹性模量Ein,n
目前国内外学者普遍使用等效斜撑模型模拟砌体墙的力学行为,等效斜撑的厚度一般取墙厚,但宽度和数量目前尚无统一的表达式。标准FEMA 356-200016所建议的等效斜撑宽度计算公式具有计算简便、精度较高的优点,可通过修正等效宽度系数λ考虑环境腐蚀对等效宽度取值的影响。
式中  hcol为以圈梁中心线计算的构造柱高度;rinf为砌体墙的对角长度;为用以确定砌体墙等效支撑宽度an的系数;hintin分别为砌体墙的高度和厚度;θ的正切值表示砌体墙高度和长度的比值;an为约束砌体结构经历n次酸雨侵蚀作用后的等效斜撑宽度;Ef,n为混凝土经历n次酸雨侵蚀作用后的弹性模量;Icol为构造柱截面关于平面外轴的惯性矩。
采用双对角斜撑能充分反映砌体墙在地震动作用下的响应,每根对角斜撑宽度取单斜撑的一半17
Almusallam18的研究表明,钢筋锈蚀后的脱落导致有效截面面积的减小是引起钢筋力学性能退化的主要因素,而钢筋的强度、弹性模量等性能并没有出现明显退化现象。因此,酸雨侵蚀作用下的钢筋本构形式采用有限元软件Opensees中的Steel02模型,仅修正圈梁⁃构造柱中钢筋的有效面积考虑酸雨侵蚀环境对圈梁和构造柱中钢筋的侵蚀作用。
假定酸雨侵蚀作用对钢筋的影响是均匀的,则钢筋有效面积为:
式中  为酸雨侵蚀作用下钢筋的有效面积;r为钢筋半径;δ为酸雨侵蚀深度,按照下式取值:
式中  c为混凝土保护层厚度; d为钢筋直径;t为砌体结构服役年限。
由于钢筋锈蚀导致混凝土的开裂,增大了混凝土与酸雨的接触面积,进而造成了混凝土力学性能的退化。因此,酸雨侵蚀作用下的混凝土本构形式采用有限元软件Opensees中的Concrete02模型,通过修正混凝土的抗压强度考虑酸雨侵蚀环境对圈梁和构造柱中混凝土的侵蚀作用。
Vecchio等19建立了混凝土开裂时的抗压强度计算公式:
式中  为混凝土开裂时的抗压强度;fcu为混凝土未开裂时的峰值压应力;为混凝土开裂时的拉应变;为混凝土未开裂时的峰值压应变;b0为混凝土未开裂时的宽度;bf为混凝土开裂后的宽度; nbars为受侵蚀的纵向钢筋数量;wcr为裂缝总宽度;vrs为锈蚀膨胀系数,可取文献[20]的建议值2。
为验证上文所建立的侵蚀本构模型,对郑山锁等21设计的不同酸雨侵蚀循环次数的约束砌体墙低周往复荷载试验进行数值模拟,将数值模拟所得滞回曲线与试验曲线进行对比,结果如图5所示。
图5表明,基于上述方法建立的酸雨侵蚀约束砌体墙有限元模型模拟所得的滞回曲线与任一组试验所得曲线基本吻合,随着酸雨侵蚀循环次数的增加,滞回曲线捏缩现象明显,构件的耗能能力逐渐下降,验证了约束砌体构件力学性能与材料力学性能时变函数模型。
结构层次耐久性所受外界影响因素十分复杂,试验模拟难度大,本文以既有砌体结构材料为样本,研究砌体结构力学性能与服役年限t的函数模型。
根据武海荣22建立的耐久性地区选取规则,搜集陕西西安、山西太原、四川攀枝花等地方的21栋服役年限为10~59年的在役砌体进行收集检测并归纳总结,各子样本容量分布情况如图6所示。假定在役砌体结构的砌块、砂浆抗压强度服从正态分布,其平均值和标准差均是砌体结构服役年限的函数。因此,研究酸雨侵蚀作用下砌块、砂浆抗压强度与砌体结构服役年限的量化关系,即为研究砌体材料抗压强度平均值和标准差随砌体结构服役年限的变化关系。
考虑到砌体结构建造时砌块、砂浆的初始抗压强度不同,为得到酸雨侵蚀环境下砌块、砂浆抗压强度随服役年限变化的一般规律,假定酸雨侵蚀环境作用后砌块、砂浆抗压强度平均值与其初始抗压强度具有如下关系:
式中  分别为酸雨侵蚀环境下不同服役年限的砌块、砂浆抗压强度平均值;分别为与服役年限相关的砌块、砂浆抗压强度退化系数;分别为砌块、砂浆未受腐蚀时的抗压强度。
由于砌体材料强度本身的离散性以及实测过程中不可避免的误差,导致计算所得的退化系数存在较大的离散性,因此,本节以1年为单位对酸雨侵蚀环境下不同年限砌体材料退化系数样本进行归并,并取归并后子样本的均值作为相应环境下不同年限砌块、砂浆抗压强度的退化系数,进而对其进行回归分析,建立酸雨侵蚀环境下砌块、砂浆抗压强度与结构服役年限的量化关系。
将不同年限、不同地区的21栋砌体结构材料的抗压强度退化系数设为一个样本,并以1年为单位对所得酸雨侵蚀环境下砌块、砂浆抗压强度退化系数进行归并,得到16个子样本,各子样本的均值和标准差如表4所示。
根据表4的数据,选择二次函数对酸雨侵蚀环境下砌块抗压强度退化系数与结构服役年限的关系进行参数拟合,如下式所示:
相关系数为0.83。
酸雨侵蚀环境下砂浆抗压强度退化系数与结构服役年限的关系如下式所示:
将不同年限在役砌体结构建筑的砂浆和砌块的抗压强度平均值代入式(4),可得酸雨侵蚀环境约束砌体结构侵蚀程度量化模型为:
式中  为不同年限酸雨侵蚀环境作用下的砌体抗压强度。
其他力学参数采用文献[23]给出的公式:
式中  为砌体抗压强度所对应的应变;Em为弹性模量。
典型结构是一类特定抗外力体系的代表,能够反映该类结构在地震作用下的破坏特征,解决个体特定建筑物与群体建筑物性能评估之间的差异性问题24。建立典型约束砌体结构的初步设计主要从建筑设防烈度、建筑高度(层数)等主要设计参数入手,并考虑在役约束砌体结构的多龄期特性。
本文多龄期两层校舍砌体典型结构的标准层平面布置及门窗洞尺寸如图7所示,该结构平面长27.24 m,宽10.74 m,建筑层高为3 m,楼板和屋面板的厚度均为120 mm,砌体墙厚度为240 mm,圈梁、构造柱尺寸均为240 mm×240 mm。按《砌体结构设计规范》14设置圈梁构造柱。分别建立2,4,6层典型砌体结构,7,8,9度设防结构的砂浆等级分别为M2.5,M5,M10。所有砖块强度等级为MU15,构造柱、圈梁混凝土强度等级为C30。工程所在建筑场地类别为Ⅱ类,设计地震分组为第二组,建筑安全等级为二级。各楼层(屋面)恒载按实际自重计算所得,活载按照国家标准《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 5009-2012)25取值。
基于有限元软件OpenSEES,采用基于刚度法的dispBeamColumn单元模拟构造柱及圈梁,构造柱的几何坐标选用P⁃Delta转换以考虑P效应,不考虑箍筋对混凝土的约束效应。为提高数值分析的效率与精度,杆件单元均设置5个积分点。不考虑楼板竖直方向的平动。
地震动的合理选取是保证易损性曲线可靠性的重要手段,本文选择标准FEMA P69526推荐的22条地震动记录,场地类别丰富,可以较好反应地震动的差异性。
为更好地描述地震动强度变化对地震需求的影响,采用等步调幅方法使地震动调幅区间尽可能包括砌体结构可能遇到的所有地震动加速度,统一将PGA调整为0.1g,0.2g,0.3g,0.4g,0.5g,0.6g,0.7g,0.8g,0.9g和1.0g
辛高伟27分析了中国大量中小学建筑震害资料,使用Push⁃over方法进行了抗震评估,结合三水准两阶段设计方案,给出了正常使用、中等破坏和生命安全极限状态的层间位移角限值,其中正常使用极限状态为0.04%,本文将其引用为轻微破坏极限状态(LS1)的限值。
选择增量动力分析方法(IDA)量化约束砌体结构各种破坏极限状态的限值,以IDA曲线上斜率首次改变的点作为约束砌体结构中等破坏极限状态(LS2);曲线上切线斜率小于0.2keke为初始斜率)的点作为约束砌体结构严重破坏极限状态(LS3);曲线趋于平缓的点作为约束砌体结构倒塌极限状态(LS4)28,结果如表5所示。
概率地震需求分析可表征地震动强度与结构响应之间的概率关系,烈度为7,8,9时相对应的峰值加速度平均值分别为0.125g,0.25g,0.5g。以D表示砌体结构的层间位移角,其与地震动强度PGA的函数关系为:
对数标准差为:
式中  N为样本点个数;为地震需求样本点;为地震需求中位值;为对数线性回归参数。
本文基于IDA分析原理,对地震时程分析结果进行对数回归,建立了酸雨侵蚀作用下不同参数约束砌体结构概率地震需求模型,其中8度设防结构的概率地震需求模型如图8所示。
图9给出了酸雨侵蚀作用下不同服役年限约束砌体结构易损性对比曲线。在其他因素不变的情况下,不同服役年限的酸雨侵蚀作用下在役约束砌体结构的易损性曲线拥有相似的变化趋势,表现在相同强度地震作用下,约束砌体结构各种破坏极限状态的超越概率均随其工作年限的增加而不断增加。
破坏概率矩阵可较好地反映不同服役年限的结构在不同地震动强度作用下各破坏状态导致结构失效的概率变化,根据图9所示的易损性曲线,建立了如图10所示的8度设防结构的破坏概率矩阵。
对概率矩阵进行分析可知:
(1)在其他因素不变的条件下,酸雨侵蚀作用下的约束砌体结构各种破坏状态的发生概率随地震动强度的增加表现出不同的变化规律,其中发生基本完好的概率表现出逐渐降低的变化规律,发生轻微破坏、中等破坏以及严重破坏的概率先上升后下降,而发生倒塌的概率表现出逐渐增加的变化规律。
(2)在其他因素不变的条件下,酸雨侵蚀作用下的约束砌体结构的严重破坏和倒塌在地震动强度较高时的发生概率随服役年限的增大而表现出逐渐增加的变化趋势。酸雨侵蚀环境下的在役约束砌体结构随服役年限的增加导致其耐久性发生退化,降低了其抗震性能。
(3)在其他因素不变的条件下,酸雨侵蚀作用下的约束砌体结构发生不同破坏极限状态的概率随设防烈度的增加而表现出逐渐降低的变化趋势,但相应设防烈度下的破坏概率增加。
(1) 对不同酸雨侵蚀循环次数的砌体结构材料进行力学性能测试,建立了酸雨侵蚀作用下砌体轴心抗压强度拟合公式。结果表明,随着酸雨侵蚀程度的增加,所有砂浆试验试件的抗压强度均表现出先上升后下降的变化规律。水灰比越小的试验砂浆在相同酸雨侵蚀循环次数下的抗压强度损失程度越大;相比于没有掺合料的砂浆,掺合粉煤灰可将砌体的抗压强度增加3%~10%,循环次数越大,提升效果越小;掺合石灰膏的砌体抗压强度在循环次数越大时影响越大,在300次循环时可降低8%。
(2)选取基于纤维模型的等效斜撑模型,并通过收集的墙体拟静力试验进行对比以验证其适用性。结合工程实测、试验研究及既有研究成果,建立了酸雨侵蚀作用下多龄期砌体结构耐久性损伤程度与结构服役年限间的量化关系。
(3)将材料侵蚀本构代入多龄期约束砌体结构中进行地震易损性研究,绘制了不同地震烈度、不同服役年限的地震易损性模型。对比可知:在其他因素不变的条件下,酸雨侵蚀作用下的约束砌体结构的严重破坏和倒塌在地震动强度较高时的发生概率随服役年限的增大而表现出逐渐增加的变化趋势,其中9度设防时服役60年结构的倒塌概率较服役30年结构上升约40%,7度设防时相应值为24%;酸雨侵蚀作用下的约束砌体结构发生不同破坏极限状态的概率随设防烈度的增加而表现出逐渐降低的变化趋势,但相应设防烈度下的破坏概率增加。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278530)
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2019YFC1509302)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2021ZDLSF06-10)
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2024年第37卷第9期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.09.017
  • 接收时间:2022-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-09-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-25
  • 修回日期:2022-12-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278530)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2019YFC1509302)
陕西省重点研发计划资助项目(2021ZDLSF06-10)
作者信息
    1中国能源建设集团陕西省电力设计院有限公司,陕西 西安,710054
    2西安建筑科技大学土木工程学院,陕西 西安,710055
    3西安建筑科技大学结构工程与抗震教育部重点实验室,陕西 西安,710055

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黄 军(1995—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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