Article(id=1228634337592144830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662480000000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-07, revisedDate=1669046400000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858853003, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858853003, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858853003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858853003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1269, endPage=1280, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634337831220169, articleId=1228634337592144830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration suppression of active magnetic bearing-flexible rotor system based on acceleration feedforward under base swing, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Base swing will bring additional gyroscopic moment and inertia load to the rotating machinery,affecting the vibration and stability of the rotor system and even endangering the rotor operation. In order to effectively control the vibration of the active magnetic bearing (AMB)-flexible rotor system under the base swing,a base acceleration feedforward algorithm is proposed in this paper. With the dynamic model and the parameters of the base swing,the optimal compensation current to suppress the vibration can be directly obtained by the proposed algorithm. Because of no iteration and simple structure,the algorithm has strong rapidity and practicality. Furtherly,to eliminate the influence of modeling error on the compensation performance,a method to correct compensating current is suggested. After that,the influence of the proposed algorithm on the rotor vibration in the spin speed range including the first bending critical speed is simulated. Finally,on the test platform,the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified when rotor in suspension without spin,constant speed and acceleration under the base swing. The theoretical and experimental results agree that the vibration perpendicular to the swing axis increases obviously due to the inertia load. The additional gyroscopic moment increases the vibration along the swing axis,and the rising amplitude grows along with the increase of the rotor spin speed. The algorithm proposed can efficiently suppress the rotor vibration under the base swing in the spin speed range including the first bending critical speed.

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旋转机械基础的摆动会给转子系统带来附加的陀螺力矩和惯性载荷,影响转子系统的振动及稳定性,甚至影响转子的正常运行。为了有效控制电磁轴承-柔性转子系统在基础摆动下的振动,提出了一种基于基础加速度的前馈补偿控制方法。该方法基于柔性转子系统动力学模型以及基础摆动的信息,可直接得到抑制转子振动所需的最佳补偿电流,无需迭代和复杂的控制器结构,因此具有较强的快速性和实用性。为了消除建模误差对前馈补偿控制性能的影响,给出了对补偿电流进行修正的方法。仿真分析了补偿算法对转子振动的抑制效果。在搭建的电磁轴承-柔性转子系统基础运动试验平台上,进行了基础摆动条件下转子悬浮、恒速、加速运行时的振动控制有效性试验。理论和试验结果一致,表明基础摆动产生的附加惯性载荷会使电磁轴承-柔性转子系统在垂直于摆动方向上的振动明显增大,产生的附加陀螺力矩会使沿摆动方向的振动有所增大,且增加的幅度随转子转速的升高而增大。在包含一阶弯曲临界转速的转速范围内,基础加速度前馈补偿控制对基础摆动条件下的转子振动均有显著的抑制效果。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
祝长生(1963―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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张 鹏(1992—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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张 鹏(1992—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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张 鹏(1992—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=vgeff5+IMmtS5giaZ3+/YA==, figureFileBig=BCDJMzSocJw5ReeR+d65sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634395859415617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图6, caption=临界转速振型图, figureFileSmall=vgeff5+IMmtS5giaZ3+/YA==, figureFileBig=BCDJMzSocJw5ReeR+d65sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634395955884611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The critical speed varies with the sinusoidal amplitude of base swing, figureFileSmall=8PFiLr9Cm4C61ezqdkFjig==, figureFileBig=byEh7HfmxZx9wXk6RH6cJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396039770694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图7, caption=临界转速随基础摆动正弦幅值变化, figureFileSmall=8PFiLr9Cm4C61ezqdkFjig==, figureFileBig=byEh7HfmxZx9wXk6RH6cJw==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基础静止和基础摆动条件下转子加速响应, figureFileSmall=CAQynLBPZeDBYcLVbrgkSg==, figureFileBig=9yifpOOX0WQODGmpjaw/Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396425646674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Rotor run-up response under compensation with and without error, figureFileSmall=XkFxKlbtXgv5pvyu04UxqQ==, figureFileBig=3eiMSglJ/MYcvPFObLv3Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396496949844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图10, caption=含误差补偿和修正误差补偿条件下转子加速响应, figureFileSmall=XkFxKlbtXgv5pvyu04UxqQ==, figureFileBig=3eiMSglJ/MYcvPFObLv3Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396564058710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Magnified plot of rotor run-up response near 3700 r/min without compensation(blue) and with error compensation(red) under base swing, figureFileSmall=5/Elck6l3kJ2g46awRHFHQ==, figureFileBig=zagBQWD7Gv9Qds4EWDqDeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396626973272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图11, caption=基础摆动和含误差补偿条件下转子加速响应3700 r/min附近放大图(蓝:基础摆动未补偿;红:含误差补偿), figureFileSmall=5/Elck6l3kJ2g46awRHFHQ==, figureFileBig=zagBQWD7Gv9Qds4EWDqDeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396685693530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Motion trajectory of rotor axis orbit under base swing(blue: without compensation; red: with compensation;black: base stationary), figureFileSmall=BsK0Dvx3onbuf6yGciaXMg==, figureFileBig=Mfx5PEowJtv3hRSl/gq0eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396752802396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图12, caption=基础摆动时转子轴心运动轨迹(蓝:基础摆动未补偿;红:基础摆动补偿;黑:基础静止), figureFileSmall=BsK0Dvx3onbuf6yGciaXMg==, figureFileBig=Mfx5PEowJtv3hRSl/gq0eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396815716958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Test platform of AMBs-flexible rotor system with base excitation, figureFileSmall=dU1TTke9ugdhUQ714SR2JQ==, figureFileBig=1BZ6CPE41REi78jLXOgaoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396878631520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图13, caption=基础运动AMBs-柔性转子系统试验平台, figureFileSmall=dU1TTke9ugdhUQ714SR2JQ==, figureFileBig=1BZ6CPE41REi78jLXOgaoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634396958323299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Base rigid body mode shape acquired by modal test, figureFileSmall=4MSKmN8HaNTyefOMeaTAgg==, figureFileBig=bWHa8ATN+J3O/Tc29VBMyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634397029626469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图14, caption=测试所得基础刚体模态振型, figureFileSmall=4MSKmN8HaNTyefOMeaTAgg==, figureFileBig=bWHa8ATN+J3O/Tc29VBMyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634397117706855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Acceleration of the base swing during the experiment, figureFileSmall=7tQtn8kRBFEbrjnA9biVcw==, figureFileBig=X6DcNO8R2qKpa66Gl3C72w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634397251924586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图15, caption=试验时基础摆动的加速度, figureFileSmall=7tQtn8kRBFEbrjnA9biVcw==, figureFileBig=X6DcNO8R2qKpa66Gl3C72w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634397331616364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=The rotor response perpendicular to the swing direction under the suspended condition, figureFileSmall=jL/iJ8XbWD0BV7vK+J/MKw==, figureFileBig=oUtF9haqIWyOjztCDj2tTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634397411308142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=CN, label=图16, caption=悬浮不旋转状态转子在垂直于基础摆动方向上的响应, figureFileSmall=jL/iJ8XbWD0BV7vK+J/MKw==, figureFileBig=oUtF9haqIWyOjztCDj2tTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634397499388528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634337592144830, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Motion trajectory of rotor axis at constant speeds(blue: without compensation; red: with compensation;black: base stationary), 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Natural frequency of rotor in free-free condition

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阶次模态试验/Hz理论模型修正前/Hz理论模型修正后/Hz
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转子自由-自由状态固有频率

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基础摆动条件下电磁轴承-柔性转子系统的加速度前馈振动抑制
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张鹏 , 祝长生
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1269-1280
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1269-1280
基础摆动条件下电磁轴承-柔性转子系统的加速度前馈振动抑制
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张鹏 , 祝长生
作者信息
  • 浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 张 鹏(1992—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

祝长生(1963―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Vibration suppression of active magnetic bearing-flexible rotor system based on acceleration feedforward under base swing
Peng ZHANG , Chang-sheng ZHU
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.001
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旋转机械基础的摆动会给转子系统带来附加的陀螺力矩和惯性载荷,影响转子系统的振动及稳定性,甚至影响转子的正常运行。为了有效控制电磁轴承-柔性转子系统在基础摆动下的振动,提出了一种基于基础加速度的前馈补偿控制方法。该方法基于柔性转子系统动力学模型以及基础摆动的信息,可直接得到抑制转子振动所需的最佳补偿电流,无需迭代和复杂的控制器结构,因此具有较强的快速性和实用性。为了消除建模误差对前馈补偿控制性能的影响,给出了对补偿电流进行修正的方法。仿真分析了补偿算法对转子振动的抑制效果。在搭建的电磁轴承-柔性转子系统基础运动试验平台上,进行了基础摆动条件下转子悬浮、恒速、加速运行时的振动控制有效性试验。理论和试验结果一致,表明基础摆动产生的附加惯性载荷会使电磁轴承-柔性转子系统在垂直于摆动方向上的振动明显增大,产生的附加陀螺力矩会使沿摆动方向的振动有所增大,且增加的幅度随转子转速的升高而增大。在包含一阶弯曲临界转速的转速范围内,基础加速度前馈补偿控制对基础摆动条件下的转子振动均有显著的抑制效果。

振动抑制  /  电磁轴承  /  基础摆动  /  前馈补偿

Base swing will bring additional gyroscopic moment and inertia load to the rotating machinery,affecting the vibration and stability of the rotor system and even endangering the rotor operation. In order to effectively control the vibration of the active magnetic bearing (AMB)-flexible rotor system under the base swing,a base acceleration feedforward algorithm is proposed in this paper. With the dynamic model and the parameters of the base swing,the optimal compensation current to suppress the vibration can be directly obtained by the proposed algorithm. Because of no iteration and simple structure,the algorithm has strong rapidity and practicality. Furtherly,to eliminate the influence of modeling error on the compensation performance,a method to correct compensating current is suggested. After that,the influence of the proposed algorithm on the rotor vibration in the spin speed range including the first bending critical speed is simulated. Finally,on the test platform,the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified when rotor in suspension without spin,constant speed and acceleration under the base swing. The theoretical and experimental results agree that the vibration perpendicular to the swing axis increases obviously due to the inertia load. The additional gyroscopic moment increases the vibration along the swing axis,and the rising amplitude grows along with the increase of the rotor spin speed. The algorithm proposed can efficiently suppress the rotor vibration under the base swing in the spin speed range including the first bending critical speed.

vibration suppression  /  active magnetic bearing  /  base swing  /  feedforward compensation
张鹏, 祝长生. 基础摆动条件下电磁轴承-柔性转子系统的加速度前馈振动抑制. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1269 -1280 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.001
Peng ZHANG, Chang-sheng ZHU. Vibration suppression of active magnetic bearing-flexible rotor system based on acceleration feedforward under base swing[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1269 -1280 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.001
电磁轴承(Active Magnetic Bearings,AMBs)是一种能够对转子的振动进行主动控制的新型支承结构,具有无摩擦、无润滑、可高速运行等特点,在地面旋转机械中已得到了成功的应用。与地面静止条件不同,旋转机械安装在移动载体上时,常常会受到基础运动的作用。与基础平动相比,基础摆动不仅会使转子系统的阻尼和刚度特性发生改变,还会使转子系统承受附加的载荷,影响转子系统的振动及稳定性1-3。过大的转子振动可能会导致转、定子之间的碰磨,危害转子系统的安全运行。因此,为了将AMBs应用在基础摆动状态下的各类旋转机械上,就需要研究基础摆动条件下AMBs的控制策略,以对AMBs-转子系统的振动进行有效抑制。
目前,国内外学者对于基础运动条件下的转子系统的振动已经开展了大量研究,但大多集中于传统机械轴承支承的转子系统4-5。机械轴承的特性取决于初始的设计参数,无法根据转子系统的运行工况进行实时调整,因此在设计之初就必须全面考虑转子系统的运行包线,设计出满足转子所有工况的支承参数,设计难度较大。此外,机械轴承-转子系统的振动抑制一般通过增大支承阻尼来实现,由于机械支承本身的阻尼有限,因此转子的振动抑制就必须依赖于外阻尼,例如挤压油膜阻尼器等。在AMBs转子系统中,AMBs的动力特性不仅和自身的结构参数有关,还与所采用的控制策略和控制参数有关。AMBs动力特性的可控性可以很好地解决传统轴承存在的动力特性不匹配的问题。控制器根据输入和控制策略对AMBs的控制力进行实时调节,以实现对转子振动的实时控制。
AMBs-转子系统的振动抑制方法可分为两类,一类与机械轴承-转子系统相同,即增大支承的阻尼,但不同的是AMBs通过合适的控制策略以及控制参数即可获得较大的阻尼,例如文献[6]的最优阻尼算法。另一类是通过控制AMBs输出的轴承力来动态抑制外扰动的影响。例如巩磊等7采用自适应陷波器滤除与转速同频的反馈信号,使AMBs不产生与不平衡激励力同频的轴承力,最终转子绕自身的惯性轴旋转,实现了对转子振动的抑制。李翁衡等8设计自抗扰控制器对AMBs-柔性转子系统的不平衡振动进行了补偿。
相比于基础运动条件下的振动被动控制,对于转子系统的主动控制的研究相对欠缺。Chen等9研究了PD控制下刚性转子在轴向基础运动条件下的响应。Zhu等10进行了旋转状态下AMBs-刚性转子系统的基础运动试验,试验中的转子最高转速为21000 r/min,发现传统PID控制器对AMBs-转子系统基础横向振动的抑制能力非常有限。除了上述反馈控制外,一些学者研究了前馈控制在基础运动条件下的应用。例如Jarroux等11利用基础加速度得到了抑制转子振动的前馈补偿电流,但文中基础运动频率先验已知的假设使其不具有工程实用性。Suzuki12采用FIR滤波器和IIR滤波器,以基础加速度为滤波器输入,提出了一种前馈补偿算法,在不影响主要控制性能指标的前提下能对基础运动带来的转子振动进行抑制。蒋科坚等13和陈润田等14以基础加速度作为FIR滤波器的输入,采用LMS算法迭代滤波器的权重系数,对基础平动条件下转子系统的振动进行抑制,虽然文中采用的LMS控制算法是一种不依赖于模型的迭代策略,对平稳基础运动条件下的转子振动具有很好的抑制效果,但对于非平稳的复杂基础运动工况,控制效果有限。
基础摆动除了增大转子振幅之外,还会使转子系统固有特性发生变化,从而影响系统稳定性。针对基础摆动条件下转子系统稳定性的研究较为成熟,主要是基于Floquet理论。Brienda等15和Duchemin等16通过Floquet理论,发现当基础正弦摆动的频率接近基础静止时转子系统的固有频率时,会引起转子系统的参数共振现象,导致转子系统的稳定性急剧下降。此外,Han等17发现提高转子系统的阻尼有利于抑制转子系统的参数共振现象,从而提高转子系统的参数稳定裕度。由于AMB具有可控的支承阻尼,因此在基础摆动条件下,AMBs-转子系统通常具有较强的抵抗参数失稳的能力。
基于以上文献,尤其是文献[10],PID控制策略很难满足基础运动条件下AMBs-转子系统的振动抑制需求,因此有必要采取其他控制策略,进一步对基础运动带来的转子振动进行抑制。
图1为基础摆动条件下AMBs-柔性转子系统模型,多盘柔性转子由两端的电磁轴承AMB-A和AMB-B支承。假设基础为刚体,为了便于描述转子的运动,使用3套坐标系:
(1)坐标系为相对于地面静止的空间参考坐标系,简称空间参照系,空间参照系是一个广义的参照系,原点可位于空间的任意一点。
(2)坐标系为固连于运动基础的坐标系,随着基础一同运动,简称基础坐标系。该坐标系原点位置与转子静态悬浮时AMB-A端的转子截面轴心重合。纵轴沿转子轴线方向由AMB-A指向AMB-B,立轴垂直基础底面向上,横轴方向符合右手定则。
(3)坐标系为沿转子轴线任意截面的局部固定坐标系,坐标系原点为所在截面轴心,各坐标轴与坐标系对应坐标轴平行。转子运转过程中,该坐标系随所在转子截面轴心平动,但不随转子所在截面转动。在对转子进行有限元离散化建模时,每个单元节点所在截面都有一个局部固定坐标系,因此坐标系代表了一组坐标系。
空间参照系中,转子随基础一同运动。基础在各个时刻的姿态、空间位置以及位移在空间参照系中描述;使用原点位置的速度和加速度代表各个时刻基础的运动信息,运动信息在基础坐标系中描述,转子基础绕的摆动速度为。忽略转子各个位置相对于基础的轴向运动,转子各截面轴心相对于基础的径向平动位移和速度在基础坐标系中描述,转子各截面轴心相对于基础的径向平动相当于局部固定坐标系相对基础坐标系的运动;转子各截面轴心相对于基础的径向转动位移和速度在局部固定坐标系中描述。
将转子离散为N个节点,每个节点包含4个自由度,以第个截面的节点为例,节点所在截面轴心沿的平动自由度分别为,节点所在截面轴心绕的转动自由度分别为。转子轴段使用考虑截面惯性及剪切效应的Timoshenko梁单元进行建模,圆盘采用具有等效质量和等效转动惯量的刚性圆盘单元建模,在AMBs位置节点处用对应的广义力来等效AMBs对转子的作用。
假设AMBs和传感器同位,利用Lagrange方程容易得到基础摆动条件下AMBs-柔性转子系统的动力学方程1-2为:
式中  分别为4N×4N维惯性矩阵、陀螺矩阵和刚度矩阵;为转子转速;分别为基础摆动引起的4N×4N维附加阻尼矩阵和附加刚度矩阵;为4N×1维电磁力向量;为4N×1维不平衡力向量;为4N×1维转子旋转加速度引起的载荷向量;为4N×1维基础摆动载荷向量;为4N×1维重力载荷向量;为柔性转子4N×1维广义位移向量,定义为:
为节约篇幅,下文仅对式(1)中AMBs力向量以及基础摆动载荷向量进行说明,其余各矩阵的具体形式可参考文献[1-2],在此不再赘述。
AMBs一般采用差动模式,线性化后AMBs的电磁力向量为:
式中  分别为AMBs的电流刚度及位移刚度系数矩阵;为AMBs的控制电流向量;为克服转子重力影响的电流。转子在重力的作用下保持静态悬浮,因此在转子动力学研究中通常不考虑重力及电磁力分量的影响,此时式(1)变为:
假设在AMBs-柔性转子系统模型中,AMBs分别在第a个节点和第b个节点处,设为AMBs的位移-刚度系数,则矩阵表示为:
式中  /依次在矩阵的第4a-3/4a-2和第4b-3/4b-2行对角线处,其余元素均为0。
同理设为AMBs的电流-刚度系数,则矩阵表示为:
式中  分别在矩阵的第4a-3/4b-3行,第1/3列和第4a-2/4b-2行,第2/4列,其余元素均为0。
基础摆动会给转子系统施加附加的载荷。基础摆动载荷向量可由基础运动载荷向量简化得到。利用Lagrange能量法求得基础运动时圆盘的附加载荷向量为1-2
式中
为圆盘质量;为圆盘距离转子基础坐标系原点的轴向距离;分别为圆盘极转动惯量和赤道转动惯量;///分别为基础沿坐标系中方向的平动速度/转动角速度;///代表对应项对时间求导。
基础运动时Timoshenko梁单元的附加载荷向量为:
式中
为梁单元的横截面积;为梁单元材料的剪切模量;为梁单元的长度;为梁单元材料的弹性模量;为梁单元截面的惯性矩;为梁单元材料的密度;为梁单元材料的泊松比;为梁单元的内外径之比;为梁单元中点到基础坐标系原点的轴向距离。
特别地,当基础仅绕方向进行纯摆动时,式(6)变为:
式(7)中各项变为:
可见,仅有基础绕横轴方向的摆动时,摆动产生的激励载荷不仅与转子结构相关,还与转子转速、基础摆动角速度和基础摆动角加速度有关。
同理,可得仅有基础绕立轴/纵轴方向摆动时,摆动产生的激励载荷与转子结构、转子转速、基础摆动角速度/及角加速度/有关。
基础摆动时,摆动轴线可能在转子系统的任意空间位置,以基础坐标系原点代表整个基础的刚体运动,如果摆动轴线位置不同,则基础的速度和加速度在基础坐标系中的描述也不同。为了统一基础摆动轴线在不同位置时对基础摆动参数的描述,以图2双盘转子系统为例,建立基础坐标系和转轴坐标系
基础坐标系的原点位置与悬浮时AMB-A端的转子端点轴心重合;转轴坐标系原点在摆动轴线上,各坐标轴与基础静止时基础坐标系对应坐标轴平行,且只随基础平动,不随基础摆动。为简化分析,假设共面。
假设沿方向的距离为,沿方向的距离为,则基础摆动激励在基础坐标系中的描述表示为:
根据图2和式(9),只有转轴坐标系与静止时的基础坐标系重合时,基础的运动在基础坐标系中为纯摆动,否则,基础的运动将为平动和摆动的组合。因此,为简化分析,建立基础坐标系时,应使其坐标轴尽量与转子摆动轴线重合。
基础摆动引起的附加载荷会增大转子系统的振动3,不利于转子的安全运行。本文为了抑制基础摆动对AMBs-柔性转子系统振动的影响,提出一种基于基础加速度的前馈补偿控制。
图3为基于基础加速度前馈补偿的AMBs-柔性转子系统振动控制框图。基于基础加速度前馈补偿的AMBs-柔性转子系统主要包括两部分:一部分是基于转子位移的主控制器反馈回路,另一部分是基于基础加速度前馈控制器的前馈通路。在主控制器的作用下,转子系统保持稳定,并具有一定的振动抑制能力,但由于在主控制器的设计过程中未考虑基础摆动的作用,因此对基础摆动引起的转子振动,其抑制能力有限。在原有的主控制器反馈回路的基础上,增加前馈通路,在前馈控制器设计过程中重点考虑基础摆动的影响,以对基础摆动引起的转子振动进行更有效地抑制。
假设转子仅受到基础摆动激励,通过加速度传感器可以获得基础摆动的加速度,通过积分可获得对应的角速度项,通过键相传感器可获得转子转速。根据基础摆动角加速度、角速度、转速和结构参数,可以求得各单元由基础摆动引起的附加载荷向量,经过组装,即可得到式(4)中基础摆动载荷向量
基于基础加速度前馈补偿的AMBs-柔性转子系统振动控制算法原理为:在各个采样时刻,根据转子的动力学模型、基础加速度、基础速度以及转子转速,求解一个补偿电流,从而使AMBs产生一个补偿力来削弱时刻基础摆动载荷向量对转子的影响。
由式(4)可得,时刻由基础摆动载荷向量引起的转子响应为:
式中  为虚数单位;
假设时刻,前馈补偿算法得到的4×1维电流向量为,则前馈补偿电磁力为:
相应的前馈补偿电磁力造成的转子响应为:
定义:
由于基础摆动通常为低频1218,因此式(13)可简化为:
经前馈补偿,基础摆动载荷造成的转子残余响应为:
如果关注的响应并不是整个转子,而是转子上容易发生碰磨的位置,如圆盘、AMBs位置等,则:
式中  为受关注的响应位置的自由度(以下称目标节点自由度)的选择矩阵。
为表征前馈补偿控制对基础摆动条件下目标节点自由度响应的补偿程度,选择目标函数为:
式中 上标“*”表示矩阵或向量的共轭转置。
令目标函数J对前馈补偿电流的导数为0,得到极值条件为:
求解得:
式中  ,由于矩阵不一定可逆,此处用伪逆来近似求解。式(19)即为基于基础加速度的前馈补偿电流的数学模型。
又由于:
因此式(19)是取得极小值的解。
由式(19)可知,前馈补偿电流的求解不仅与基础摆动载荷向量相关,还与转子系统的动力学模型有关。由于加工、装配及测试误差等原因,实际转子的动力学模型可能与理论模型之间存在误差,这就导致理论模型求解的前馈补偿电流与实际的最佳补偿电流之间存在差异,进而影响补偿效果。为了解决这个问题,引入修正系数矩阵,令:
式中  为AMBs的数目。对于第个AMB,分别对应方向的补偿电流修正系数。
修正系数矩阵可按照下式迭代求解:
式中  表示第步的修正系数矩阵;表示第mm=1,2,…,2h)通道第步的迭代步长。
的求解如下式所示:
式中  为基准迭代步长;为第m通道第步转子的振幅;为第m通道基础静止时的转子的振幅。为了节约计算资源,设置算法收敛阈值,当小于阈值时,即判定迭代结果满足要求,停止迭代。定义为符号函数,表达式为:
补偿控制前,首先使转子保持低速旋转,得到基础静止时转子的振幅,然后在给定转速下施加基础摆动,利用式(22)对修正系数矩阵进行迭代求解。
为了验证基于基础加速度的前馈补偿控制对基础摆动条件下AMBs-转子系统振动的抑制能力,以图2所示的双盘转子系统为例进行仿真分析,仿真中基础绕横轴方向进行正弦摆动。为简化书写,定义转子沿)方向的响应为XY)。
为了使转子的动力学理论模型更贴近实际,对转子在自由-自由状态下的模态进行锤击测试,如图4所示;测试时转子两端由橡皮绳悬挂,测得的FRF拟合曲线如图5所示。
测试及仿真得到的自由-自由状态下转子前3阶固有频率如表1所示。基于试验结果,对转子动力学模型进行修正,修正后转子的前3阶固有频率与模态试验结果几乎一致,其中第2阶固有频率误差最大,为3.4%,证明了理论模型的精度。
假设AMBs-转子系统主控制器采用PID控制,当比例参数=3500,AMBs电流和位移刚度系数分别为120 N/A和2×105 N/m时,得到基础静止条件下,转子系统的前3阶无阻尼临界转速分别为1417 r/min(刚体平动),1992 r/min(刚体锥动)和5185 r/min(一阶弯曲),对应的振型如图6所示。
与基础平动不同,根据式(4),基础摆动的角速度会影响转子系统的刚度和阻尼,进而影响转子系统的临界转速。图7给出了基础绕横轴摆动角速度的正弦幅值对转子不平衡响应的影响,由于实际的基础摆动通常为低频1218,本文假设基础绕横轴摆动角速度的正弦频率为5 Hz。不平衡响应曲线上峰值位置的转速对应了AMBs-转子系统的临界转速。为了保证响应幅值的量级相同,分析过程中仅考虑基础摆动对转子系统刚度和阻尼的影响,忽略对附加载荷向量的影响。
根据图7,当基础绕横轴正弦摆动角速度的正弦幅值在0~30 rad/s变化时,虽然转子系统临界转速随幅值的增加呈减小趋势,但数值变化不大。同样的方法容易得出基础摆动幅值恒定时,转子系统临界转速几乎不随基础摆动频率发生变化。因此,为简化分析,本文在分析基础摆动时,忽略基础摆动对转子系统刚度、阻尼特性的影响。当转子系统的工作转速在5185 r/min以上时即认为是柔性转子。
为了对补偿误差的影响以及修正系数的求解方法进行验证,以电流刚度误差为例引入补偿误差进行仿真。令补偿电流计算公式(19)中AMB-A和AMB-B的电流刚度系数分别为仿真中的0.5倍和1.5倍。假定转子系统受到基础绕横轴正弦摆动的激励,摆动频率为5 Hz、加速度幅值为4.5 rad/s2,在转子转速3000 r/min时,对补偿系数迭代求解,迭代过程如图8所示。
根据图8,最终AMB-A和AMB-B各通道的修正系数分别为0.5和1.5。结合式(19),容易验证误差修正算法的正确性。令AMB-A和AMB-B的电流刚度系数分别为仿真中的0.5倍和1.5倍,得到含误差的电流刚度系数矩阵为:
式中  为误差系数矩阵,其与kai/kbi对应位置的元素分别为0.5/1.5,其他位置元素为0。
将式(25)代入式(21)得:
只有当:
得到的为最佳补偿电流。由式(27)解得:
式(28)表明,各个AMB通道的修正系数等于该通道对应的误差倍数。对比图8的迭代结果,证明了修正算法的正确性。
为了研究基础摆动对转子振动的影响,分析得到基础静止和摆动条件下转子系统以20 rad/s2加速率加速时的响应如图9所示。
对比基础静止和基础摆动的转子系统加速响应,可知在包括一阶弯曲临界转速的转速范围内,基础摆动使转子系统的振幅增加,尤其是沿垂直于摆动轴的Y向振幅显著增加,如在AMB-B位置,增加了约0.1 mm,尤其在1000 r/min以内的低转速段,转子振幅增加了近37倍。转子系统沿X向振幅的增加由基础摆动角速度与转子转速形成的附加陀螺力矩引起,因此随着转子转速的升高,转子沿平行于摆动轴的X向振幅的增加量也逐渐增大。根据上述结果,为了保证转子的安全运行,必须对基础摆动带来的转子振动进行抑制。
为了验证模型误差以及修正系数对补偿效果的影响,对基础摆动条件下转子系统的振动分别进行了含建模误差补偿和修正建模误差补偿,得到转子系统以20 rad/s2加速率加速时的响应曲线如图10所示。对比图9中基础摆动结果和图10中修正误差补偿结果可知,在包含一阶弯曲临界转速的转速范围内,基于基础加速度的前馈补偿控制对基础摆动引起的转子振动有很好的抑制作用。前馈补偿后,转子系统的振幅几乎和基础静止时的振幅相当。
对比图10中的结果可知,建模误差会影响基础加速度前馈补偿的效果,具体表现为:补偿后AMB-A位置处的转子振动幅值与基础摆动未补偿时几乎相同。根据图11(a)中的放大图可知,补偿后转子的振动与未补偿时的相位相反,此时对基础摆动的抑制表现为“过补偿”。补偿后AMB-B位置处转子的振动幅值虽有明显下降,但仍大于修正建模误差后的补偿结果。根据图11(b)可知,补偿后转子的响应与未补偿时的相位相同,幅值减小,此时对基础摆动的抑制表现为“欠补偿”。因此,在实际使用补偿算法时,建模误差会影响补偿电流对转子振动的抑制作用,因此为了保证补偿效果,必须首先对补偿电流进行修正。
为了研究基础摆动及补偿算法对转子系统不同转速下轴心运动轨迹的影响,图12为转子在悬浮非旋转、3000 r/min亚临界及6000 r/min超临界工况下,两个AMBs位置处转子的轴心运动轨迹。
悬浮非旋转状态时,在施加前馈补偿控制前,转子仅承受基础正弦摆动加速度引起的载荷,基础摆动使转子轴心运动轨迹变为沿垂直于摆动轴方向(Y向)的直线,且直线的长度正比于基础摆动的加速度幅值。施加前馈补偿控制后,轴心运动轨迹恢复为一个点。
无论是在亚临界还是超临界转速区,施加前馈补偿控制前,基础正弦摆动使转子的轴心运动轨迹由标准的圆形变为一系列拟圆形,轴心运动轨迹沿垂直摆动轴线的Y方向显著移动,沿平行摆动轴线的X向略有扩散。前馈补偿控制后,轴心运动轨迹又恢复到与基础静止时近似的圆形,基础摆动激励的影响被大幅度抑制。
图13所示的试验平台上,进行基础加速度前馈补偿的AMBs-柔性转子系统振动控制试验。
试验转子的结构如图2所示,转子由电机拖动,电机与转子之间用柔性连轴器连接,电机的转速通过变频器进行控制。安装在轴承座侧面端盖上的电涡流传感器用来测量AMBs处转子的位移。由于电涡流传感器非常靠近AMBs,可近似等效为同位系统。AMBs的控制系统包括功率放大器及dSPACE测控平台。AMBs及驱动电机等都固定在刚性的基础平板上。
为了实现基础激励,将转子系统的刚性基础平板由4个弹簧悬挂在铝合金框架上,使整个转子系统试验平台悬空。基础平板下方固定有激振器,通过传力杆与基础平板固连,以实现对基础的激振。激振器的驱动电流由独立的功率放大器提供,驱动信号由信号发生器输入到功率放大器。在2个轴承座位置的基础平板上安装加速度传感器,刚性基础摆动的角加速度由下式求解:
式中  分别为2个加速度传感器的测量值;为2个加速度传感器之间的距离。
基础摆动的角速度由角加速度积分得到,转子转速由键相传感器测得。采集的基础角加速度、角速度以及转子转速实时传输到dSPACE,以实现前馈补偿控制。
在转子系统悬空状态下,对转子系统基础平板的模态进行测试,得到基础沿竖直方向的刚体平动振型的频率为5 Hz,绕基础横向刚体俯仰振型的频率为5.7 Hz。图14为测量得到的基础平板刚体模态振型。
为了实现AMBs-转子系统基础的摆动,让激振器激发基础绕横轴的纯模态振动。为了避免共振使基础振幅变得很大,进而破坏试验台,让激振频率偏离5.7 Hz一定距离。经现场调试,当激振频率为5.4 Hz时,2个加速度传感器测得的加速度如图15(a)所示,基础摆动角加速度如图15(b)所示。此时基础摆动的轴线与理论模型的基础坐标轴重合,可认为基础做纯摆动。因此,本文试验在激振频率为5.4 Hz的条件下进行。
试验转子转速为3000 r/min时,迭代得到AMB-A和AMB-B的XY)向补偿电流修正系数分别为0.7(0.9)和1.0(0.9)。
转子悬浮不旋转状态下,使基础进行如图15所示的正弦摆动,测量得到基础摆动前、后以及前馈补偿前、后沿垂直于摆动轴方向(Y向)的转子振动响应曲线如图16所示。基础摆动前,转子的振动很小,约为0.005 mm,主要为噪声信号;基础摆动后,AMB-A和AMB-B位置转子的振幅分别增大到0.06和0.13 mm,分别增大了12倍及26倍。开启前馈补偿控制后,AMB-A和AMB-B处转子的振幅迅速减小至0.017和0.02 mm,分别降低了72%和85%。表明转子悬浮不旋转时,基础摆动会明显地增大转子在垂直于摆动方向(Y向)上的振动,基础加速度前馈补偿控制能够有效抑制基础摆动引起的振动。
图17为转子悬浮、亚临界(2000 r/min)和超临界(6000 r/min)工况下AMBs处的轴心运动轨迹。图中的圆为转子与保护轴承间的间隙圆。
图17中转子轴心运动轨迹的变化规律与图12中的理论分析结论一致,即基础摆动激励使悬浮转子的轴心运动轨迹在垂直于摆动轴的方向上由点变为线;采用了基于加速度的前馈补偿算法后,转子的轴心运动轨迹又近似恢复为一个点。无论是在亚临界转速区还是在超临界转速区,基础摆动使转子轴心运动轨迹由圆形变为一系列圆心沿垂直于摆动轴方向移动的拟圆形,振动的幅值沿垂直于摆动轴的Y向剧烈增加,但在平行于摆动轴的X向变化不太明显。前馈补偿控制后,轴心运动轨迹几乎又恢复至与基础静止时相同的状态,基础摆动的影响被大幅度抑制。
为了研究基础摆动对加速运行过程中AMBs-转子系统响应的影响,以及本文前馈补偿算法对加速运行过程中转子振动的抑制效果,分别进行了基础静止、基础摆动未补偿和基础摆动补偿三种工况下的转子加速运行试验。
在补偿前、后的2次转子加速运行试验中,基础角加速度的时间历程如图18所示。可见,在基础摆动补偿前、后的2次试验中,虽然基础加速度略有差异,但其幅值在整体上基本相同,因此可近似认为补偿前、后的2次试验是在同一基础摆动条件下进行的。
图19为转子AMBs位置沿平行于基础摆动轴方向(X向)的加速响应曲线。
可见,基础摆动条件下,AMB-A及AMB-B处转子振幅增加量随转速的升高而逐渐增大。这与图9中的仿真结论相吻合,即基础绕横向摆动时,附加陀螺力矩造成转子沿平行于摆动轴方向上的振动增加,转速越高则附加陀螺力矩越大,振动增大就越明显。施加前馈补偿后,转子X向振动减小至与基础静止时相近的状态。
由于摆动速度引起的附加陀螺力矩较小,而摆动加速度引起的附加惯性载荷相对较大,因此试验转子的振动主要集中在垂直于摆动轴方向(Y向)。图20为转子竖直方向的加速响应曲线。可见,在基础摆动作用下,AMB-A、AMB-B、盘A和盘B位置处转子的振动幅值在全转速范围内均明显增大,分别增加了约0.052,0.127,0.064和0.091 mm。其中在最大振动幅值转速处,各位置的幅值相对增加了64%,126%,78%和103%。施加前馈补偿控制后,转子各位置的振动均得到了有效控制,振幅与基础静止时接近,验证了基础加速度前馈补偿算法的有效性。
(1)基础摆动产生的附加陀螺力矩使沿摆动方向的转子振动有所增大,产生的附加惯性载荷使垂直于摆动方向的转子振动剧烈增大。悬浮不旋转时,基础摆动使转子轴心运动轨迹由点变为线;旋转时,基础摆动使转子轴心由中心在原点的封闭轨迹变为一系列中心沿垂直于摆动方向移动的轨迹,转子在该方向上的振动急剧增大。
(2)基于基础加速度的前馈补偿控制依赖于转子系统的动力学模型,建模误差会使算法的补偿效果减弱。因此在实际使用中,为了保证补偿算法的有效性,必须首先对补偿电流进行修正。
(3) 在基础正弦摆动条件下,本文的前馈补偿算法能在包括转子一阶弯曲临界转速的转速范围内大幅度抑制基础摆动对AMBs-柔性转子系统的影响,验证了本文补偿算法的有效性。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-IV-0005-0073)
  • 基础科研计划(2019110C026)
  • 基础科研计划(ZD-232-02)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.001
  • 接收时间:2022-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-07
  • 修回日期:2022-11-22
基金
国家科技重大专项(J2019-IV-0005-0073)
基础科研计划(2019110C026)
基础科研计划(ZD-232-02)
作者信息
    浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027

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祝长生(1963―),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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