Article(id=1228634334857458574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662825600000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-11, revisedDate=1668787200000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858852352, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858852352, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858852352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858852352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1349, endPage=1358, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634335197197210, articleId=1228634334857458574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration reduction optimization research of product packaging system under random vibration, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The advanced transfer path (ATPA) method is used to study the vibration transfer characteristics of the computer mainframe package from each cushion pad to key components under different vibration levels of random vibration through experiments,the analysis of the vibration contribution of the cushion pad and optimal design of vibration reduction are carried out. The results show that the measured vibration response of the two key components of the computer mainframe is consistent with the synthetic response of the ATPA method,which verifies the correctness of the ATPA theory for the analysis of the vibration transfer characteristics of the product packaging system; when the area of each cushion pad is the same, the two cushion pads on the same side of the key components of the computer mainframe play a decisive role in its acceleration response, thus being the key cushion pads; the cushion area of the key cushion pad affects the acceleration response PSD peak value and frequency range of the key components. With the increase of the cushion area,the acceleration response PSD peak value of key components gradually decreases; when the cushioning area of the key cushion pad is more than doubled,the reduction effect of the acceleration response PSD peak value tends to be saturated,the resonance peak becomes smooth,and the vibration response energy is dispersed over a wider frequency range. The vibration reduction optimized design keeps the non-key cushion pad unchanged and only increases the cushion area of the key cushion pad. The research results provide a reference for the vibration reduction design of the product.

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应用高级传递路径分析(ATPA)方法试验研究了随机振动不同振动等级下电脑主机包装件各缓冲衬垫到关键元件的振动传递特性,并进行了缓冲衬垫振动贡献分析与减振优化设计。结果表明:电脑主机两个关键元件的实测振动响应与ATPA方法的合成响应一致,验证了ATPA方法的正确性;当各缓冲衬垫面积相同时,电脑主机关键元件同侧的两个缓冲衬垫对其加速度响应起决定作用,为关键缓冲衬垫;关键缓冲衬垫的面积影响着关键元件加速度响应PSD峰值大小和频率范围,随着关键缓冲衬垫面积的增加,关键元件加速度响应PSD峰值逐渐减小至饱和状态,共振峰形状变平滑,振动响应能量分散到更宽的频率范围。减振优化设计可保持非关键缓冲衬垫不变,只增加关键缓冲衬垫的面积。

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张元标(1979—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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林 聪(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail;

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Journal of Sound and Vibration2004276(1-2): 335-359., articleTitle=The global transfer direct transfer method applied to a finite simply supported elastic beam, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228634369070396343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=25, authorNames=黄英杰, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄英杰. 基于绝对传递率函数的传递路径分析[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2017., articleTitle=基于绝对传递率函数的传递路径分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228634369183642557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Huang Yingjie, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Yingjie. Transfer path analysis based on the absolute transmissibility functions[D]. 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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Acceleration response PSDs of HDD before and after optimization at three ASTM truck vibration levels, figureFileSmall=TOt9rlxlR9jsJhJPyV1D3g==, figureFileBig=n3lGvFLnLcnfVCA7GOo4dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634362657305366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=CN, label=图16, caption=ASTM卡车谱3个振动等级下关键元件HDD优化前后的实测加速度响应功率谱密度, figureFileSmall=TOt9rlxlR9jsJhJPyV1D3g==, figureFileBig=n3lGvFLnLcnfVCA7GOo4dQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634364033037083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The dimensions parameters of experimental subjects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料长/mm宽/mm高/mm
电脑主机380350160
EPE缓冲衬垫904030
辅助质量块1001003
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364116923171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究对象尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料长/mm宽/mm高/mm
电脑主机380350160
EPE缓冲衬垫904030
辅助质量块1001003
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364213392166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Formula symbols

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号代表含义
xjext ii=a, b, c, d; j= a, b, c, d, o1, o2)由施加在辅助质量块mi上的力引起的mj上的加速度响应
i到点j的全局传递率
i到点j的直接传递率
xii=a, b, c, d, o1, o2)i处的加速度响应
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364309861163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

公式符号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号代表含义
xjext ii=a, b, c, d; j= a, b, c, d, o1, o2)由施加在辅助质量块mi上的力引起的mj上的加速度响应
i到点j的全局传递率
i到点j的直接传递率
xii=a, b, c, d, o1, o2)i处的加速度响应
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364423107374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

ASTM truck transport power spectrum (D4169⁃16)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz功率谱密度/(g2·Hz-1)
level 1level 2level 3
加速度均方根Grms/g0.700.540.40
10.000720.000720.0004
30.0300.0180.010
40.0300.0180.010
60.00120.000720.00040
120.00120.000720.00040
160.00600.00360.0020
250.00600.00360.0020
300.00120.000720.00040
400.00600.00360.0020
800.00600.00360.0020
1000.000600.000360.00020
2000.0000300.0000180.000010
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364532159281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ASTM卡车运输谱功率(D4169⁃16)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频率/Hz功率谱密度/(g2·Hz-1)
level 1level 2level 3
加速度均方根Grms/g0.700.540.40
10.000720.000720.0004
30.0300.0180.010
40.0300.0180.010
60.00120.000720.00040
120.00120.000720.00040
160.00600.00360.0020
250.00600.00360.0020
300.00120.000720.00040
400.00600.00360.0020
800.00600.00360.0020
1000.000600.000360.00020
2000.0000300.0000180.000010
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364616045366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Dimensions of buffering cushions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分配方式缓冲衬垫A,B(长/宽/高)/mm缓冲衬垫C,D(长/宽/高)/mm
原始缓冲衬垫90/40/3090/40/30
优化方式190/60/3090/40/30
优化方式290/80/3090/40/30
优化方式390/100/3090/40/30
优化方式490/120/3090/40/30
优化方式590/140/3090/40/30
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364691542845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

缓冲衬垫尺寸

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分配方式缓冲衬垫A,B(长/宽/高)/mm缓冲衬垫C,D(长/宽/高)/mm
原始缓冲衬垫90/40/3090/40/30
优化方式190/60/3090/40/30
优化方式290/80/3090/40/30
优化方式390/100/3090/40/30
优化方式490/120/3090/40/30
优化方式590/140/3090/40/30
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364792206144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The main resonance peak reduction ratio of key components in each optimized method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键元件激励等级原始衬垫主共振峰值PSD/(g2·Hz-1各优化方式下主共振峰值降幅/%
优化方式1优化方式2优化方式3优化方式4优化方式5
CPUlevel 10.06264.3028.6063.106164.50
level 20.05612.9037.7074.2073.8073.40
level 30.04348.7638.7081.6082.3081.10
HDDlevel 10.065123.0034.1062.5062.5165.70
level 20.057221.6045.8073.6074.1072
level 30.042422.6046.5080.4082.3078.80
), ArticleFig(id=1228634364884480833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334857458574, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各优化方式下关键元件主共振峰值降幅比率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键元件激励等级原始衬垫主共振峰值PSD/(g2·Hz-1各优化方式下主共振峰值降幅/%
优化方式1优化方式2优化方式3优化方式4优化方式5
CPUlevel 10.06264.3028.6063.106164.50
level 20.05612.9037.7074.2073.8073.40
level 30.04348.7638.7081.6082.3081.10
HDDlevel 10.065123.0034.1062.5062.5165.70
level 20.057221.6045.8073.6074.1072
level 30.042422.6046.5080.4082.3078.80
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随机振动下产品包装系统减振优化研究
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林聪 1, 2, 3 , 张元标 1, 2, 3 , 陈俊菲 1, 2, 3 , 陆怡宇 1, 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1349-1358
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1349-1358
随机振动下产品包装系统减振优化研究
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林聪1, 2, 3 , 张元标1, 2, 3 , 陈俊菲1, 2, 3, 陆怡宇1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1暨南大学包装工程研究所,广东 珠海 519070
  • 2暨南大学产品包装与物流广东普通高校重点实验室, 广东 珠海 519070
  • 3暨南大学珠海市产品包装与物流重点实验室,广东 珠海 519070
  • 林 聪(1998—),女,硕士研究生。E-mail;

通讯作者:

张元标(1979—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Vibration reduction optimization research of product packaging system under random vibration
Cong LIN1, 2, 3 , Yuan-biao ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Jun-fei CHEN1, 2, 3, Yi-yu LU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Packaging Engineering Institute,Jinan University,Zhuhai 519070,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University,Zhuhai 519070,China
  • 3Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics,Jinan University,Zhuhai 519070,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.009
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应用高级传递路径分析(ATPA)方法试验研究了随机振动不同振动等级下电脑主机包装件各缓冲衬垫到关键元件的振动传递特性,并进行了缓冲衬垫振动贡献分析与减振优化设计。结果表明:电脑主机两个关键元件的实测振动响应与ATPA方法的合成响应一致,验证了ATPA方法的正确性;当各缓冲衬垫面积相同时,电脑主机关键元件同侧的两个缓冲衬垫对其加速度响应起决定作用,为关键缓冲衬垫;关键缓冲衬垫的面积影响着关键元件加速度响应PSD峰值大小和频率范围,随着关键缓冲衬垫面积的增加,关键元件加速度响应PSD峰值逐渐减小至饱和状态,共振峰形状变平滑,振动响应能量分散到更宽的频率范围。减振优化设计可保持非关键缓冲衬垫不变,只增加关键缓冲衬垫的面积。

包装动力学  /  随机振动  /  减振优化  /  ATPA  /  振动传递特性

The advanced transfer path (ATPA) method is used to study the vibration transfer characteristics of the computer mainframe package from each cushion pad to key components under different vibration levels of random vibration through experiments,the analysis of the vibration contribution of the cushion pad and optimal design of vibration reduction are carried out. The results show that the measured vibration response of the two key components of the computer mainframe is consistent with the synthetic response of the ATPA method,which verifies the correctness of the ATPA theory for the analysis of the vibration transfer characteristics of the product packaging system; when the area of each cushion pad is the same, the two cushion pads on the same side of the key components of the computer mainframe play a decisive role in its acceleration response, thus being the key cushion pads; the cushion area of the key cushion pad affects the acceleration response PSD peak value and frequency range of the key components. With the increase of the cushion area,the acceleration response PSD peak value of key components gradually decreases; when the cushioning area of the key cushion pad is more than doubled,the reduction effect of the acceleration response PSD peak value tends to be saturated,the resonance peak becomes smooth,and the vibration response energy is dispersed over a wider frequency range. The vibration reduction optimized design keeps the non-key cushion pad unchanged and only increases the cushion area of the key cushion pad. The research results provide a reference for the vibration reduction design of the product.

packaging dynamics  /  random vibration  /  vibration reduction optimization  /  ATPA  /  vibration transfer characteristics
林聪, 张元标, 陈俊菲, 陆怡宇. 随机振动下产品包装系统减振优化研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1349 -1358 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.009
Cong LIN, Yuan-biao ZHANG, Jun-fei CHEN, Yi-yu LU. Vibration reduction optimization research of product packaging system under random vibration[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1349 -1358 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.009
实际运输中,通常对产品进行缓冲包装加以保护。大多数产品的缓冲衬垫是均匀分配的,但某些产品有若干个关键元件,它们重心分布不同,连接结构复杂,受到运输工具的随机振动和冲击激励时相互耦合,各位置处的缓冲衬垫对产品关键元件的振动传递能力不同,为了最大程度地实现对缓冲材料的利用,准确识别产品包装系统的关键振动传递路径非常重要。
传递路径分析方法是研究系统振动传递特性的有效工具,国内外学者通过传递路径方法对系统的减振优化进行了大量研究15。在运输包装领域,传递路径方法也得到了应用,Wang等68将动态逆子结构理论引入产品运输包装系统研究中,对系统及部件的传递特性和界面耦合动态特性展开一系列研究。Zhang等9采用多坐标耦合逆子结构传递路径方法分析产品运输系统的动态特性试验并进行验证。王军等10建立了多部件耦合系统逆子结构分析方法,得到了从系统水平传函反向计算各耦合部件传函及部件间耦合动刚度的理论公式,并通过模型进行验证。以上研究均为产品运输包装系统的减振设计提供了良好的参考。随着运输包装加速随机振动试验技术和实验室信号模拟技术的发展1112,模拟的运输工具激励信号与原始信号更加接近,因此产品包装系统的缓冲减振研究愈加重要,目前对于具体产品包装件的振动传递路径分析和衬垫优化设计研究较少,寻求更高效精准的方法进行产品缓冲设计具有重要意义。
近年来,高级传递路径分析(Advanced Transfer Path Analysis,ATPA)方法由于试验简单,无需载荷识别且避免了耦合误差,在噪声和振动控制领域得到广泛应用1316。ATPA方法选择一组可以进行结构修改且影响目标响应的子系统作为参考系统,只需要测量各个子系统的响应信号就可以量化任一参考子系统对给定目标响应的影响。本文以电脑主机包装件为研究对象,应用高级传递路径分析(ATPA)方法进行振动贡献分析和减振优化设计,极大程度地缩短了设计时间,为复杂产品的精准缓冲防振设计提供了新思路。
高级传递路径分析(ATPA)理论,也称全局传递直接传递(GTDT)理论。它的核心是全局传递率和直接传递率17,其中全局传递率ij)(上标“G”表示Gobal)表示当外部激励只作用于自由度i上,对其他自由度的响应无限制时,自由度j的响应xj与自由度i上的响应xi的比值18,如下式所示:
全局传递率体现了一个受到激励的子系统通过所有路径传递到其他子系统或者自身的能力,如图1所示。
直接传递率(ij)(上标“D”表示Direct)表示只有i处受到外界激励,其他自由度上的路径保持阻塞时,自由度j处的响应xj与自由度i处的响应xi之比,如下式所示:
直接传递率表示受到激励的子系统通过自身传递到其他子系统或者自身的能力,如图2所示。
由下列公式:
可从全局传递率得到直接传递率,详细推导过程可参考文献[19]。
若某系统存在N个自由度,根据直接传递率、其他自由度的信号xi和对第j个自由度施加的外力xjext(上标“ext”是external的缩写,表示由外部施加),可以重构第j个自由度的响应20,如下式所示:
每个参考子系统i对目标子系统j的振动贡献量sij为:
ATPA方法分为两步:第一步是获取全局传递率矩阵,根据全局传递率矩阵计算直接传递率;第二步是测量目标子系统在实际工况下的激励信号和响应,通过直接传递率和工况激励信号,重建任何子系统的响应信号21
运输过程中,外界激励经缓冲衬垫系统传递到产品及其关键元件上,各缓冲衬垫子系统对产品关键部件的传递特性是优化设计的参考。在ATPA 理论中,直接传递率ij)表示直接传递能力,其中,i表示缓冲衬垫子系统,j表示产品关键元件子系统。由于产品是一个复杂的耦合系统,在某一缓冲衬垫子系统受到外界激励时,保持其他子系统上的路径阻塞十分困难,由试验无法直接获取直接传递率。但由全局传递率可以计算得到直接传递率,因此可通过力锤试验,测量各子系统的加速度响应得到全局传递率,进而得到直接传递率。
研究对象如图3所示,它由电脑主机和EPE缓冲衬垫组成,关键元件为主板CPU和硬盘HDD。两个关键元件重心分布不同,质量和材料不同。4个相同的EPE缓冲衬垫,密度为16.7 kg/m3,位于电脑主机的4个角,辅助质量块为Q235型钢板,密度为7.85×103 kg/m3。尺寸参数如表1所示。
建立产品包装系统的ATPA模型如图4所示。
在运输过程中,路面的激励能量通过运输车辆底板经过缓冲衬垫传递到产品上。为了便于研究各缓冲衬垫对产品关键元件的影响,将产品包装系统分为缓冲衬垫子系统和关键元件子系统,模型中A,B,C和D为缓冲衬垫子系统,在实际缓冲包装产品中表现为4个缓冲衬垫,mm3m4为产品子系统,在实际产品中体现为电脑主机的非关键元件;m1m2为关键元件子系统,在实际产品中体现为电脑主机的主板CPU和硬盘HDD,是运输中要重点保护的两部分。由于电脑主机元件多,连接复杂,振动时存在耦合效应,选择ATPA方法,可以得出各缓冲衬垫子系统对两个关键元件的直接传递率,避免了耦合误差。
电脑主机内是相互连接的,因此无法直接测得直接传递率,需要先测得全局传递率,然后计算直接传递率。通过力锤试验得到4个缓冲衬垫子系统A,B,C和D对两个关键元件的全局传递率,经求逆矩阵得到直接传递率。以关键元件m1为例,推导由全局传递率到直接传递率的公式。
当力锤只对辅助质量块ma施加激励时,关键元件CPU即点o1的响应为点a,b,c和d上的信号经过缓冲衬垫A,B,C和D直接传递到关键元件m1上的点o1上的响应分量之和:
同理,只对辅助质量块mbmcmd施加激励时,根据直接传递率的定义,关键元件o1的响应为:
根据全局传递率的定义:当外界激励只作用在辅助质量块ma上,对其他系统的响应无限制时,全局传递率为点b,c,d,o1和o2处的响应分别与点a处的响应比值,当外部激励作用在辅助质量块mambmc上时,同理。因此可得下式:
联立式(7),(11),(12)可得下式:
同理也可得:
上述公式中的符号含义如表2所示。
由式(19)~(21)得到关键元件CPU的直接传递率与全局传递率的关系为:
对于关键元件HDD,可得直接传递率与全局传递率的关系为:
全局传递率是力锤单点激励下目标子系统和各缓冲衬垫子系统的信号之比,振动响应重建需要实际工况下的激励,因此试验包括力锤试验和产品随机振动试验。
力锤试验所用仪器为北京东方振动研究所的动态测试分析平台软件DASP和ICP型中力锤采集仪,型号为INV9313。
由于缓冲衬垫材料质软,力锤激励时衬垫变形大,难以直接测得传递到缓冲衬垫上的激励信号,因此引入辅助质量块,力锤自下而上垂直敲击辅助质量块的底部中心,辅助质量块上部放置传感器,测试试验图如图5所示,4个辅助质量块上的测点a,b,c和d上的加速度响应即为输入缓冲衬垫A,B,C和D的激励信号。
首先用力锤敲击辅助质量块ma,得到只有辅助质量块ma受到力锤激励时力锤激励信号以及点a,b,c,d,o1,o2处的加速度响应时域信号,如图6所示。然后依次敲击辅助质量块mbmcmd,得到mbmcmd单点激励下点a,b,c,d,o1,o2处的加速度响应时域信号。将加速度响应时域信号通过自谱FFT分析转换得到加速度响应频域信号。
将加速度响应频域数据分别相除得到4个缓冲衬垫子系统到两个关键件的全局传递率,通过LU数值分解算法得到直接传递率。由于求逆矩阵的条件数过多,为了降低误差,对全局传递率矩阵进行分段处理,每一个频率点对应一个直接传递率,得到全频段的直接传递率。在试验过程中,信号掺杂噪声,表现为窄尖峰,会影响直接传递率的准确性,因此在处理数据时要将尖峰进行去除。最后得到缓冲衬垫A,B,C和D到关键元件1(CPU),2(HDD)的直接传递率曲线,如图7所示。
得到各缓冲衬垫到关键元件的直接传递率后,需要在产品的实际工况下进行响应重建,验证直接传递率的正确性。
由于研究对象是电脑主机,电脑主机在运输过程中大多是公路运输,因此用ASTM标准卡车振动谱的3个振动等级的激励模拟实际运输中不同强度的激励。将简化的电脑主机包装件置于振动台中心位置,用弹性绳将电脑主机包装件绑定,模拟实际运输中包装件堆放排列的相互约束状态。在振动台和两个关键元件上固定加速度传感器,将加速度传感器连接数据采集仪与计算机,如图8所示。
采用美国Lansmont公司振动测试系统(Model 7000⁃10)液压振动台对电脑主机包装件进行随机振动试验,北京东方振动所的数据采集仪DASP系统采集振动台上的激励和两个关键元件的振动响应。在振动测试系统TVT中输入3个振动等级的ASTM卡车运输功率谱如表3图9所示(引自ASTM D4169—2016运输集装箱和系统用性能试验的标准实施规程),振动台上的信号为输入4个缓冲衬垫的激励信号,得到3个振动等级下的频域激励和关键元件上的振动加速度信号,如图10所示。
直接传递率量化了各缓冲衬垫对关键元件的振动传递特性,直接传递率的大小体现了各缓冲衬垫对关键元件振动能量吸收的程度。直接传递率越大,说明通过该缓冲衬垫传递到关键元件上的振动能量越多。由图710可知,关键元件CPU和HDD在ASTM卡车谱3个等级激励下直接传递率大的频段也是振动加速度响应大的频段,在这些频段,某些缓冲衬垫的振动传递能力强,对振动能量的吸收少,导致关键元件振动响应剧烈。在0~30 Hz频段,两个关键元件的振动加速度响应有两个大的峰值,在这个频段内,对两个关键元件振动传递能力大的是缓冲衬垫A和B,减振设计重点应关注该频段,降低缓冲衬垫A和B的振动传递能力。在30~120 Hz频段,两个关键元件的振动加速度响应整体较小,这个频段不是减振设计重点关注频段,对于该频段,振动传递能力大的缓冲衬垫无需进行优化。
振动台上的激励经由A,B,C和D四个缓冲衬垫传递到产品及其关键元件上,根据直接传递率的定义,关键元件点o1,o2的合成响应由下式给出:
式中  表示输入缓冲衬垫A,B,C和D的激励信号;表示缓冲衬垫A,B,C和D到关键元件o1和o2的直接传递率。
由于关键元件的振动响应是输入4个缓冲衬垫的信号与直接传递率相乘的矢量叠加,为了验证ATPA方法的准确性,将关键元件实测响应与ATPA合成响应在频域中进行对比,关键元件的共振区在0~120 Hz范围内,因此振动响应曲线仅展示0~120 Hz频段。
图1112可知:两个关键元件的实测响应和ATPA方法的合成响应总体走势呈现一致性,在共振区基本拟合,在多个频段完全拟合,验证了ATPA 方法分析缓冲衬垫振动传递特性的正确性。由于实际产品结构复杂,合成信号中掺杂了噪声,在合理范围之内有一定误差,分析个别频率处拟合不好的原因如下:
(1)测试设备误差,测试传感器放置并不是完全水平,力锤敲击位置不同,个别频率处相干函数值较小,使得一些频率点拟合不上。
(2)全局传递率矩阵经过矩阵求逆计算得到直接传递率,信号中掺杂噪声尖峰,在对信号进行去噪处理时,某些频率点产生误差。
产品关键元件的共振区以及共振峰值有多个,共振峰值较小时可以忽略,图中共振峰值较大的第一主共振区和第二主共振区集中在0~30 Hz频段,因此主共振频段为0~30 Hz,主共振频段各缓冲衬垫对关键元件的振动贡献量如图13所示。
关键元件的振动响应在主共振频段处最为激烈,因此主共振频段的各缓冲衬垫对关键元件的振动贡献量是减振设计的重要参考。由图13可知,在主共振频段,对关键元件CPU振动贡献大的是缓冲衬垫A,其次是缓冲衬垫B,对关键元件HDD振动贡献大的是缓冲衬垫B,其次是缓冲衬垫A;在3个振动等级下,缓冲衬垫A和B在主共振频段的振动贡献量是缓冲衬垫C和D的2倍以上。降低关键元件振动响应的关键是降低缓冲衬垫A和B的振动传递能力,因此将缓冲衬垫A和B定义为两个关键元件的关键缓冲衬垫。
由缓冲衬垫振动贡献量分析可知,两个关键元件的振动主要贡献缓冲衬垫为A和B,减振优化设计的重点是优化缓冲衬垫A和B,降低其对关键元件的振动传递能力。
产品在运输过程中要保持平稳,因此4个缓冲衬垫厚度要保持一致,考虑工序和成本,保持非关键缓冲衬垫不变,只对关键缓冲衬垫进行优化,通过增加关键缓冲衬垫A和B的缓冲面积,吸收更多的振动能量,降低其在主共振区的振动传递能力。将原方案中缓冲衬垫A和B的面积分别增加50%,100%,150%,200%和250%,缓冲衬垫C和D保持不变,如表4图14所示。得到不同振动等级、不同优化方式下两个关键元件的加速度响应功率谱关键元件CPU和HDD加速度响应功率谱密度分别如图1516所示。
图1516表5可知,关键缓冲衬垫的缓冲面积影响着关键元件加速度响应PSD共振峰值大小和频率范围。同一振动等级下,随着关键缓冲衬垫缓冲面积的增加,关键元件的加速度响应PSD峰值逐渐减小;随着振动等级的减小,关键元件的共振峰值降幅增大。当关键缓冲衬垫的面积增加50%时,共振峰值降幅较小;当增加100%时,共振峰值的降幅在28.6%~46.5%范围内,但此时共振峰形状仍然比较狭窄,说明振动响应能量虽然有所减小,但还是集中在较窄的频带范围;当关键缓冲衬垫的面积增加150%时,关键元件的加速度响应PSD峰值骤降,共振峰值降幅在63.1%~80.4%范围内,共振峰形状变平滑,振动响应能量分散到较宽的频带范围,此时对关键元件的保护效果更好;当关键缓冲衬垫的面积继续增加到200%以上时,共振峰值降幅相比增加150%时基本无变化,说明减振效果趋于饱和,继续增加面积对共振峰值基本无影响。因此综合考虑减振效果和缓冲材料成本,关键缓冲衬垫的面积增加150%,优化方式3是最佳衬垫尺寸优化方式。
本文应用高级传递路径分析(ATPA)方法进行电脑主机包装件关键缓冲衬垫识别和减振优化设计,通过试验验证了该方法的可行性。主要得到以下结论:
(1) 将ATPA理论引入实际产品的缓冲防振包装设计,并通过试验验证了ATPA方法在缓冲防振设计上的可行性,试验简便,可操作性强,且避免了振动耦合影响,对于复杂结构产品的关键振动路径识别以及局部缓冲的产品包装件缓冲优化设计具有参考意义。
(2) 电脑主机主板和硬盘同侧的两个缓冲衬垫对其振动响应影响较大,为关键缓冲衬垫,关键缓冲衬垫的缓冲面积影响着关键元件主共振区的振动响应PSD峰值大小和频率范围。同一振动等级下,随着关键缓冲衬垫缓冲面积的增加,关键元件的加速度响应PSD峰值逐渐减小至饱和状态;随着振动等级的减小,关键元件的共振峰值降幅增大。
(3) 减振设计应重点优化关键缓冲衬垫,在保持非关键缓冲衬垫不变的前提下,通过增加关键缓冲衬垫的面积降低关键元件主共振区振动响应PSD峰值,使能量分散到一个较宽的频带范围,达到减振目的。
(4) ATPA方法为产品精准缓冲防振设计提供了依据,相比以往将所有缓冲衬垫同时改变的优化方法,只优化关键缓冲衬垫可以大幅降低缓冲包装设计的成本。
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.009
  • 接收时间:2022-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-11
  • 修回日期:2022-11-19
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    1暨南大学包装工程研究所,广东 珠海 519070
    2暨南大学产品包装与物流广东普通高校重点实验室, 广东 珠海 519070
    3暨南大学珠海市产品包装与物流重点实验室,广东 珠海 519070

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张元标(1979—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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