Article(id=1228634334475776902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1663603200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-20, revisedDate=1669132800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858852261, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858852261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858852261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858852261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1386, endPage=1396, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634334861652879, articleId=1228634334475776902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Mechanical behavior of the intermediate column connecting member of metal damper with a type of embedded part, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seismic energy dissipation technology can significantly improve the seismic behavior of building structure. The effect of the damper depends on its effective connection with the main structure,there are few researches on the effective connection design method between the damper and the whole structure at present. In this paper,a cantilever wall structure with a new type of embedded parts is proposed for the intermediate column connection of metal dampers in engineering,and the design method and key points are given. In order to further explore the reliability of the design method and investigate the mechanical properties of the cantilever wall,two specimens were tested under quasi-static unidirectional loading and low-cycle reciprocating loading. The results show that the cantilever wall cracks begin to develop from the joint of embedded parts,and the stress in the corner and the core area of the embedded parts is larger when it is destroyed. Adding hidden beam and hidden column can better improve the load carrying capacity of the cantilever wall. The new embedded parts can be combined with the hidden beam and hidden column to make the cantilever wall bear larger damping force under the condition of small size,and ensure the damper to give full play to the seismic energy dissipation effect.

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消能减震技术能显著提高建筑物的抗震性能,消能器的效果依赖其与主体结构的有效连接,目前关于阻尼器与整体结构有效连接设计方法的研究不多。针对工程中金属阻尼器的中间柱型连接形式,本文提出一种带有预埋件的悬臂墙构造,并给出设计方法及其设计要点。为进一步验证该设计方法的可靠性,探究悬臂墙的受力性能,对两个试件开展拟静力单向加载和低周往复加载试验。研究结果表明,悬臂墙裂缝从预埋件连接处开始发展,最终破坏时墙角及预埋件核心区应力较大,增设暗梁暗柱可较好地提高悬臂墙的承载能力。型钢预埋件配合暗梁暗柱能使悬臂墙在设计尺寸较小的情况下承受较大的设计阻尼力,保证阻尼器充分发挥消能效果。

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许伟志(1990―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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冯无忌(1998—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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冯无忌(1998—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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冯无忌(1998—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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Shear strength of reinforced concrete members based on modified compression field theory[J]. 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注:括号内为背面应变片编号。

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注:图中编号为按裂缝区域大致标注的主要裂缝完成先后顺序。

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注:图中编号为按裂缝区域大致标注的主要裂缝完成先后顺序。

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Mechanical properties of reinforcement

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢筋类别fq/MPafh/MPafh/fyεy/με
C10440.39650.401.482201.95
C16491.06642.261.312455.30
C18500.59658.781.322502.95
C20524.22670.571.282621.10
), ArticleFig(id=1228634361843610347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334475776902, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钢筋力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钢筋类别fq/MPafh/MPafh/fyεy/με
C10440.39650.401.482201.95
C16491.06642.261.312455.30
C18500.59658.781.322502.95
C20524.22670.571.282621.10
), ArticleFig(id=1228634361940079345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334475776902, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Compressive strength of concrete cubes

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种类组别抗压强度代表值/MPa
悬臂墙Ⅰ第一组34.89
第二组30.72
悬臂墙Ⅱ第一组31.60
第二组30.78
), ArticleFig(id=1228634362023965429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334475776902, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混凝土立方体抗压强度

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种类组别抗压强度代表值/MPa
悬臂墙Ⅰ第一组34.89
第二组30.72
悬臂墙Ⅱ第一组31.60
第二组30.78
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采用一种预埋件的金属阻尼器中间柱型连接构件的受力性能研究
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冯无忌 1 , 许伟志 1 , 杜东升 1 , 戴轶苏 2 , 王曙光 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1386-1396
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1386-1396
采用一种预埋件的金属阻尼器中间柱型连接构件的受力性能研究
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冯无忌1 , 许伟志1 , 杜东升1, 戴轶苏2, 王曙光1
作者信息
  • 1南京工业大学土木工程学院,江苏 南京 211816
  • 2上海堃熠工程减震科技有限公司,上海 201114
  • 冯无忌(1998—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

许伟志(1990―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
Mechanical behavior of the intermediate column connecting member of metal damper with a type of embedded part
Wu-ji FENG1 , Wei-zhi XU1 , Dong-sheng DU1, Yi-su DAI2, Shu-guang WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
  • 2Shanghai Kunyi Seismic Damping Engineering Technology Co.,Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.013
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消能减震技术能显著提高建筑物的抗震性能,消能器的效果依赖其与主体结构的有效连接,目前关于阻尼器与整体结构有效连接设计方法的研究不多。针对工程中金属阻尼器的中间柱型连接形式,本文提出一种带有预埋件的悬臂墙构造,并给出设计方法及其设计要点。为进一步验证该设计方法的可靠性,探究悬臂墙的受力性能,对两个试件开展拟静力单向加载和低周往复加载试验。研究结果表明,悬臂墙裂缝从预埋件连接处开始发展,最终破坏时墙角及预埋件核心区应力较大,增设暗梁暗柱可较好地提高悬臂墙的承载能力。型钢预埋件配合暗梁暗柱能使悬臂墙在设计尺寸较小的情况下承受较大的设计阻尼力,保证阻尼器充分发挥消能效果。

消能子结构  /  金属阻尼器  /  中间柱型连接  /  设计方法  /  悬臂墙

Seismic energy dissipation technology can significantly improve the seismic behavior of building structure. The effect of the damper depends on its effective connection with the main structure,there are few researches on the effective connection design method between the damper and the whole structure at present. In this paper,a cantilever wall structure with a new type of embedded parts is proposed for the intermediate column connection of metal dampers in engineering,and the design method and key points are given. In order to further explore the reliability of the design method and investigate the mechanical properties of the cantilever wall,two specimens were tested under quasi-static unidirectional loading and low-cycle reciprocating loading. The results show that the cantilever wall cracks begin to develop from the joint of embedded parts,and the stress in the corner and the core area of the embedded parts is larger when it is destroyed. Adding hidden beam and hidden column can better improve the load carrying capacity of the cantilever wall. The new embedded parts can be combined with the hidden beam and hidden column to make the cantilever wall bear larger damping force under the condition of small size,and ensure the damper to give full play to the seismic energy dissipation effect.

energy dissipation substructure  /  metal damper  /  intermediate column connection  /  design method  /  cantilever wall
冯无忌, 许伟志, 杜东升, 戴轶苏, 王曙光. 采用一种预埋件的金属阻尼器中间柱型连接构件的受力性能研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1386 -1396 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.013
Wu-ji FENG, Wei-zhi XU, Dong-sheng DU, Yi-su DAI, Shu-guang WANG. Mechanical behavior of the intermediate column connecting member of metal damper with a type of embedded part[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1386 -1396 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.013
地震作用具有较高的发生频率和较强的随机性,其发生的时间和地点难以预测1-2。特别是在强震下,结构往往会出现局部损伤,部分房屋甚至可能整体倒塌从而造成人员伤亡和经济损失。传统的抗震技术通过提高主体结构刚度来降低结构的变形及发生破坏的可能性,虽然该技术能起到一定的作用,但同样会造成构件尺寸加大,配筋增多,地震响应逐层放大等问题。建筑消能减震技术通过在结构适当位置安装消能器,耗散地震能量从而降低结构的地震响应。相比于没有消能器的传统结构,该技术可以降低结构响应的20%~50%3。同时消能器可以设置在非结构构件和结构中任何合适的空间上。该技术可靠、简单,适用于震区或重要的建筑物。
目前,国内外学者对于阻尼器产品的研发4-6和减震优化设计7-8的研究较为深入,但对消能子结构力学性能9-10的研究不足。中国相关规范对于阻尼器与框架梁的连接并未给出具体的设计方法。《建筑消能减震技术规程》(JGJ 297—2013)11中规定了与位移相关型消能器相连的支墩、支撑和剪力墙对应的设计承载力取值。《建筑消能减震应用技术规程》(XJJ075—2016)12和《被动减震结构设计•施工手册》13给出了多种阻尼器与主体结构的连接形式,但均未给出连接构件承载力的具体计算方法及设计要求。国内一些学者14-15也对阻尼器的连接设计进行了研究,但大多采用理论分析,或是给出概念性的结论,无法有效指导工程设计。
本文基于实际工程的应用情况,参考剪力墙16-17的设计方法,提出采用一种预埋件的金属阻尼器中间柱型安装方式的连接构件,即悬臂墙。共设计制作2个试件,试件Ⅰ采用单向静力加载,试件Ⅱ采用低周反复加载。通过试验研究悬臂墙的刚度和强度,确定在阻尼器节点设计内力作用下悬臂墙能否安全有效地工作,同时观察记录试验过程中悬臂墙的破坏模式,发现悬臂墙存在的不足,针对问题提出改进方法,并给出本设计悬臂墙的承载力计算方法。
图1为阻尼器中间柱型安装方式示意图,该结构包括预埋件和上、下两个对称布置的悬臂墙,阻尼器布置在悬臂墙之间,两端固定在预埋件上。
本文借鉴带横向栓钉的组合栓钉剪力键18提出一种预埋件构造方式,即在埋板与拉筋之间增加带肋板的栓钉剪力键。锚板与端板提供抗剪承载力,拉筋提供抗拉拔承载力,栓钉既可以提供抗剪承载力又能增强预埋件与悬臂墙的锚固效果。悬臂墙增设暗梁、暗柱以减缓预埋件核心区裂缝发展并增大墙体承载力。在地震作用下,阻尼器产生的水平阻尼力通过悬臂墙传递到框架梁上。悬臂墙应具有足够的刚度和承载力以确保在阻尼器达到最大设计阻尼力时悬臂墙仍保持弹性。预埋件与悬臂墙的具体形式如图2所示。
本文建议的金属阻尼器悬臂墙设计方法流程如下:
(1)确定基本参数
基本参数包括建筑的结构层高、框架梁高度、阻尼器设计承载力、阻尼器的几何尺寸。由于上、下悬臂墙受力及几何尺寸基本一致,因此只对下悬臂墙进行设计。实际工程中,极限阻尼力不超过500 kN的金属阻尼器通常采用长度为1500 mm的悬臂墙进行传力。阻尼器节点设计内力取阻尼器设计承载力的1.2倍。悬臂墙净高度取建筑的结构层高减去框架梁高度和阻尼器高度。
(2)确定暗柱尺寸及配筋
根据《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)19中附录G对深受弯构件的规定,若在深受弯构件端部布置纵向钢筋,则钢筋宜均匀布置在构件边缘0.2h以内;取悬臂墙截面高度的0.2倍为暗柱截面高度。深受弯构件的正截面受弯承载力应符合下式要求:
式中  fy为钢筋抗拉强度设计值;As为受拉钢筋的截面面积;z为内力臂长度,当l0<h时,z=0.6l0,否则按式(2)取值;l0为计算跨度,取建筑的层净高;h为悬臂墙截面高度;αd为内力臂计算系数;h0为截面有效高度。
(3)受剪截面验算
钢筋混凝土深受弯构件的受剪截面应符合下式要求:
hw/b0≤4时:
hw/b0≥6时:
式中  V为剪力设计值;为矩形截面的宽度,取悬臂墙的厚度;hw为截面腹板高度,矩形截面取有效高度h0βc为混凝土强度影响系数,取为1.0;fc为混凝土轴心抗压强度设计值。4<hw/b0<6时按上式(4),(5)线性插值取用。
(4)斜截面受剪承载力验算
假设悬臂墙墙内水平、竖直分布筋的直径及其间距已知,在外力作用下,深受弯构件斜截面的受剪承载力应符合下式要求:
式中  λ为计算剪跨比,当跨高比l0/h≤2时,λ=0.25;当2<l0/h<5时,λ=a/h0,其中a为外力到深受弯构件支座的水平距离,λ的下限值为0.42l0/h-0.58,上限值为0.92l0/h-1.58;fyv为竖直分布筋的抗拉强度设计值;fyh为水平分布筋抗拉强度设计值;ft为混凝土轴心抗拉强度设计值;shsv分别为水平分布筋和竖向分布筋的间距;AshAsv分别为单根水平分布筋和竖向分布筋的截面面积。
(5)确定墙顶水平加强筋数量
在悬臂墙墙顶设置一道暗梁,暗梁梁高一般不宜大于暗柱截面高度。假设暗梁内力全部由钢筋承担且采用对称配筋,则悬臂墙端部加强筋的需求面积为:
式中  F为阻尼器节点设计内力;nsh为暗梁区域水平分布筋数量。
(6)确定埋板尺寸
预埋钢板与阻尼器直接相连,因此钢板的截面尺寸大小依据阻尼器尺寸而定。根据《钢结构设计规范》(GB 50017—2017)20,埋板厚度t1一般不宜小于阻尼器连接板厚度。埋板长和宽尺寸按构造分别取阻尼器长度加200 mm和悬臂墙宽度。
(7)确定锚板尺寸及栓钉数量
组合构件的抗剪连接件主要采用栓钉连接件,其受剪承载力设计值应符合下式要求:
式中  为圆柱头栓钉的截面面积;Ec为混凝土的弹性模量;fu为圆柱头栓钉极限抗拉强度设计值;为栓钉所需数量;nm为埋板栓钉数量。
锚板设计应符合下列条件20
式中  sx为锚板栓钉间距;为金属阻尼器连接长度;h1为锚板高度;ld为阻尼器主体长度;l1为锚板长度;t2为锚板厚度;t3为端板厚度;m1为竖向布置的栓钉行数;n1为水平布置的栓钉列数。
(8)确定端板截面尺寸和拉筋数量
端板与阻尼器的翼缘相对应,由阻尼器设计内力对该节点产生的弯剪作用来确定端板的截面尺寸。端板厚度取埋板厚度加4 mm;端板宽度b1=min(b-60,tdb);端板与锚板组合为H型钢,依据《钢结构设计规范》(GB 50017—2017)20,受弯剪作用下的型钢应满足下式要求:
式中  Mx为截面弯矩设计值;γx为塑性发展系数;Wx为净截面模量;S为计算剪应力处以上(或以下)毛截面对中和轴的面积矩;I为构件的毛截面惯性矩;tw为腹板厚度;f为钢材的抗拉强度设计值;fv为钢材的抗剪强度设计值。
预埋件单侧拉筋所需面积A"=F(0.5hd+0.5h1+t1)/(fyl1),其中,hd为金属阻尼器高度;拉筋连接板宽度b2=(m2-1)×3d+4d,拉筋连接板长度b3=(n2-1)×3d+4d,其中,d为拉筋直径,m2n2分别为沿连接板宽度和长度的拉筋数量;拉筋连接板厚度t4=max(0.6d,12);加劲板边长b4=(b2-t3)/2。
依据上述设计方法,针对阻尼器节点设计内力为500 kN的悬臂墙进行设计并开展足尺试验。墙身采用C30混凝土,尺寸为1520 mm×1500 mm×200 mm(高×宽×厚),底座使用C40混凝土。墙身竖向分布筋和水平分布筋采用C10钢筋,分布筋用C6钢筋400×400梅花形拉结。墙身两侧设有相同暗柱,暗柱内布置8C20钢筋,墙顶布置4C16的水平加强筋。悬臂筋设计详图如图3所示。
预埋板采用12 mm厚的Q355钢板,两端分别设有直径为19 mm的栓钉,预埋板与加载工字钢相连;焊钉剪力键腹板每侧设有3根栓钉,栓钉直径为19 mm;连接板连接2排6C20拉筋,每根拉筋最下端贴焊C20钢筋100 mm,以此增加预埋件和混凝土的锚固力,预埋件设计详图如图4所示。
对钢筋进行钢筋拉伸试验,取直径为10,16,18和20 mm的钢筋各3根,长度均为600 mm。测试结果如表1所示。
在试验模型浇筑过程中,现场每面墙制作6块边长为150 mm的混凝土立方体试块,分成两组,并且现场同条件养护。根据中国混凝土强度试验的评定规范,由于各组混凝土立方体抗压强度的最大值和最小值与中间值的误差都未大于15%,表2中的混凝土立方体抗压强度代表值均取3个混凝土立方体抗压强度的平均值。
悬臂墙试件及试验装置如图5所示。试验采用的加载方式为单向静力加载和低周循环加载,加载制度采用水平位移控制加载方法,加载点位于工字钢中上部。当承载力下降超过15%或试件破坏时,视为试验结束。若低周循环加载后试件未发生破坏,则加载结束后进行单拉加载直至试件破坏,记录破坏时的极限荷载。加载时采用分级加载,加载前期 4 mm 为一级,每级1个循环,当加载力接近设计荷载 500 kN 时,加载位移改为 1 mm 为一级,每级2个循环。加载至阻尼器节点设计荷载时分别记录拉压至设计荷载对应的位移值,采用该位移值进行往复循环30周11。具体加载制度如图6所示。
阻尼器悬臂墙试验的水平力由作动器的力传感器测得。加载过程中主要测量墙身位移、预埋核心区的墙顶水平加强筋应变、预埋件腹板应变、预埋件拉筋端部应变及预埋核心区混凝土应变,并监测混凝土裂缝的开展情况。墙身位移通过布置位移计读取数值得到,钢筋应变片主要布置在预埋核心区的墙顶水平加强筋上,4排加强筋对称布置,每根钢筋布置5处,竖向、横向分布筋分别布置两处(V1,V3,H41,H43),布置在预埋件拉筋端部和中部附近,钢筋应变片前、后布置相同,预埋件上4处应变片布置在腹板的前、后和两侧,钢筋应变片详细布置见图7(a)。墙身正面和背面混凝土应变片布置相同,分布在预埋核心区和预埋件拉筋两个区域,应变片水平、竖直和45°三向布置,墙体两侧竖向布置应变片,混凝土应变片详细布置见图7(b)。测量区域的应力分布,分析加载不同阶段周围框架的内力分布变化。
悬臂墙Ⅰ采用单向静力加载,在外荷载加载到150 kN左右时,墙身正面初始裂缝出现在距墙顶120 mm、距右墙线570 mm处;墙身背面初始裂缝出现在距墙顶160 mm、距左墙线520 mm处。
初始裂缝均出现在预埋核心区,并且为细短裂缝,原因是该处钢筋栓钉密集,混凝土浇筑很难密实并且容易出现应力集中。当加载力达到200 kN左右时,墙体正面在埋板右端处出现一条向左墙角延伸的斜裂缝,裂缝倾角较陡,而墙体背面在预埋拉筋附近出现一条向右墙角延伸的斜裂缝,裂缝倾角较缓。但随着加载力增大,这道贯通裂缝宽度并未进一步发展,预埋核心区的裂缝不断增多,且裂缝之间相互贯通,但裂缝宽度较为细小。墙身斜裂缝不断延伸增多,裂缝之间并未相互贯通,此过程中听见混凝土明显的开裂声音,墙顶位移计读数增大0.35 mm,说明此时墙体并未出现较大侧移。当加载力达到400 kN左右时,裂缝数量增加不多,原有裂缝继续延伸,互相穿插,裂缝宽度有较大增长,墙身正面左墙线和墙身背面右墙线出现较多短小裂缝。当加载力达到设计荷载500 kN时,悬臂墙并未屈服,但初始裂缝宽度增长较快。加载过程中试件发出金属碰撞声,应为墙体栓钉和钢筋碰撞所致,未见明显墙体侧移。当加载力达到713 kN左右时,悬臂墙发生破坏,墙身顶部出现一条明显的水平裂缝,裂缝宽度较大,如图8所示。加载工字钢连同下方预埋件被拉出,加载工字钢和埋板连接处未见明显破坏。悬臂墙墙顶右端保护层混凝土剥落,最终形成一个面积较大的混凝土剥落区,沿着水平加强筋,出现混凝土剥落竖缝,且暗柱纵筋屈曲明显,随着混凝土剥落,箍筋变形失去有效约束。
悬臂墙Ⅱ采用位移控制的低周反复加载,取加载位移对应的荷载为加载荷载。加载荷载为182 kN左右时,墙身正面初始裂缝出现在距墙顶190 mm、距右墙线550 mm处;墙身背面初始裂缝出现在距墙顶150 mm、距左墙线420 mm处。
加载荷载在182 kN之前墙体未产生可见裂缝,墙顶位移计读数增大0.28 mm。当加载荷载达到270 kN时,预埋核心区产生较多短小裂缝,墙正面左上角出现几条延伸到右下角的细长受压裂缝,裂缝不相连,受拉裂缝不明显,背面具有与正面相似的现象。当加载荷载达到320 kN时,墙正面左下角出现较多细长受压斜裂缝,原来互不相交的裂缝继续扩展,并彼此穿插,受拉裂缝开始增多,在这一级加载过程中,能听到较为明显的混凝土破裂声。当加载荷载接近350 kN时,墙正面出现许多短小斜裂缝,预埋核心区裂缝不断延伸,各个裂缝交织成网,墙正面和背面出现贯穿墙中心排气管的受拉斜裂缝,长度较长,裂缝分叉较多。当加载位荷载达到500 kN时,墙体的裂缝没有明显增多,裂缝延伸也不明显,但初始裂缝宽度增长较大。在500 kN设计荷载下对悬臂墙进行30圈的疲劳试验,试验结束后墙体裂缝的数量和宽度未有较大变化,裂缝布满墙身,两侧墙脚裂缝较少,预埋核心区裂缝较密,节点刚度仍未见退化,承载力未达到极限承载力。疲劳试验后进行单拉静力加载,当拉力达到737 kN左右时,墙体发生破坏,原有裂缝宽度和长度不断发展,墙体右侧上端部出现明显斜裂缝。墙面受拉区出现密集的斜裂缝,裂缝向下汇集于中心排气管附近。由于采用位移控制加载,墙面只有少量混凝土劈裂掉落,如图9所示,加载工字钢和预埋件未见明显破坏,墙左侧出现明显的混凝土劈裂,深度及宽度较大,与墙体正面和背面相互贯通。
由以上统计数据可知,两面悬臂墙的初始裂缝产生位置均在预埋件核心区附近。由于预埋件核心区配筋复杂,浇筑混凝土时很难达到理想的密实效果,因此开裂荷载有一定的差异。以上裂缝宽度测量选取的点为墙体产生初始裂缝的点,这些裂缝的宽度不一定是墙体裂缝的最大宽度。两面悬臂墙初始裂缝的最大宽度接近2 mm,但均未超过2 mm。数据表明,该处悬臂墙布置了暗柱暗梁,对裂缝宽度的发展产生了控制效果。由于悬臂墙Ⅰ加载方式为单向静力加载,测点裂缝宽度增长较为平缓,而悬臂墙Ⅱ加载方式为低周反复加载,测点裂缝宽度曲线波动较大,且在500 kN设计荷载附近,裂缝宽度增长较快。
悬臂墙Ⅱ滞回曲线位移取位移计D1,D7的均值与位移计D3的差值,即墙体的实际位移,如图10(a)所示。依次连接滞回曲线上各级加载的最高点,得到试件水平荷载-位移的骨架曲线如图10(b)所示。对比骨架曲线与单向加载曲线可以发现,悬臂墙Ⅰ的极限承载力为712.91 kN;悬臂墙Ⅱ的极限承载力为736.83 kN;采用不同加载方式的两面墙的极限承载力相差不大,且均满足500 kN的节点设计内力。
刚度是结构的主要动力特征之一,试件裂缝开展、钢筋屈服和混凝土塑性损伤等都会导致刚度退化。采用环线刚度21表征试件在反复加载过程中的刚度退化,即取同一加载幅值下n次循环的平均峰值荷载与相应位移均值的比值,体现循环次数的累积影响。环线刚度按下式计算:
式中  Ki为第i加载级时试件的环线刚度;PijΔij为第i加载级、第j次循环的最大荷载和相应水平位移;nc为计入的循环次数。
为方便对比两试件的刚度,这里仅给出循环加载在拉力方向的刚度退化曲线,如图11所示。
图11可知,阻尼器悬臂墙刚度衰减具有阶段性。第一阶段,试件承受外荷载,混凝土开始产生裂缝并且不断发展,试件刚度退化,且退化速度较快;第二阶段,试件混凝土裂缝进一步发展,钢筋应力明显增大,刚度继续退化,但衰减趋势相较于第一阶段明显变缓。由于墙体预埋核心区放置了型钢预埋件,混凝土难以浇筑密实且预埋件与墙体连接主要依靠机械锚固,因此墙体比较容易发生开裂,真实的墙体最初出现裂缝的地方位于悬臂墙内部,虽然无法直接从试验中观测得出,但墙体开裂进程通常是连续且弥散的。
表1可知,分布钢筋C10屈服应变为2202 με,加强筋C16屈服应变为2455 με,Q355钢材屈服应变为2000 με。图12为实测钢筋最大应变曲线。试件发生破坏时,预埋件腹板4处应变片G1~G4实测的最大应变为1520 με。预埋件拉筋附近的水平分布筋应变片H41,H42实测的最大应变为1243 με,应变片H43,H44实测的最大应变为2467 με。型钢预埋件拉筋附近的竖向分布筋上应变片V1,V2实测的最大应变为1512 με,应变片V3,V4实测的最大应变为2282 με。暗梁加强筋实测最大应变为1940 με。由图12可知,构件破坏时,仅有悬臂墙受拉区分布钢筋应变略微超过屈服应变,而在外荷载达到节点设计内力时钢筋应变均未超过屈服应变。
通过试验可知,阻尼器悬臂墙的预埋核心区是产生初始裂缝的地方,该处裂缝较为密集,因此需要测量设计内力下的主应力及其方向。由于墙身两侧已知主应力方向为竖直方向,则顺着主应力方向布置应变片;墙体正面和背面均不知主应力方向,则布置三向应变片,布置方向如图13所示,测出3个方向应变,然后代入相应公式得到主应力。
悬臂墙Ⅱ加载至设计荷载500 kN附近时,在墙体左侧面应变由上到下分别为244,364,1620,2450 με;在墙体右侧面应变由上到下分别为424,566,1990,2900 με。规范12对于混凝土的极限应变值一般取为0.002。可知墙体两侧底部混凝土已达到极限应变,出现明显的较宽裂缝。
在墙体正面预埋拉筋位置的三向应变分别为297,126,100 με;在墙体背面预埋拉筋位置的三向应变分别为400,202,158 με。计算得到的正面与背面主应力最大值分别为10和14 MPa,最大剪应力分别为3.05和3.59 MPa,倾斜角分别为-16°和-18°。由此可知,在设计荷载下,预埋件拉筋附近混凝土未出现较大应变,且有较大的余量。而在加载工字钢下方的预埋核心区,出现较多肉眼可见的密且长的裂缝,混凝土应变基本达到极限应变。
修正压力场理论(MCFT)22-23改进了主应力方向的本构关系,提高了压力场理论计算结果的准确性。修正压力场理论可以检验裂缝处的局部应力,利用钢筋混凝土膜单元的力-位移关系,得到钢筋混凝土单元平均应力、构件局部应力以及裂缝开裂初始宽度和裂缝整体走向。
魏巍巍等24在研究有腹筋钢筋混凝土梁受剪承载力时,认为在轴力、剪力和弯矩作用下钢筋混凝土梁的破坏模式一般为剪切破坏。悬臂墙所承受的剪力由受压区混凝土剪切力以及受拉区的骨料咬合力和箍筋共同承担,悬臂墙抗剪承载力计算方法与钢筋混凝土梁的计算方法相似:
式中  Vc为受压区混凝土提供的剪力;Vas为受拉区骨料咬合力和箍筋提供的剪力。
悬臂墙的斜截面向上延伸至集中力附近时会产生一个剪压区,其破坏满足双轴应力准则。本文采用下述双轴应力准则:
式中  为标准立方体混凝土的抗压强度;σ为受压区混凝土的压应力;τ为受拉区混凝土的剪应力;为随混凝土强度变化的试验数据,本文选择魏巍巍等24修正后的公式,即=0.01,=0.112,=-0.122。
假定受压区上混凝土任一点处的水平应变为ε,该点到中和轴的距离为x,且截面应变符合平截面假定,则:
式中  ε0为峰值应力对应的应变;x0为混凝土压应变ε0截面的高度;εsx为纵筋应变;为截面有效高度;xn为中和轴高度,按修正压力场理论24计算。
中国混凝土规范12给出了受弯构件混凝土受压区任一点处的压应力:
将式(14),(15)代入式(13)可得任一点处的剪应力与压应变关系,则沿上部受压区积分可得其对应的受剪承载力:
作用在Z方向h-xn长度范围的剪应力为:
式中  为配箍率;θ为裂缝倾角;fszcr为纵向裂缝处箍筋应力;fz为混凝土挤压应力;vci为裂缝处剪应力。
假定悬臂墙在发生剪切破坏时,Z方向的裂缝处以及裂缝间的箍筋都达到屈服强度,即fszcr=fyz;由于Z方向混凝土提供的挤压力较小,则令fz=0,可得剪应力:
式中  w为裂缝宽度;da为骨料最大粒径。
下部受拉区承担的剪力为:
考虑在弯剪作用下悬臂墙纵筋应变εsx应由弯矩和剪力共同产生,基于此特性给出计算方法,并由最外列钢筋应变得出悬臂墙的极限承载力。计算简图如图14所示。
剪力作用下X方向的钢筋应变为:
式中  n为钢筋沿Z方向的排列根数;为钢筋弹性模量;Asi为第i根钢筋对应截面面积。
弯矩作用下Z方向最外的列钢筋应变为:
式中  hv为钢筋到中和轴最远距离;hi为任一竖向钢筋到中和轴的距离;a为外荷载到悬臂墙支座的距离。
将剪力和弯矩作用下的钢筋应变相加,得出Z方向最外列钢筋总应变为:
已知试验悬臂墙截面宽度、X方向的分析宽度h=1500 mm、Z方向的分析高度 a=1900 mm,混凝土抗压强度=32 MPa、X方向的钢筋配筋率ρv=0.85%,Z方向的钢筋面积As=5652 mm2,钢筋的弹性模量Es=2.0×105 N/mm2Z 方向最外列钢筋的竖向屈服应变为0.0026,裂缝倾角θ取为38°;裂缝间距根据试验取为100 mm,骨料最大粒径取为20 mm。
根据上述理论计算可得其抗剪承载力为1519 kN,考虑弯剪作用下的极限承载力为640 kN;其中由剪力产生的钢筋应变为1.87×10-5,由墙底弯矩产生的钢筋应变为0.0026,可认为悬臂墙最终破坏主要是由于阻尼器对悬臂墙的附加弯矩导致的。计算的极限承载力略小于试验结果平均值724 kN,主要是因为以最外列钢筋屈服控制悬臂墙极限荷载时忽略了混凝土在弯剪作用下的承载力。
本文依照钢结构20、混凝土结构12和减震相关规范1113,给出了金属阻尼器中间柱型安装方式连接构件的设计方法。制作2个足尺构件,分别进行单向静力加载和低周反复加载试验以验证该构造设计方法的可行性,并研究悬臂墙的受力性能和破坏模式。得出以下主要结论:
(1)根据深受弯构件的受力特点,提出用于连接金属阻尼器的中间柱型悬臂墙连接构造,并依据相关规范及力学理论给出设计流程及相应的计算公式。
(2)悬臂墙的破坏模式为局部弯剪作用导致的预埋区混凝土锥体破坏及墙体两侧底部的局部混凝土劈裂破坏。由于阻尼器悬臂墙在两侧及墙顶分别布置了暗柱和暗梁加强筋,在节点设计内力下墙体未发生明显变形,整体受力性能较好。实际钢筋应变表明钢筋和预埋件钢板均未屈服,故设置暗梁限制了预埋件拉拔对周围构件应变的扰动。
(3)悬臂墙在单向静力加载和低周反复加载试验中,墙体的极限承载力分别为713和737 kN,均满足阻尼器节点设计内力500 kN,且有较大的安全储备,说明该构造及设计方法具有可行性。
(4)借鉴修正压力场理论对悬臂墙墙脚弯剪部位进行承载力分析,在考虑墙内各个纵筋的影响下,以最外列钢筋屈服应变为依据,得出悬臂墙抗弯剪承载力计算方法,计算结果与试验更加接近。
(5)悬臂墙浇筑时应采用长条形方式或流水线方式浇筑,浇筑后及时处理缝隙并对混凝土压实处理。同时掺入适量引气剂,提高混凝土抗拉强度或直接提高混凝土等级以避免墙体过早开裂。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678302)
  • 江苏省“六大人才高峰”计划资助项目(JY-022)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.013
  • 接收时间:2022-09-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-20
  • 修回日期:2022-11-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51678302)
江苏省“六大人才高峰”计划资助项目(JY-022)
作者信息
    1南京工业大学土木工程学院,江苏 南京 211816
    2上海堃熠工程减震科技有限公司,上海 201114

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许伟志(1990―),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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