Article(id=1228634334014403446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1663862400000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-23, revisedDate=1682611200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858852151, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858852151, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858852151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858852151, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1431, endPage=1441, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634334207341437, articleId=1228634334014403446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=PCA-GWO-SVR machine learning applied to prediction of peak vibration velocity of slope blasting, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the low accuracy of traditional empirical formulas in complex site environment,a predictive model for peak blasting vibration velocity based on grey wolf optimization support vector regression (PCA-GWO-SVR) with principal component analysis (PCA) feature selection is proposed. Based on the monitoring data of blasting excavation of dam abutment trough on the right bank of Baihetan Hydropower Station,the blasting center distance,maximum single-shot charge quantity,elevation difference,longitudinal wave velocity,bore spacing and bore row distance are selected as input parameters,and the characteristic values are selected by data dimension reduction of PCA,and the six selected features are dimensionally reduced to four characteristics with higher correlation. Support vector regression (SVR) is improved by grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) to obtain the optimal parameters. Parameters are input into the SVR model for evaluation. The research results show that the PCA-GWO-SVR algorithm has better agreement with the predicted values and the measured values of Sadowski formula,improved Sadowski formula,SVR,PCA-SVR,GWO-SVR. The predicted results are more accurate and can predict the peak value of blasting vibration of slope more effectively,which provides help for safety control of blasting construction of slope.

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针对复杂场地环境下传统经验公式预测精度不高的问题,提出了一种主成分分析(PCA)特征选取下基于灰狼优化支持向量回归机算法(PCA-GWO-SVR)的爆破振动速度峰值预测模型。以白鹤滩水电站右岸坝肩槽爆破开挖监测数据为依据,选取爆心距、单响药量、高程差、纵波波速、炮孔间距、炮孔排距作为输入参数,通过PCA的数据降维对特征值进行选取,将选取的6种特征降维后化为4种相关性更高的特征;使用灰狼优化算法(GWO)改进支持向量回归机(SVR)以获取最优参数;将参数输入到SVR模型中进行计算评估。研究结果表明:PCA-GWO-SVR算法对比萨道夫斯基公式,改进的萨道夫斯基公式,SVR,PCA-SVR和GWO-SVR的预测值和实测值的吻合效果更好,预测结果的准确度更高,更能有效地预测边坡爆破振动峰值,为边坡爆破施工安全控制提供帮助。

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杨广栋(1991—),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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范 勇(1988—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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范 勇(1988—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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figureFileBig=4B6Mp+accSCoqrH2TeIC9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634366289572730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334014403446, language=CN, label=图15, caption=四种模型和两种公式预测结果误差分析, figureFileSmall=6IIrs+n2enqqDwvj1tsOHw==, figureFileBig=4B6Mp+accSCoqrH2TeIC9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634366369264512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334014403446, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

824~834 m blasting parameters

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序号孔名钻孔参数装药参数
孔距/m孔深/m孔径/mm药卷直径/mm堵塞长度/m单孔药量/kg最大单响药量/kg总装药量/kg
1预裂孔0.55~0.802.2~11.790320.5~2.02.40~3.7518.75800
2缓冲孔1.89.5~11.790700.8~2.015.0~19.539
3主爆孔3.09.5~11.790700.8~2.021.0~27.054
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824~834 m爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号孔名钻孔参数装药参数
孔距/m孔深/m孔径/mm药卷直径/mm堵塞长度/m单孔药量/kg最大单响药量/kg总装药量/kg
1预裂孔0.55~0.802.2~11.790320.5~2.02.40~3.7518.75800
2缓冲孔1.89.5~11.790700.8~2.015.0~19.539
3主爆孔3.09.5~11.790700.8~2.021.0~27.054
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Blasting vibration data of the right bank dam abutment groove of Baihetan

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序号Q/kgR/mH/mCp/(m·s‒1)a/mb/mPPV/(m·s‒1)
163.6811.81037370.800.809.53
263.6823.82042920.780.784.94
356.8523.82045360.700.706.74
450.2523.42045670.740.746.47
520.8060.55043750.730.731.21
620.8048.34043750.730.732.83
720.8048.34041990.700.702.12
856.8536.13045360.700.703.67
963.6811.81042920.780.788.24
························
10764.87242047550.800.805.27
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白鹤滩右岸坝肩槽爆破振动数据

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序号Q/kgR/mH/mCp/(m·s‒1)a/mb/mPPV/(m·s‒1)
163.6811.81037370.800.809.53
263.6823.82042920.780.784.94
356.8523.82045360.700.706.74
450.2523.42045670.740.746.47
520.8060.55043750.730.731.21
620.8048.34043750.730.732.83
720.8048.34041990.700.702.12
856.8536.13045360.700.703.67
963.6811.81042920.780.788.24
························
10764.87242047550.800.805.27
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Fitting results of two formulas

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序号类型参数值
α1β1kr2
196组0.90-32.290.65
824~834 m1.77-365.740.88
296组0.850.0631.020.69
824~834 m1.77-1.4060.190.76
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两种公式拟合结果

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序号类型参数值
α1β1kr2
196组0.90-32.290.65
824~834 m1.77-365.740.88
296组0.850.0631.020.69
824~834 m1.77-1.4060.190.76
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Comparison of forecast errors of two formulas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号实测值/(cm·s‒1)萨道夫斯基公式改进萨道夫斯基公式
预测值/(cm·s‒1)误差/%预测值/(cm·s‒1)误差/%
111.1830.46172.4416.0143.22
29.5526.18174.1413.2338.55
33.328.02141.637.87136.99
42.768.02190.667.87185.07
52.938.27182.138.17178.88
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两种公式预测误差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号实测值/(cm·s‒1)萨道夫斯基公式改进萨道夫斯基公式
预测值/(cm·s‒1)误差/%预测值/(cm·s‒1)误差/%
111.1830.46172.4416.0143.22
29.5526.18174.1413.2338.55
33.328.02141.637.87136.99
42.768.02190.667.87185.07
52.938.27182.138.17178.88
), ArticleFig(id=1228634367170376612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334014403446, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of evaluation indexes after prediction of four models

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训练模型评价指标
r2MAERMSEMAPE/%
SVR0.6282.6971.46125.51
PCA-SVR0.5243.1851.25133.04
GWO-SVR0.7861.1610.78518.35
PCA-GWO-SVR0.9490.2850.4358.41
), ArticleFig(id=1228634367250068390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634334014403446, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

四种模型预测后评价指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
训练模型评价指标
r2MAERMSEMAPE/%
SVR0.6282.6971.46125.51
PCA-SVR0.5243.1851.25133.04
GWO-SVR0.7861.1610.78518.35
PCA-GWO-SVR0.9490.2850.4358.41
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PCA-GWO-SVR机器学习用于边坡爆破振动速度峰值预测研究
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范勇 1, 2 , 胡名东 1, 2 , 杨广栋 1, 2 , 崔先泽 1, 2 , 高启栋 1, 3
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1431-1441
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1431-1441
PCA-GWO-SVR机器学习用于边坡爆破振动速度峰值预测研究
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范勇1, 2 , 胡名东1, 2, 杨广栋1, 2 , 崔先泽1, 2, 高启栋1, 3
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学湖北省水电工程施工与管理重点实验室, 湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2三峡大学水利与环境学院, 湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3长安大学公路学院, 陕西 西安 710064
  • 范 勇(1988—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨广栋(1991—),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
PCA-GWO-SVR machine learning applied to prediction of peak vibration velocity of slope blasting
Yong FAN1, 2 , Ming-dong HU1, 2, Guang-dong YANG1, 2 , Xian-ze CUI1, 2, Qi-dong GAO1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Construction and Management in Hydropower Engineering,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China
  • 2College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China
  • 3School of Highway,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710064,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.017
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针对复杂场地环境下传统经验公式预测精度不高的问题,提出了一种主成分分析(PCA)特征选取下基于灰狼优化支持向量回归机算法(PCA-GWO-SVR)的爆破振动速度峰值预测模型。以白鹤滩水电站右岸坝肩槽爆破开挖监测数据为依据,选取爆心距、单响药量、高程差、纵波波速、炮孔间距、炮孔排距作为输入参数,通过PCA的数据降维对特征值进行选取,将选取的6种特征降维后化为4种相关性更高的特征;使用灰狼优化算法(GWO)改进支持向量回归机(SVR)以获取最优参数;将参数输入到SVR模型中进行计算评估。研究结果表明:PCA-GWO-SVR算法对比萨道夫斯基公式,改进的萨道夫斯基公式,SVR,PCA-SVR和GWO-SVR的预测值和实测值的吻合效果更好,预测结果的准确度更高,更能有效地预测边坡爆破振动峰值,为边坡爆破施工安全控制提供帮助。

爆破振动  /  主成分分析  /  灰狼优化算法  /  支持向量回归机

Aiming at the low accuracy of traditional empirical formulas in complex site environment,a predictive model for peak blasting vibration velocity based on grey wolf optimization support vector regression (PCA-GWO-SVR) with principal component analysis (PCA) feature selection is proposed. Based on the monitoring data of blasting excavation of dam abutment trough on the right bank of Baihetan Hydropower Station,the blasting center distance,maximum single-shot charge quantity,elevation difference,longitudinal wave velocity,bore spacing and bore row distance are selected as input parameters,and the characteristic values are selected by data dimension reduction of PCA,and the six selected features are dimensionally reduced to four characteristics with higher correlation. Support vector regression (SVR) is improved by grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) to obtain the optimal parameters. Parameters are input into the SVR model for evaluation. The research results show that the PCA-GWO-SVR algorithm has better agreement with the predicted values and the measured values of Sadowski formula,improved Sadowski formula,SVR,PCA-SVR,GWO-SVR. The predicted results are more accurate and can predict the peak value of blasting vibration of slope more effectively,which provides help for safety control of blasting construction of slope.

blasting vibration  /  principal component analysis  /  grey wolf optimization algorithm  /  support vector regression
范勇, 胡名东, 杨广栋, 崔先泽, 高启栋. PCA-GWO-SVR机器学习用于边坡爆破振动速度峰值预测研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1431 -1441 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.017
Yong FAN, Ming-dong HU, Guang-dong YANG, Xian-ze CUI, Qi-dong GAO. PCA-GWO-SVR machine learning applied to prediction of peak vibration velocity of slope blasting[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1431 -1441 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.017
中国西南地区大型水利水电工程通常布置于深切河谷,均涉及大规模、高强度的高陡边坡开挖。爆破作为边坡开挖的主要手段,其诱发的振动必然会导致岩体的损伤,严重影响边坡的安全与稳定。因此,准确预测爆破振动速度峰值(PPV)对保障大型水电工程边坡开挖安全稳定有重要意义。
目前国内外学者普遍使用的PPV预测公式有:萨道夫斯基公式、考虑高程效应的改进萨道夫斯基公式1、美国矿务局公式和印度标准局公式等。这些经验公式仅仅考虑了最大单响药量、爆心距和高程差对爆破振动峰值的影响,其他如场地介质和爆破条件等影响因素归为了公式中的经验系数2,无法反映影响PPV的参数与PPV之间的非线性关系,这导致其使用具有一定的局限性,预测精度不高3
近年来,机器学习越来越多的运用到实际工程数据分析中,为PPV预测提供了新的思路4-5。彭府华等6利用SVM(Support Vector Machines)对某矿山爆破振动实测数据进行预测,验证了模型的可行性、稳定性。史秀志等7基于基因表达式编程(GEP)实现了爆破振动速度峰值预测。Dindarloo8采用SVM对露天矿场PPV进行了预测,选取了12个输入变量,证明了该算法的适用性。陈秋松等9采用灰色关联度理论(GRA)改进了GEP算法,使PPV预测误差得到了降低。卢二伟等10运用最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)理论对小样本PPV数据进行了预测,取得了良好效果。Faradonbeh等11利用布谷鸟算法(CS)优化了GEP算法,实现了铁矿爆破振动峰值准确预测。Mokfi12采用数据处理群(GMDH)方法对马来西亚槟城采石场爆破振动进行了预测,并验证了其可行性。Xu13将主成分分析方法(PCA)和支持向量机(SVM)结合,实现了红头山铜矿采场‎‎爆破振动预测。‎‎Yang14分别采用萤火虫算法(FFA)、遗传算法(GA)和粒子群算法(PSO)优化支持向量回归机(SVR),并比较了几种优化算法在爆破振动预测方面的效果。Ke15将神经网络(NN)和支持向量回归机模型(SVR)混合编码,形成杂交的智能模型对爆破振动进行预测,预测精度显著提高。Zeng16将提升卡方自动相互作用检测(CHAID)与支持向量机(SVM)结合实现了爆破振动预测。
综上所述,机器学习作为一种新型的智能预测方法,在预测爆破振动速度峰值上有着良好的效果,但上述方法在稳定性上仍有不足,实测数据往往复杂多样,噪声数据参杂其中会影响预测的准确度和稳定性。本文首先采用PCA方法进行特征降维,然后采用灰狼优化算法(GWO)改进支持向量回归机(SVR),从而建立基于PCA-GWO-SVR机器学习的爆破振动速度峰值预测模型;以白鹤滩水电站右岸坝肩槽爆破开挖监测数据为依据,加入可反映场地因素的纵波波速作为输入参数,对所提出的模型进行训练和检验,并与传统经验公式和其他智能预测模型进行对比,验证PCA-GWO-SVR模型的适用性和优越性。
本文提出的基于机器学习的爆破振动速度峰值预测模型构建步骤如下:(1)为了降低爆破振动实测数据内不同参数的量纲和量级差异带来的支配性影响,采用极值归一化处理;(2)采用PCA方法对复杂参数进行特征选取,筛选出影响PPV较大的关键参数作为输入特征;(3)引入GWO算法,利用其收敛性较好,参数选取较少,易实现的优势进行参数优化,迭代选取最有利于提高预测精度的参数;(4)结合SVR方法对优化后的模型参数进行预测建模。
模型预测前需要对原始数据进行数据划分和预处理,收集有关装药结构、场地环境信息,如装药量、爆心距、纵波波速、高程差及炮孔排间距等。这些不同类型的特征参数量纲各异,且数据量级差距较大。例如,爆破振动在岩石介质中的传播速度可达3000~4000 m/s,而其爆心距仅有几十米。它们都是表征PPV大小的重要因素。
由于大多数特征选择和机器学习算法没有伸缩不变性,因此必须在数据分析之前对数据进行预处理,以避免由于数据挖掘过程中的大小差异而导致某些参数的支配性作用,对数据进行归一化处理可以很好地解决特征向量量纲存在差异的问题:
式中  xn为归一化后的无量纲值;x为原始数据;xmin为原始数据的最小值;xmax为原始数据的最大值。极值归一化处理可以将维度数据无量纲化,同时将数据缩放到区间[0,1],以增强模型的预测效果,提高其收敛速度和预测精度。
工程现场收集到的数据众多,只需选取相关性最高的参数进行数据分析。因此,为了充分挖掘不同参数与PPV间的变化规律,实现有效的爆破振动速度峰值预测,需合理、准确地选取对PPV变化较为敏感的参数作为后续机器学习的输入参数。
本文采用主成分分析(PCA) 方法17对数据进行预处理。它的原理是通过空间坐标转换将原有数据对应的坐标转化到另外一组坐标系下,在新的坐标系下,把多种变量数据转化为少数几个彼此互不相关的主成分18,其主要的原理是进行数据降维。PCA算法的具体步骤划分为以下6步19
原始数据(归一化后的矩阵)X´、标准化配方Mij及标准化矩阵M为:
式中  表示数据样本有n个,每个数据样本有p维变量;为第j个变量的平均值;Sj为第j个变量的标准差。
相关系数矩阵R''为:
式中  R''为一个n×n维对称矩阵,对角线数据都为1。
λi通过式获得,I为单位矩阵,然后将λi按尺寸大小排序,
特征向量MXi´通过下式获得:
主成分的贡献率α1i与前m个主成分的累计贡献率为:
一般累计贡献率>86%,选前m个主成分。
主成分的表达式为:
综合评价功能为:
爆破过程中影响PPV大小的参数众多,并且参数间存在着复杂的非线性关系。对于处理此类维度高及非线性的数据问题,传统的预测公式在处理非线性问题上预测精度不高。因此需要寻找一种能改善算法精度、增加其稳定性、有效收敛的方法来优化参数。
灰狼优化算法(GWO)具有较强的收敛性、参数较少、容易实现等优点。GWO算法模拟了自然界灰狼的领导层级和狩猎机制。图1所示4种类型的灰狼,包括αβδω,被用于模拟领导层级。GWO可以描述为ω跟随αβδ搜索和包围猎物的过程,并且猎物R1的位置是最佳的。具体流程如图1所示19
GWO算法的数学模型如下:
式中  t表示当前迭代;为猎物的位置向量;表示1只灰狼的位置向量;表示灰狼与其猎物间的距离;的分量在迭代过程中从2线性减小到0,为[0,1]中的随机向量。
为了对灰狼的捕猎行为进行数学建模,假设αβδ对猎物R1的潜在位置有了更好的了解。因此,保存当前可用的3个最佳解决方案,并强制其他搜索代理根据最佳搜索代理的位置更新其位置:
式中  C1C2C3表示控制狼的行为的系数向量;XαXβXδ分别为当前种群中的3个等级狼群的位置向量;X表示灰狼的位置向量;DαDβDδ分别表示当前候选狼群与最优3只狼的距离;A表示控制狼行为的系数向量(A指代式(11)中的A1A2A3),当|A|>1时,灰狼之间尽量分散在各区域并搜寻猎物;当|A|<1时,灰狼将集中搜索某个或某些区域的猎物。
为了探究爆破振动在传播过程中各特征间的相互作用以及存在的非线性关系,需在特征样本中寻求一个最佳超平面,通过目标函数将原始训练数据映射到更高维中,在扩维后的样本空间进行计算,得到期望值。
支持向量回归机(SVR)作为一种基于统计理论的机器学习方法,在处理非线性回归问题上具有独特的优势21-22。同时,因为工程实测数据在收集时不可避免有噪声和异常值23,采用SVR方法可以依靠少量样本点作为支持向量来确定预测模型,对噪声和离群值拥有一定的鲁棒性24。其结构图如图2所示25
SVR目标函数和约束条件26为:
式中  为尺寸权重向量;c为惩罚因子;ξiξi*为松弛变量;yi为输出变量;b´为偏移量;g为误差系数。ξiξi*取值为:
其他情况ξiξi*取为0,为了使目标函数最小化,需根据约束条件构造拉格朗日函数:
式中  ,为拉格朗日乘数,
cg两个参数的设定大小直接影响到最后预测模型的准确度,为了防止因偶然因素和人为干扰对结果的影响,选择通过GWO算法确定SVR算法中cg的具体数值。
单纯使用SVR对于损失函数构成的模型,无法确定权重大小,很容易导致过拟合,而过拟合的根本原因是样本中太多的特征被包含进来,从而使得模型预测的准确度降低。其中的两个重要参数惩罚因子c和误差系数g(必须大于0)的选取根据经验取得,对模型的预测准确度有很大的影响。PCA-GWO-SVR模型的搭建思路为:通过主成分分析PCA将数据特征进行降维,使得特征相关性简单化,同时利用GWO算法迭代计算优化SVR的2个参数cg;将最后计算得出的值与实测爆破振动速度峰值进行对比。其具体的流程如图3所示。
模型经过计算预测后应对计算结果进行评估,以验证该算法的准确度与适用性。在本研究中,采用以下4个性能评价系数:决定系数r2、均方误差MAE、平均绝对误差RMSE和平均绝对百分比误差MAPE27-28。计算公式分别如下:
式中  y分别为实测值、预测值和平均值;N为数据样本。
白鹤滩水电站位于金沙江下游,坝型为混凝土双曲拱坝(如图4(a)所示),坝高289 m。在混凝土浇筑前,应先进行坝址处强风化岩体爆破开挖过程,如图4(b)所示,边坡开挖高度达400 m,采用分层爆破方式依次进行开挖。爆破必然会产生振动,从而影响边坡稳定,加上坝址处地质条件复杂,柱状玄武岩节理发育,小规模间断层较多(如图5所示),使得边坡爆破施工的安全稳定问题更加突出。
为了评估爆破损伤,防止爆破振动过大引起边坡失稳,在边坡分层开挖过程中进行爆破振动监测。以高程824~834 m爆破开挖为例,相关爆破参数如表1所示。采用预裂爆破技术,爆破设计如图6(a)所示。首先起爆预裂孔,然后主爆孔,最后缓冲孔。根据地形条件及现场场地条件,在爆破区域后方共布置12个测点,测点位置如图6(b)和(d)所示。采用TC-4850爆破监测仪,现场安装如图6(c)所示。
实测爆破振动波形如图7所示。波形主要由3段组成,分别由预裂孔、主爆破孔和缓冲孔起爆产生,取其最大值,即可获得PPV
收集白鹤滩水电站右岸坝肩槽634~864 m高程爆破开挖实测振动速度峰值PPV表2所示,共计107组。表2中还给出了对应的单响药量Q、爆心距R、测点高程差H、岩体纵波波速Cp、孔间距a和排间距b
由于具有高程差,爆破振动的传播路径主要集中在岩体内部(白鹤滩水电站的测点布置分为两大类:第一类布置在顶部岩体,第二类布置在马道上),因此,采用纵波波速可以反映岩体在传播途径上的结构特征。结合实地环境,采用HX-SYB智能型岩石声波仪检测爆源近区10 m左右深度的纵波波速,单孔和跨孔声波监测实验如图8所示。测试过程中,将声级计传感器放置在测试孔底部,并向测试孔注水,直到水流出孔,关小钻孔注水阀门,保持钻孔孔口有水流出即可;操作声波仪进行检测、读数并记录;按照0.2 m的间隔进行读数,对每一测点测读两次,取其平均值。第一类测点的纵波波速选取的是非损伤区爆前、爆后的平均值,第二类选取的是爆后损伤区声波速度的平均值,某层边坡开挖实测声波曲线如图9所示。
收集整理白鹤滩水电站右岸坝肩槽开挖的107组数据的前96组数据和高程824~834 m,利用萨道夫斯基公式和改进的萨道夫斯基公式进行拟合:
式中  PPVPPV'为爆破振动峰值;RR'为爆心距;QQ'为最大单响药量;H为爆区与观测点或建筑物、防护目标的高程差;kk'为场地系数;α1α'为爆破振动衰减系数;β1为高程影响系数。
拟合时,先将公式(20)和(21)两边同时取对数,如下式:
;令改进公式,则式(22),(23)可化为:
采用最小二乘法及回归分析来进行拟合的结果如表3所示。
序号1为萨道夫斯基公式,序号2为改进的萨道夫斯基公式。根据表3中的拟合结果,还原后可得到PPV衰减公式:
利用公式(26)和(28)中拟合得到的kα1β1对后11组实测数据进行预测,结果如图10所示。
利用公式(27)和(29)中拟合得到的kα1β1对高程824~834 m实测数据进行预测,结果如表4所示。
表4中实测值与预测值可以看出,萨道夫斯基公式的误差值均在140%以上,预测效果准确度较低,而加入高程效应的改进萨道夫斯基公式各项数据预测误差均比萨道夫斯基公式预测误差要低,说明高程可作为影响PPV的一个重要参数。但改进的萨道夫斯基公式最低误差为38.55%,预测准确度较差,说明还需考虑其他因素的影响。纵波波速可以很好地反映岩体裂隙和结构面发育程度的影响,因此选择加入纵波波速作为PPV的影响因素。
不同炮孔间的炮孔布置也会互相产生干扰,因此,考虑将炮孔排距、间距作为影响因素加入到模型中去。
GWO-SVR模型选择输入的参数为QRHCpab,利用GWO优化算法对参数进行优化,GWO-SVR各参数采用试算法30多次取值进行训练,最优参数设置如下:采用径向基(高斯)核函数、种群最大数量设为15、最大迭代数设为50、最小搜索范围设为[0,0,0]、最大搜索范围设为[10,10,100]。从表2中随机选取96组数据作为学习样本训练模型,剩余11组作为样本集进行检验。选择的迭代次数为50次,得到的适应度曲线如图11所示,得到的优化改进的参数c=4.8353744,g=0.0441592。
在对实测数据进行预测之前,需处理掉与爆破振动速度峰值PPV关联性较小、甚至不相关的特征,从而提高数据处理的速度。影响PPV的参数有6个:最大单响药量Q、爆心距R、高程差H、纵波波速Cp、孔间距a和排间距b。采用PCA进行特征降维,获得各成分的贡献值,如图12所示。
图12可以看出,前4个主成分QRHCp分别占据了40%,29%,13%和12%的信息量,前4个总和几乎包含了94%(>86%)的特征信息,因此,以占比10%为界,取QRHCp作为输入参数。
经过PCA降维分析后,选取前4个主成分QRHCp作为输入变量,引入到GWO算法中进行参数优化。参数设置及迭代次数同上,得到的适应度曲线如图13所示,得到的优化改进的参数c=4.2562448,g=0.1835821。
确定模型参数后,采用表2中收集到的数据,分别对SVR,PCA-SVR,GWO-SVR和PCA-GWO-SVR模型进行训练。通过r2MAERMSEMAPE指标进行评估,结果如表5所示。
表5可以看出,经过多次模型训练后,PCA-GWO-SVR相较于其他几种模型训练效果最好,相关系数r2达到了0.949,平均绝对百分比误差MAPE减小到了8.41%。从结果上可以看出,经过PCA降维和灰狼算法GWO改进后,支持向量回归机SVR模型训练准确度有了显著提升。
SVR,PCA-SVR,GWO-SVR和PCA-GWO-SVR四种模型预测结果如图14所示。从图14可以看出,PCA-GWO-SVR模型预测结果与实测值最接近,预测效果最佳。
将四种模型预测结果和图10两种公式预测结果进行误差分析,如图15所示。PCA-GWO-SVR模型的最大误差为25.56%,萨道夫斯基公式的最大误差为30.25%,改进的萨道夫斯基公式的最大误差为18.21%,SVR的最大误差达到了105.75%,PCA-SVR的最大误差达到了186.47%,GWO-SVR的最大误差达到了110.3%。对比平均误差百分比可以看出,PCA-GWO-SVR的平均误差百分比值最低,表明该模型预测准确度最高,与真实结果更加接近。
本文采用主成分分析PCA方法进行特征降维,利用灰狼优化算法(GWO)改进支持向量回归机(SVR),构建了基于PCA-GWO-SVR机器学习的爆破振动速度峰值预测模型,并成功应用于白鹤滩水电站拱坝坝肩槽爆破开挖振动预测。训练和预测结果显示,基于PCA-GWO-SVR算法预测平均误差百分比只有6.9%,相较于萨道夫斯基公式、改进的萨道夫斯基公式、SVR、PCA-SVR和GWO-SVR算法,分别降低了4.4%,3.5%,19.8%,27.3%和12.2%,这表明PCA-GWO-SVR模型可以有效预测边坡爆破振动峰值,为边坡爆破施工安全控制提供帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979152)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52209162)
  • 湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划项目(T2020005)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.017
  • 接收时间:2022-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-23
  • 修回日期:2023-04-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979152)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52209162)
湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划项目(T2020005)
作者信息
    1三峡大学湖北省水电工程施工与管理重点实验室, 湖北 宜昌 443002
    2三峡大学水利与环境学院, 湖北 宜昌 443002
    3长安大学公路学院, 陕西 西安 710064

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杨广栋(1991—),男,博士,副教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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