Article(id=1228634333964075755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1661184000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-23, revisedDate=1671033600000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858852139, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858852139, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858852139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858852139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1299, endPage=1307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634334291231473, articleId=1228634333964075755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Load-bearing performance analysis of backpack exoskeleton with adaptive adjustment of the weight-gravity center, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The large oscillation of the weight center on the sagittal plane can produce shock and oscillating force on the shoulders and back of the human body,which can cause muscle fatigue in the upper limbs. To alleviate the impact and oscillating force,a hip-joint driven backpack exoskeleton with adaptive adjustment of the weight-gravity center is proposed. Based on the five-bar model of the human body,the kinematic model of the gravity center in the human-weight system and the human-exoskeleton-weight system is established by the D-H method to analyze the trajectory of the gravity center. Based on the Newton-Euler method,the human dynamics model and the human-exoskeleton dynamics model are established. The changes in the human shoulder back forces and the lumbar,hip,and knee joint moments are obtained in the human-weight and human-exoskeleton-weight systems. Results are validated by the software OpenSim. Kinematics,dynamics,and software simulation show that the exoskeleton reduces the fluctuation of the gravity center,improves the torque distribution of each joint,and improves the load-bearing performance.

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背负的重物质心在矢状面上的大幅波动会对人体肩、背部产生冲击与振荡力,引起上肢肌肉疲劳。为缓解和减轻重物对人体腰背部的冲击与振荡力,提出了一款以髋关节驱动的重物质心自适应调节背负外骨骼。以人体五杆模型为研究对象,运用D⁃H法建立人体⁃重物系统与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统中重物质心运动学模型并对比重物质心轨迹,基于牛顿-欧拉法建立人体动力学模型与人机动力学模型,获得人体⁃重物系统与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统中人体肩、背部受力的变化以及腰椎、髋、膝关节力矩的变化,并利用生物力学软件OpenSim进行了验证。运动学、动力学分析及软件仿真表明了该外骨骼降低了重物质心的波动,改善了各关节的力矩分布,提升了负重性能。

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张建军(1971―),男,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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李希源(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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李希源(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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重物质心自适应调节背负外骨骼负重性能分析
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李希源 1, 2 , 张建军 1, 2 , 艾存金 1, 2 , 宋井科 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1299-1307
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1299-1307
重物质心自适应调节背负外骨骼负重性能分析
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李希源1, 2 , 张建军1, 2 , 艾存金1, 2, 宋井科1, 2
作者信息
  • 1河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津 300401
  • 2河北省机器人感知与人机融合重点实验室,天津 300401
  • 李希源(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张建军(1971―),男,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
Load-bearing performance analysis of backpack exoskeleton with adaptive adjustment of the weight-gravity center
Xi-yuan LI1, 2 , Jian-jun ZHANG1, 2 , Cun-jin AI1, 2, Jing-ke SONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 2Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Robot Perception and Human-Machine Fusion, Tianjin 300401, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.004
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背负的重物质心在矢状面上的大幅波动会对人体肩、背部产生冲击与振荡力,引起上肢肌肉疲劳。为缓解和减轻重物对人体腰背部的冲击与振荡力,提出了一款以髋关节驱动的重物质心自适应调节背负外骨骼。以人体五杆模型为研究对象,运用D⁃H法建立人体⁃重物系统与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统中重物质心运动学模型并对比重物质心轨迹,基于牛顿-欧拉法建立人体动力学模型与人机动力学模型,获得人体⁃重物系统与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统中人体肩、背部受力的变化以及腰椎、髋、膝关节力矩的变化,并利用生物力学软件OpenSim进行了验证。运动学、动力学分析及软件仿真表明了该外骨骼降低了重物质心的波动,改善了各关节的力矩分布,提升了负重性能。

人机动力学  /  背负外骨骼  /  质心轨迹  /  负重性能

The large oscillation of the weight center on the sagittal plane can produce shock and oscillating force on the shoulders and back of the human body,which can cause muscle fatigue in the upper limbs. To alleviate the impact and oscillating force,a hip-joint driven backpack exoskeleton with adaptive adjustment of the weight-gravity center is proposed. Based on the five-bar model of the human body,the kinematic model of the gravity center in the human-weight system and the human-exoskeleton-weight system is established by the D-H method to analyze the trajectory of the gravity center. Based on the Newton-Euler method,the human dynamics model and the human-exoskeleton dynamics model are established. The changes in the human shoulder back forces and the lumbar,hip,and knee joint moments are obtained in the human-weight and human-exoskeleton-weight systems. Results are validated by the software OpenSim. Kinematics,dynamics,and software simulation show that the exoskeleton reduces the fluctuation of the gravity center,improves the torque distribution of each joint,and improves the load-bearing performance.

human-machine dynamics  /  backpack exoskeleton  /  centroid trajectory  /  load-bearing performance
李希源, 张建军, 艾存金, 宋井科. 重物质心自适应调节背负外骨骼负重性能分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1299 -1307 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.004
Xi-yuan LI, Jian-jun ZHANG, Cun-jin AI, Jing-ke SONG. Load-bearing performance analysis of backpack exoskeleton with adaptive adjustment of the weight-gravity center[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1299 -1307 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.004
随着制造、物流、建筑等行业的机械自动化需求提高,各类下肢助力型外骨骼应运而生,用于辅助人体下肢运动,增强人体负重能力,为人体在运动过程中提供助力13。然而,大多数辅助负重助力型外骨骼忽略了对外骨骼背负机构的研究。行走过程中,重物随人体运动所产生的振荡力会造成上肢肌肉疲劳,而肩、背部的疲劳是负重行走过程中最常见局部疲劳之一,严重制约人体体能的保持与发挥4。因此,有必要设计一种适用于重物背负的外骨骼来缓解行走过程中重物对人体的冲击带来的影响。
目前针对重物背负的研究主要集中在悬浮背包领域56。在行走过程中,通过在人体与重物之间创建相对运动,以此来调节重物质心的运动并收集重物的重力势能将其转化为电能等。在助力型外骨骼领域,背负机构直接或间接使用悬浮背包的原理。如马舜7将弹性悬浮背包与下肢助力外骨骼进行组合,增加人体负重运动能力;刘静等8通过在外骨骼与背包之间添加柔性缓冲支撑件,来减小背包冲击以提高舒适性;李志伟9利用绳轮机构作为外骨骼机器人的背负机构使背包与人体做相反运动,达到降低重物波动的效果;Hou等10通过电机等来调节悬浮背包的阻尼,使背包可以在不同负重下可以达到较为理想的重物波动调节的功能;Yang等11利用最优控制阻尼变量原理设计背负机构,通过调节阻尼来实时匹配步态中各个阶段。以上外骨骼背负机构大多采用弹簧、绳轮等柔性机构进行重物重心调节。但其机构的原理均可视为弹簧阻尼系统,仅在某一特定行走条件下重心调节效果明显。当重物重量或运动速度改变时,需要对弹性悬浮背包机构的刚度或阻尼进行调节,这也大大增加了背负机构的设计与控制难度。
基于上述研究与分析,现有的以弹簧阻尼系统为基本原理的背负机构的设计上存在着适用范围单一、机构设计与控制难度大、重心调节性能受特定条件限制、稳定性差等问题。本文以人体在水平路面负重行走为应用场景,设计一款重物质心自适应调节刚性背负外骨骼,建立人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统运动学模型,得到人机耦合作用下重物的波动,对比人体⁃重物系统动力学与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统动力学来分析外骨骼对人体上肢所受压力与下肢关节力矩的影响,对背负外骨骼的拓展设计或与下肢助力外骨骼的模块化设计具有借鉴意义。
Murray等12介绍了人体在行走过程中躯体上下运动规律:人体躯干、头部和手臂并不造成身体重心的垂直位移变化,而是骨盆、髋部、膝盖、脚踝和脚的相关运动导致了人体重心的垂直位移。当成年人以其最舒适的速度平地行走时,重心在矢状面上偏移大约4~5 cm12,如图1所示。人体重心在双腿支撑期处于最低点,在支撑中期达到最高点。当人体背负重物时,重物伴随人体在矢状面的垂直方向进行上下运动,从而对人体进行频繁的冲击。随着时间的增加,这种冲击引起人体肩、背部疲劳。
为确定重物在矢状面上的运动,对人体⁃重物系统进行运动学建模。采用人体五杆模型进行建模,因在行走过程中重心变化是由支撑下肢引起,选取支撑侧连杆模型进行分析,如图2所示。xtyt分别表示躯干质心与重物质心在x方向与y方向的相对位置;O0O1O2分别为腰椎关节、髋关节、膝关节的旋转中心;θhθk分别为髋关节、膝关节转角;θlumber为人体躯干前倾角度。大腿杆长lt,小腿杆长ls,髋关节到躯干质心长lbc,髋关节到腰椎关节长llumber,膝关节到大腿质心长ltc,踝关节到小腿质心长lsc。运用D⁃H法建立坐标系如图3所示,在踝关节转动中心处建立x0o0y0坐标系;在膝关节转动中心处建立x1o1y1坐标系;在髋关节转动中心处建立x2o2y2坐标系;在腰关系转动中心处建立x3o3y3坐标系;在小腿质心处建立xscoscysc坐标系;在大腿质心处建立xtcotcytc坐标系;在躯干质心处建立xbcobcybc坐标系。整理出支撑相过程中重物质心在y方向的运动轨迹如下式所示:
背负外骨骼主要由四杆机构、正弦机构与承重板组成,如图4所示。AE杆作为机构驱动杆与人体大腿绑缚,A点与人体髋关节保持在同一高度,E处为绑缚处。
设正弦机构的机架与连杆末端之间的距离为S,DF杆长l0,连杆CDF相应转过50°与100°,如图5所示。根据人体正常行走步态中髋关节角度范围、人体尺寸13以及保证机构运动过程中不会产生死点,在考虑杆长合适的情况下,AB杆长l1=200 mm,BC杆长l2=356.33 mm,CD杆长l3=114.83 mm,AD杆长l4=200 mm,AE杆长l5=300 mm,DF杆长l0=140 mm。
图6为外骨骼运动过程中的角度示意图。θ为DF杆与y轴正方向之间的夹角;θ1α2α3分别为四杆机构AB杆、BC杆、CD杆与x轴正方向之间的夹角;CD杆与DF杆之间固连的夹角α为76°。
正弦机构与四杆机构运动学模型如下式所示:
联立式(2)和(3)得:
其中:
图7为人体穿戴背负外骨骼时的示意图,图8为人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统尺寸参数示意图。图8中,表示躯干质心与髋关节在x方向的相对位置,S1为设计尺寸,S2为重物质心到承重板的距离。人体穿戴背负机构后,机构的输入θ1与人体髋关节运动角度θh之间的关系为:
运用D⁃H法可整理出人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统中重物质心在y方向的运动轨迹:
选择30 kg重物为研究对象,根据闫可等14、Li等15关于背部负重对人体步态影响及躯干稳定性的研究,此时人体躯干前倾的角度在5°±2°的变化范围内,因此规定人体前倾角度θlumber保持5°不变。根据式(1)与(6)得到人体单独负重与人机耦合负重时重物质心在矢状面y方向上的运动轨迹对比,如图9所示。
正如图1所示,在双支撑相末期至下一个双支撑相初期,人体质心不断地从最低点变化至最高点,再从最高点回到最低点;重物从最高点下移至最低点,再上移至最高点,使重物的移动方向与人体质心的变化方向相反,即人体质心从最低点运动至最高点的过程中,重物从最高点运动至最低点,人体质心从最低点运动至最高点的过程中,重物从最低点运动至最高点,实现重物质心的随人体步态的自适应调节,通过控制重物的移动方向来减小重物的振荡,如图10所示。
利用牛顿-欧拉法建立人体⁃重物系统动力学模型。将人体上、下肢分别视为行走过程中的乘客单元区与运动单元区16,以腰椎关节到髋关节为分界处,分别对人体上、下肢进行动力学建模。
设人体上肢质量mb,大腿质量mt,小腿质量ms。在上肢动力学建模中,腰椎关节始终承担着上肢与重物的全部重量。在下肢动力学建模中,因上肢与重物均是行走过程中的乘客单元区,将两者看作一个整体,其总重量为mbw。因下肢关节承担的乘客单元区重量在不同的步态周期阶段不同,所以将步态周期分为单腿支撑相与双腿支撑相分别进行建模。
人体⁃重物系统上肢动力学如图11所示。F1F2分别表示人体背部、肩部所受压力;腰椎关节力矩为Mlumber
人体背部、肩部压力和腰椎关节力矩分别为:
式中  axwayw表示重物质心在x方向与y方向上的加速度。
在单腿支撑相中,支撑腿承担着上肢与重物的全部重量,摆动腿不承担重量。通过运动学分析得出在单腿支撑相各部位质心坐标如下:
左小腿:
左大腿:
躯干:
右大腿:
右小腿:
对单腿支撑相各部分应用牛顿-欧拉法进行动力学分析,如图12所示。图中,分别为右侧膝关节处xy方向的相互作用力及力矩;分别为右侧髋关节处xy方向的相互作用力及力矩;分别为左侧髋关节处xy方向的相互作用力及力矩;分别为左侧膝关节处xy方向的相互作用力及力矩;分别为踝关节处xy方向的相互作用力及力矩,其中x方向为地面支撑力y方向为摩擦力
依次对右小腿、右大腿、躯干、左大腿及左小腿建立牛顿-欧拉方程。求解支撑左腿与摆动右腿的髋、膝关节力矩如下式所示:
式中  JbJsJt分别代表躯干、大腿、小腿的转动惯量;分别代表左腿髋、膝关节角加速度和右腿髋、膝关节角加速度;axbc,aybcaxscR,ayscR分别代表躯干质心在xy方向和右小腿质心在xy方向上的加速度分量。
在双腿支撑相,左右腿同时触地,因此在对双腿支撑相进行动力学分析时,需要将左右腿分开分析。人体下肢所承担的重量可由躯干质心分别与左、右脚的质心在x轴的投影距离比求得,如下式所示:
式中  mbwLmbwR表示左、右侧承担的重量;。因计算过程中忽略足部的影响,但在此时左、右脚的长度会对此计算结果产生影响。因此,在本处只考虑脚质心的位置,即脚长的中心处,其与踝关节的长度设为常量0.096 m17
因双腿支撑相左右侧分析过程一致,现以左侧为例进行动力学分析。通过运动学分析得出左侧各部位质心坐标如下:
左小腿:
左大腿:
左躯干:
图13表示左侧各部位的动力学模型。其物理量释义与图12类似,下标L表示左侧,依次对左躯干、左大腿与左小腿建立牛顿-欧拉方程,支撑左腿髋、膝关节力矩如下式所示:
同理,支撑右腿髋、膝关节力矩如下:
利用拉格朗日法对外骨骼进行动力学建模,求解负重30 kg时驱动外骨骼所需力,即人机交互力。设AB杆、BC杆、CDF杆、AD杆质量为m1m2m3m4;正弦机构滑块、从动杆质量为m5m6;重物质量为mw。AB杆质心距转动副A距离为l1c,BC杆质心距转动副B距离为l2c,CDF杆质心距转动副D距离为l3c。CDF杆质心与DF杆夹角α'为49.7°。
通过运动学分析,外骨骼各质心坐标与各角度关系如下:
结合外骨骼运动学结果得到外骨骼动能K与势能P分别为:
拉格朗日动力学方程为:
将式(19),(20)代入式(21),得出驱动力矩M如下式所示:
式中  M1θ1)表示惯性项;M2θ1)表示离心力与科氏力项;M3θ1)表示重力项。
人机交互力即绑缚E处力FbfE如下式:
E点处绑缚力如图14所示。
图15为人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统上肢动力学模型。F1'F2'分别表示人体背部、肩部所受压力。腰椎关节O0处所受关节力矩为M'lumber
此时人体背部、肩部压力、腰椎关节力矩分别为:
在人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统中,人体单腿支撑相支撑腿承担着上肢与背负外骨骼的重量mbj,摆动腿不承担重量。此时人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统下肢动力学模型与人体⁃重物系统下肢动力学模型仅存在大腿上的区别,即人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统下肢大腿处具有人机交互力FbfE,如图16所示。
人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统下肢动力学与人体⁃重物系统下肢动力学分析过程一致,支撑左腿与摆动右腿的髋、膝关节力矩如下:
在进行人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统双腿支撑相动力学分析时需要将左右腿分开考虑。以支撑左侧为例,进行人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统双腿支撑相动力学分析,如图17所示。其分析过程与人体⁃重物系统双腿支撑相负重下肢动力学分析过程一致。不同之处仅在于人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统大腿处有人机交互力FbfE
支撑左腿与支撑右腿的髋、膝关节力矩如下:
利用MATLAB对理论计算结果解算。使用外骨骼前后人体腰椎关节、髋关节及膝关节力矩与上肢受力对比如图18所示。
在使用背负外骨骼前后,人体上肢背、肩部受力明显下降,背部下降53.65%,肩部下降53.68%;腰椎关节力矩减小51.23%,髋关节力矩减小20.10%,其中髋关节支撑相峰值力矩降低22.37%,摆动相增加92.80%。膝关节力矩在步态周期中减小1.90%。其降低的主要原因是在使用背负外骨骼后,重物由上肢承担转为由下肢承担。因此人体上肢的受力明显降低。在步态周期中,髋关节摆动相增加较大,这是因为使用外骨骼后需要在摆动相对机构进行驱动,其摆动相关节力矩从较小值增大到较大值。
使用OpenSim中的Gait2354_Simbody模型作为基础,并对模型进行修改以满足研究需求。首先利用Notepad++调用出Gait2354_Simbody模型,将模型中人体尺寸缩放为本文采用的人体尺寸(身高1.75 m,体重75 kg),同时在模型中添加重物这一部分的body语句,质量设为30 kg,重物与上肢躯干采用固定连接,完成人体⁃重物肌骨模型的建立;再次调用Gait2354_Simbody原始模型,并采用同样的缩放尺寸,然后将外骨骼的作用等效为大腿处一个大小为FbfE外力的作用,因FbfE是变力,大小、方向在步态中均发生改变,因此采用OpenSim API中的Expression Based Coordinate Force语句,对外力程序进行编写,如图19所示,完成人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物肌骨模型的建立。导入normal.mot文件进行正常步速下的运动加载。人体以正常步态行走时主要运动发生在矢状面,因此只考虑关节在矢状面上的运动。
利用OpenSim分别对人体⁃重物肌骨模型与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物肌骨模型进行关节力矩仿真,如图20所示。根据OpenSim仿真结果,在步态周期内,腰椎关节力矩降低52.68%,髋关节力矩降低23.64%,膝关节力矩几乎不变。其中髋关节力矩在摆动相增加80.29%。
对比MATLAB结果与OpenSim结果,腰椎、髋、膝关节力矩在变化趋势上保持一致。对比二者结果,腰椎关节力矩在穿戴外骨骼后减小,因在MATLAB计算与OpenSim仿真中均限定了腰椎关节角度变化,所以腰椎关节力矩保持在某一值上下浮动;髋关节力矩均呈现穿戴外骨骼后支撑相减小,摆动相有所增大的趋势;而对膝关节力矩影响较小,尤其是在OpenSim仿真结果中膝关节力矩前后几乎不变。然而,因MATLAB计算是将人体视为五杆刚体模型,OpenSim仿真采用接近真实的人体肌骨模型,在OpenSim中存在着肌肉力对人体关节力矩的影响,因此在OpenSim结果中腰椎关节力矩与MATLAB结果相比波动较大。
(1)本文基于人体在水平路面上负重行走为背景,为降低重物在矢状面上的波动,减小人体肩、背部压力,提出了一款重物质心自适应调节刚性背负外骨骼。其结构简单,且与弹性悬浮背包相比,更适用于不同的行走条件。
(2)根据D⁃H法分别计算了在有无背负外骨骼两种情况下,人体行走过程中的重物质心变化轨迹。根据人体参数与运动的关节角度,得到重物质心波动由58 mm左右降低到15 mm左右,波动明显降低。
(3)基于牛顿-欧拉法建立人体⁃重物系统与人体⁃外骨骼⁃重物系统动力学模型。通过对比分析,人体背部受力下降53.65%,肩部受力下降53.68%。腰椎关节、髋关节、膝关节的力矩均有不同程度地减少,其中腰椎关节减小较多,约为51.23%。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075145)
  • 河北省自然科学基金重点项目(E2020202010)
  • 河北省重大科技成果转化专项(20281805Z)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金基础研究(206Z1801G)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.004
  • 接收时间:2022-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-23
  • 修回日期:2022-12-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075145)
河北省自然科学基金重点项目(E2020202010)
河北省重大科技成果转化专项(20281805Z)
中央引导地方科技发展资金基础研究(206Z1801G)
作者信息
    1河北工业大学机械工程学院,天津 300401
    2河北省机器人感知与人机融合重点实验室,天津 300401

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张建军(1971―),男,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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