Article(id=1228634333246849758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664899200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-05, revisedDate=1672070400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858851968, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858851968, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858851968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858851968, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1339, endPage=1348, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634333544645348, articleId=1228634333246849758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=A semi-analytical method for non-stationary response determination of nonlinear systems subjected to combined excitation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The nonlinear dynamic systems exhibit particular behaviors when subjected to combined deterministic and stochastic excitation. A semi-analytical method for calculating the nonstationary response of a fractional nonlinear oscillator subjected to combined excitation is proposed. Representing the system response as a sum of a deterministic component and zero-mean stochastic component leads to two equivalent sub-equations for the differential equation of motion. The time-varying harmonic balance method is used for the nonstationary solution of the deterministic differential sub-equation,while the statistical linearization method is utilized for obtaining an equivalent linear substitution for the stochastic sub-equation. A semi-analytical solution of the equivalent linear equation is obtained by the Prony-SS and Laplace transform technique. The unknown deterministic/stochastic response components are obtained by solving the derived nonlinear algebraic equations simultaneously. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of this method.

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确定性和随机激励联合作用下的非线性动力系统具有特殊的动力响应特征。本文提出一种用于计算联合激励下含分数阶阻尼的非线性系统非平稳响应的半解析方法。将系统响应表示为确定性响应和零均值随机响应之和,则原分数阶非线性运动微分方程可等效地化为分数阶确定性微分方程和随机子微分方程的组合。利用时变谐波平衡法处理非线性确定性微分方程,利用统计线性化处理非线性随机子微分方程。对于后者,结合Prony-SS算法和Laplace变换得到其分数阶等效线性方程的半解析解。联立得到的相关耦合方程,通过数值算法迭代求解响应未知量。蒙特卡罗模拟验证了此方法的适用性和精度。

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洪 旭(1993—),男,博士,讲师。 E-mail:
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孔 凡(1984—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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联合激励下分数阶非线性系统非平稳响应的半解析方法
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孔凡 1, 2 , 廖海君 1 , 韩仁杰 1, 3 , 张义 4 , 洪旭 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1339-1348
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1339-1348
联合激励下分数阶非线性系统非平稳响应的半解析方法
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孔凡1, 2 , 廖海君1, 韩仁杰1, 3, 张义4, 洪旭2
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 3同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
  • 4中建三局第一建设工程有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430040
  • 孔 凡(1984—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

洪 旭(1993—),男,博士,讲师。 E-mail:
A semi-analytical method for non-stationary response determination of nonlinear systems subjected to combined excitation
Fan KONG1, 2 , Hai-jun LIAO1, Ren-jie HAN1, 3, Yi ZHANG4, Xu HONG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
  • 3College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 4China Construction Third Bureau First Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.008
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确定性和随机激励联合作用下的非线性动力系统具有特殊的动力响应特征。本文提出一种用于计算联合激励下含分数阶阻尼的非线性系统非平稳响应的半解析方法。将系统响应表示为确定性响应和零均值随机响应之和,则原分数阶非线性运动微分方程可等效地化为分数阶确定性微分方程和随机子微分方程的组合。利用时变谐波平衡法处理非线性确定性微分方程,利用统计线性化处理非线性随机子微分方程。对于后者,结合Prony-SS算法和Laplace变换得到其分数阶等效线性方程的半解析解。联立得到的相关耦合方程,通过数值算法迭代求解响应未知量。蒙特卡罗模拟验证了此方法的适用性和精度。

统计线性化  /  时变谐波平衡法  /  分数阶导数  /  非线性系统  /  Prony-SS算法

The nonlinear dynamic systems exhibit particular behaviors when subjected to combined deterministic and stochastic excitation. A semi-analytical method for calculating the nonstationary response of a fractional nonlinear oscillator subjected to combined excitation is proposed. Representing the system response as a sum of a deterministic component and zero-mean stochastic component leads to two equivalent sub-equations for the differential equation of motion. The time-varying harmonic balance method is used for the nonstationary solution of the deterministic differential sub-equation,while the statistical linearization method is utilized for obtaining an equivalent linear substitution for the stochastic sub-equation. A semi-analytical solution of the equivalent linear equation is obtained by the Prony-SS and Laplace transform technique. The unknown deterministic/stochastic response components are obtained by solving the derived nonlinear algebraic equations simultaneously. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of this method.

statistical linearization  /  time-varying harmonic balance  /  fractional derivative  /  nonlinear system  /  Prony-SS algorithm
孔凡, 廖海君, 韩仁杰, 张义, 洪旭. 联合激励下分数阶非线性系统非平稳响应的半解析方法. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1339 -1348 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.008
Fan KONG, Hai-jun LIAO, Ren-jie HAN, Yi ZHANG, Xu HONG. A semi-analytical method for non-stationary response determination of nonlinear systems subjected to combined excitation[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1339 -1348 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.008
分数阶微积分是微积分学的重要分支,距今已有300多年的历史1。近几十年来,分数阶导数模型在工程领域得到了广泛的应用2。土木或机械工程领域的许多情形下,都使用黏弹性阻尼器降低结构振动,而分数阶导数模型描述黏弹性材料本构关系具有较大优势。在这方面,Gemant3提出分数阶导数模型用以精确描述黏弹性材料的频率依赖性; Slonimsky4,Smit等5发现黏弹性介质中的应力与应变之间存在分数阶微积分关系;Lewandowski等6提出黏弹性阻尼器的分数Kelvin-Voigt模型和分数Maxwell模型的参数辨识方法;Bagley等7-8通过大量实验和数据分析得出,分数阶导数模型可用于描述黏弹性材料的应力松弛和蠕变现象,且模型简单、参数少。可见,具有分数阶导数阻尼的运动微分方程能很好地描述装配有黏弹性减/隔振(震)阻尼器结构的动力特性9。因此,亟需发展求解分数阶运动微分方程的解析或数值方法。
分数阶系统的随机动力响应分析较其确定性响应分析更具挑战。到目前为止,人们通过若干方法得到了线性系统的随机动力响应,例如:Pinnola10基于复谱矩的概念通过分数阶状态方程的特征向量展开和Melin变换得到了线性分数阶系统的二阶矩解析解;文献[11-12]通过Laplace变换和Prony-SS算法得到了分数阶线性单自由度系统响应二阶矩的半解析解;Di Paola等13基于分数阶线性系统状态方程和特征向量展开得到了多自由度线性系统响应的功率谱密度数值解。然而,以上通过特征向量展开或Laplace变换的方法均只适用于分数阶线性随机动力系统,而无法适用于分数阶非线性系统。另外,工程随机激励(如地震激励)具有明显的非平稳特性,而只有基于Laplace变换的方法11-12可得到非平稳(半)解析解。
实际工程中的结构会同时受到确定性和随机激励联合作用。例如,在随机风浪作用下运行的风力发电机14。在力学等相关领域,确定性和随机激励作用下非线性系统的随机动力响应得到广泛关注15-20。然而,工程结构中随机非平稳响应21、滞回特性22及多自由度系统23等问题仍有待进一步研究。
文献[24-25]发展了非线性系统在联合激励作用下非平稳响应的统计线性化方法。该方法的关键在于将系统响应分解为确定性和随机响应分量之和,从而得到两组耦合的、分别以确定性和随机响应为未知量的子微分方程;再分别以确定性和随机动力方法求解从而得到总响应。该方法已被推广到分数阶非线性系统的随机动力响应分析26,其中,利用了Yuan-Agrawal(YA)的无记忆方法27将分数阶导数化为了整数阶导数。然而,研究发现:Yuan-Agrawal对分数阶导数整数化的处理存在局限,分数阶导数接近0或1时方法的精度下降。为此,本文提出使用文献[11-12]提出的Laplace变换方法计算随机等效线性方程的近似半解析解,再结合统计线性化方法依照联合激励下整数阶非线性系统非平稳响应的思路求得分数阶系统的响应。
本文结构如下:对分数阶非线性运动方程分解,得到等效确定性和随机子微分方程;利用时变谐波平衡法求解确定性非线性子微分方程;利用统计线性化方法处理随机非线性子微分方程,并通过Laplace变换和极点-留数方法得到其等效线性方程的半解析解;联立相关方程并通过数值算法迭代求解响应未知量。最后,通过大量的数值算例验证本文建议方法的精度和适用性。
具有分数阶导数阻尼的单自由度非线性系统在随机与确定性调制谐波联合激励作用下的运动方程为:
式中  mck分别为系统的质量、分数阶阻尼系数和刚度系数;q为分数阶导数的阶数;分别为结构的位移、速度和加速度;为关于结构位移、速度和加速度的非线性函数;为确定性谐波激励的频率,慢变时间调制函数为28
式中  为谐波激励的幅值;为控制调制函数形状的参数。
为零均值非平稳随机过程,本文采用调制非平稳过程模型,即
式中  表示功率谱密度为的白噪声;为时间调制函数,采用指数函数叠加的形式表示11
式中  为指数分量的项数;为实数。可见,式(2)所示调制函数为式(4)的特殊形式;通过调整函数的幅值和指数大小能方便地调整指数函数上升和下降段速率。
式(1)中,表示阶分数阶导数,采用Caputo定义:
为使分数导数项量纲与经典阻尼项一致,取,其中为结构的自振频率,为系统阻尼比。
将系统响应分解为确定性谐波与零均值随机分量之和,即24-26
注意到,文献[28]在处理零均值随机激励作用下非零点对称(如平方)非线性振子时也采用了类似形式,表示响应为非零均值随机过程;有关该分解的合理性,见文献[24-26]的评述。对式(6)两边求期望可得:
由分数阶导数的线性性质1可知:
将式(6)代入式(1)中,有:
为方便计算,式(9)省略了系统响应的时间参数。由期望与均方微积分互换的性质可知:
结合式(10)和(7),对式(9)两边求期望可得:
式(9)减去式(11)后可得:
因此,联合激励下分数阶非线性运动方程式(1)可分解为确定性运动方程(11)和随机运动方程(12)。由于式(11)包含随机分量,式(12)包含确定性分量。因此,这两组方程式相互耦合,须同时考虑才能求得系统响应。
考虑立方非线性刚度(Duffing振子)的情况,即
式中  为非线性强度系数。
本文采用时变谐波平衡法求解式(11),与结构初始条件有关的瞬态响应会因为阻尼逐渐衰减。因此,考虑确定性响应频率为共振频率且包含幅值非平稳的情况,确定性响应可用如下描述函数表示:
式中  为时间慢变幅值。为简化计算,省略幅值系数的时间参数。响应的分数阶导数可近似写为:
将式(13)~(15)代入式(11)可得:
将式(16)展开,考虑一次谐波平衡,可得两组代数方程:
结合式(17)和(18)可以求得依时间慢变的谐波系数。然而,式(17)和(18)包含未知的随机响应标准差,因此,还需引入随机微分方程进行联立求解。
考虑使用等效线性方程:
代替式(12),并使得二者之间的差别:
在均方意义上最小28,即
可得:
可见,其与随机响应标准差和确定性响应有关。的非平稳性主要源于慢变的随机激励调制函数的时变性来源于慢变的谐波调制函数和快变的被调制谐波/。注意到,以上非平稳性或时变性导致了等效线性刚度为时间的函数。将中的快变分量在一个周期内平均,即
将式(23)代入式(22)得:
式中  。由此得到的为时间慢变函数。结合式(19)和(23)可得等效线性方程为:
对式(25)的时域响应做Laplace变换,并注意到依时间慢变,可得:
其中,分别为的Laplace变换,为时变传递函数,即
此时,时变频响函数为:
一般而言,对于任意阶分数阶导数,式(27)不能精确地表示为极点-留数的形式。将式(28)做逆Fourier变换:
为时变脉冲响应函数,即时刻的单位脉冲在时刻引起的响应。通过Prony-SS数值算法11-12(详见附录)将写为:
的形式。对式(30)做Laplace变换,可得式(27)的极点-留数形式:
式中  分别为二维函数关于的留数和一阶极点。此时,脉响函数(30)是关于时间的函数,将随机激励的时变特性考虑到系统中,可得:
式中 
将式(4)代入式(32)可得:
式中 
式(33)可看作外荷载为时的线性系统的响应。
对式(33)做Laplace变换可得:
将式(31)代入式(34)可得:
将式(35)展开为极点-留数的形式:
其中,为:
对式(36)做Laplace逆变换可得:
将式(37)和(38)代入到式(39)可得:
系统响应功率谱密度为:
的复共轭,为激励平稳部分的功率谱密度,将式(40)代入到式(41)可得:
对式(42)中积分可得随机响应分量方差11
上式中的依赖于等效线性刚度。综上:式(17)和(18)给出了之间关系的两个方程;式(43)给出了之间关系的第三个方程;式(24)建立了之间关系的第四个方程。可通过数值方法求解以上四个非线性代数方程。
为此,构造双重循环流程求解。选用Newton迭代法29求解谐波系数,构造矩阵:
式中
迭代方程为:
其中Jacobian矩阵为:
外环迭代步骤为:
(1) 确定谐波系数的初值和随机响应分量的标准差的初值。令非线性强度系数,则,通过式(17)和(18)求得谐波系数的初值,通过式(43)求得随机响应分量标准差初值,设迭代步
(2) 将代入式(48)利用Newton迭代法更新谐波系数;利用通过式(24)求得等效线性刚度系数;根据式(43)求得更新后的标准差
(3) 判定收敛:如不收敛,,并回到第(2)步;如收敛,结束循环。
值得注意的是,本节的方法同样也适用于随机激励分量为调制色噪声或/和确定性激励具有多谐波分量的情形。相应地,需要采用前置滤波器方法对式(12)扩阶或/和使用多谐波平衡法处理式(11)。
作为演示算例,考虑归一化的分数阶Duffing振子。参数为:,运动方程为:
取调制谐波激励的参数;白噪声强度取;确定性激励时间调制函数参数为,能够较好地体现地震波的非平稳特性。
随机激励时间调制函数为:
求解随机方程过程中,使用Prony-SS数值算法获得极点和留数时,本文选用参数为:项数、频率间隔、频率点数、上限截止频率
为便于误差分析,本文对于所建议方法(Proposed Method,PM)和Monte Carlo模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation,MCS)得到的随机响应分量标准差做时间平均:
对确定性响应包络函数取时间平均:
式中  为总时长。
本文建议的方法计算得到的响应标准差和均值与MCS的结果对比如图1所示。其中,MCS中样本激励由谱表现方法生成,样本数为10000个。由图可见,除确定性响应起始部分外,建议方法得到的响应标准差和均值与MCS估计的结果几乎吻合,而且可以很好地体现响应的非平稳性。图1(a)中,由两种方法得到的响应均值稳态平均功率相差图1(b)中,两种方法得到的响应标准差时间平均则相差,验证了所建议方法具有较好的精度。
为进一步验证所建议方法在其他参数设置情况下的适用性,进行以下参数分析。
确定性谐波激励频率无疑会影响确定性响应分量。定性而言,激励频率接近线性系统自振频率时会增大的幅值。确定性激励频率如何影响随机响应分量,仍有待考察;同时,需研究所建议方法在确定性激励频率变化时的适用性。为此,除使确定性谐波激励频率变化外,其他系统和激励参数同2.1节。图23所示为不同频率引起的系统响应变化曲线。由图23可见,谐波激励频率改变时,对确定性响应有较大影响。使确定性响应包络平均达到峰值的谐波激励频率大于自振频率1.0 rad/s幅-频响应曲线向高频倾斜,符合硬化系统的特征。此外,在确定性响应的峰值频率处,随机响应标准差的时间平均达到最低。总体而言,所建议方法准确地捕捉了MCS结果显示的上述响应特征,且和后者预测结果的吻合性较好。值得注意的是,当确定性激励分量频率处于1.1~1.2 rad/s之间(主外共振频率)时,方法对预测响应标准差时间平均的适用性降低。
确定性谐波激励幅值同样会影响系统确定性响应分量。因此,需考察确定性谐波激励幅值对随机响应的影响,同时研究在这种情况下所建议方法的适用性。同样地,除使谐波激励幅值变化外,其他系统和激励参数同2.1节。考察与系统响应之间的关系。如图45所示分别为两种方法得到的确定性响应包络平均和随机响应分量标准差的时间平均与谐波激励幅值之间的关系曲线。可以看出,随着谐波激励幅值增大而增大,两种方法之间的最大误差仅为3.37%;反之,随着谐波激励幅值增大仅稍有下降,两种方法之间的最大误差约为-3.93%。
考察随机激励谱强度对系统响应的影响。同样地,除使变化外,其他系统和激励参数同2.1节。考察随机激励谱强度与系统响应之间的关系。图67所示分别为所建议方法和MCS得到的确定性响应包络平均和响应标准差时间平均之间的关系曲线。可见,随谱强度的增大而增大,两种方法获得结果之间的最大误差约为的增大而减小,两种方法所获结果之间的最大误差约为
非线性强度对系统响应的影响至关重要。考察系统非线性强度变化时所建议方法的适用性及非线性强度对响应分量的影响。如图89所示为建议方法和MCS得到的确定性响应包络平均和响应标准差的时间平均随非线性强度系数变化的曲线。由图可见,都随的增加而降低,其中以更为显著。图8中,所建议方法与MCS结果的最大误差约为3.75%,而图9中的最大误差约为,均对应。可见,所建议方法得到的确定性和随机响应分量的计算精度均随的增加而降低,但仍在一般统计线性化方法误差的合理范围内28
根据Singh等30的研究,分数阶导数模型以较少的模型参数就能逼近标准线性固体模型(Standard Linear Solid model,SLS,即多个整数阶导数阻尼和刚度单元串并联)才能模拟的储能或耗能模量的频率依赖行为。定性而言,分数阶导数增加时,模型阻尼成分增加、刚度成分减小;反之,分数阶导数减小时,模型刚度成分增加、阻尼成分减小。本文提出采用Laplace变换方法计算随机等效线性系统响应,相比Yuan-Agrawal的无记忆方法,适用于分数阶导数()较大或较小的情况。因此,有必要考察分数阶导数不同时所建议方法的适用性,以及分数阶导数大小对响应标准差的时间平均和确定性响应包络平均的影响。如图1011所示分别为随分数阶变化的曲线,其中给出了所建议方法和MCS得到的结果对比。由图可见,均随增加而逐渐下降,在处达到最大值和最大误差,均值响应误差约为,随机响应误差约为
本文提出了一种求解分数阶非线性振子在确定性调制谐波激励和调制白噪声作用下非平稳响应的统计线性化方法。首先,系统响应表示为确定性调制谐波响应和零均值响应之和,将原方程等效地分解为耦合的确定性和随机子微分方程。采用时变谐波平衡和统计线性化方法分别处理了确定性和随机子微分方程,得到了响应未知量之间的非线性代数关系;其中,基于Laplace变换和极点-留数方法建立了随机等效线性系统响应方差和等效线性参数之间的关系。最后,利用迭代方法求解了未知量之间耦合的非线性方程。通过蒙特卡罗模拟对该方法进行了验证和参数分析。
结果表明:该方法继承了统计线性化方法在处理非线性随机振动问题方面的普遍适用性,基于Laplace变换的分数阶等效线性系统响应的半解析解精度高、适用于分数阶的所有情况。注意到,线性分数阶系统的脉冲响应函数具有显式解析表达,采用它而非由频率响应函数逆变换而来的数值表达(式(29)),可进一步得到线性分数阶系统非平稳响应的解析解。本文所建议的方法也可拓展至滞回非线性系统和多自由度非线性系统等情况。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52078399)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(JZ2023HGTA0194)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.008
  • 接收时间:2022-10-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-05
  • 修回日期:2022-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52078399)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(JZ2023HGTA0194)
作者信息
    1武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
    3同济大学土木工程学院,上海 200092
    4中建三局第一建设工程有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430040

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洪 旭(1993—),男,博士,讲师。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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