Article(id=1228634333053911770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1664380800000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-29, revisedDate=1671638400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858851921, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858851921, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858851921, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858851921, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1281, endPage=1289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634333423010529, articleId=1228634333053911770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Investigation on the vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under base excitation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The magnetically suspended rotor applied to the moving carrier may be subject to the base motion excitation,causing the rotor vibration,and even cause friction and system instability. To explore the vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under the base excitation,the numerical simulation and experimental verification are conducted. The effect of the base excitation on the rotor is introduced into the differential equation of the rotor motion in the form of an additional generalized force. Considering the closed-loop control of the magnetic bearing,the dynamic model of the magnetically suspended rotor under base excitation is established. The influence of the excitation amplitude and frequency,the acceleration and shock width on the vibration response of the rotor is analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally,the base excitation experiments were conducted. The experimental results verify the accuracy of the magnetically suspended rotor model under the base excitation. The results show that the rotor vibration amplitude is proportional to the amplitude and square of frequency of the base harmonic excitation,the rotor vibration maximum is proportional to the base shock excitation acceleration. The proportional coefficient and differential coefficient of the magnetic bearing controller can suppress the rotor vibration brought by the base excitation.

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应用于移动载体上的磁悬浮转子会受到基础运动的激励作用产生振动,甚至会造成转、定子碰摩与系统失稳。为了探究基础激励下磁悬浮转子的振动响应,进行了数值仿真和试验验证。考虑磁悬浮轴承的闭环控制,建立了基础激励下的磁悬浮转子动力学模型,基础激励对转子的作用以附加广义力形式引入转子运动微分方程。通过数值仿真分析了基础简谐激励幅值和频率、基础冲击激励加速度与脉宽、磁悬浮轴承控制参数对转子振动响应的影响。进行了基础激励试验,试验结果与仿真结果吻合,验证了基础激励下磁悬浮转子模型的准确性。结果表明,转子简谐响应幅值与基础简谐激励频率的平方和激励幅值成正比,转子冲击响应峰值与基础冲击激励的加速度成正比,适当增大磁悬浮轴承控制器的比例系数和微分系数可以抑制基础激励引起的转子振动。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周 瑾(1972―),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
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张 越(1995—),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

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张 越(1995—),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

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articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Control block diagram of magnetically suspended bearing system, figureFileSmall=yjyqAWKhoX9dc0fCHkkNNQ==, figureFileBig=3N1VIJb05KDJQjIrxJzm1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634351680815280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=图5, caption=磁悬浮轴承控制框图, figureFileSmall=yjyqAWKhoX9dc0fCHkkNNQ==, figureFileBig=3N1VIJb05KDJQjIrxJzm1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634351777284274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under different base harmonic excitation amplitudes, figureFileSmall=6nmb8ZRbarEFXSvY23gE/Q==, figureFileBig=EE4u7p9x/vVxl6vVa8z0JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634351877947573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同基础简谐激励幅值下磁悬浮转子的振动响应, figureFileSmall=6nmb8ZRbarEFXSvY23gE/Q==, figureFileBig=EE4u7p9x/vVxl6vVa8z0JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634351970222270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under different base harmonic excitation frequencies, figureFileSmall=5wJXLdwGeh9LCh7EbkEvcQ==, figureFileBig=gfsMD9JKjqkxcmt6oSXCPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352062496963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同基础简谐激励频率下磁悬浮转子的振动响应, figureFileSmall=5wJXLdwGeh9LCh7EbkEvcQ==, figureFileBig=gfsMD9JKjqkxcmt6oSXCPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352184131786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor at different kP under base harmonic excitation, figureFileSmall=LPtcbxpxYItuVAO0ywwCYg==, figureFileBig=ZtHpRxzwtFDoEMuFhdmV5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352276406477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基础简谐激励下不同kP时磁悬浮转子的振动响应, figureFileSmall=LPtcbxpxYItuVAO0ywwCYg==, figureFileBig=ZtHpRxzwtFDoEMuFhdmV5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352377069779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor at different kD under base harmonic excitation, figureFileSmall=0HrFqYgKvK9UBxEa77DIMg==, figureFileBig=ztmUS+xIXwAcFxEaZJe4SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352507093206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基础简谐激励下不同kD时磁悬浮转子的振动响应, figureFileSmall=0HrFqYgKvK9UBxEa77DIMg==, figureFileBig=ztmUS+xIXwAcFxEaZJe4SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352666476763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Influence of kD on the rotor vibration response at different base harmonic excitation frequencies, figureFileSmall=DFhR29J6R3k6cCXd9sRvkA==, figureFileBig=p5CCDTtADkMDqj1qHhT3+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352804888798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同基础简谐激励频率下kD对转子振动响应的影响, figureFileSmall=DFhR29J6R3k6cCXd9sRvkA==, figureFileBig=p5CCDTtADkMDqj1qHhT3+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352897163492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor 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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural parameters of the radial magnetically suspended bearing

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参数数值
偏置电流I0/A1.7
线圈匝数N150
磁极面积A0/m22×10-4
单边气隙x0/mm0.4
磁极夹角α0/(°)22.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228634356621705534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

径向磁悬浮轴承结构参数

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参数数值
偏置电流I0/A1.7
线圈匝数N150
磁极面积A0/m22×10-4
单边气隙x0/mm0.4
磁极夹角α0/(°)22.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228634356726563140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Structural parameters of the rotor

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参数数值
转子质量m/kg2.4
极转动惯量Jz/(kg·m2)3.8×10-4
赤道转动惯量Jr/(kg·m2)1.612×10-2
左端磁悬浮轴承到质心距离l1/mm116.5
左端位移传感器到质心距离ls1/mm101
右端磁悬浮轴承到质心距离l2/mm116.5
右端位移传感器到质心距离ls2/mm89
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转子结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
转子质量m/kg2.4
极转动惯量Jz/(kg·m2)3.8×10-4
赤道转动惯量Jr/(kg·m2)1.612×10-2
左端磁悬浮轴承到质心距离l1/mm116.5
左端位移传感器到质心距离ls1/mm101
右端磁悬浮轴承到质心距离l2/mm116.5
右端位移传感器到质心距离ls2/mm89
), ArticleFig(id=1228634356923695436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634333053911770, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of the magnetically suspended bearing control system

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参数数值
电流刚度系数ki/(N·A-1)39.18
位移刚度系数kx/(N·m-1)1.18×105
功率放大器增益ka/(A·V-1)0.34
位移传感器增益ks/(V·m-1)20000
控制器比例系数kP2
控制器微分系数kD0.0015
控制器积分系数kI1
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磁悬浮轴承控制系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
电流刚度系数ki/(N·A-1)39.18
位移刚度系数kx/(N·m-1)1.18×105
功率放大器增益ka/(A·V-1)0.34
位移传感器增益ks/(V·m-1)20000
控制器比例系数kP2
控制器微分系数kD0.0015
控制器积分系数kI1
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基础激励下磁悬浮转子振动响应研究
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张越 , 周瑾 , 沈权 , 张一博
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1281-1289
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1281-1289
基础激励下磁悬浮转子振动响应研究
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张越 , 周瑾 , 沈权, 张一博
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学机电学院,江苏 南京 210016
  • 张 越(1995—),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周 瑾(1972―),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
Investigation on the vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under base excitation
Yue ZHANG , Jin ZHOU , Quan SHEN, Yi-bo ZHANG
Affiliations
  • College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.002
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应用于移动载体上的磁悬浮转子会受到基础运动的激励作用产生振动,甚至会造成转、定子碰摩与系统失稳。为了探究基础激励下磁悬浮转子的振动响应,进行了数值仿真和试验验证。考虑磁悬浮轴承的闭环控制,建立了基础激励下的磁悬浮转子动力学模型,基础激励对转子的作用以附加广义力形式引入转子运动微分方程。通过数值仿真分析了基础简谐激励幅值和频率、基础冲击激励加速度与脉宽、磁悬浮轴承控制参数对转子振动响应的影响。进行了基础激励试验,试验结果与仿真结果吻合,验证了基础激励下磁悬浮转子模型的准确性。结果表明,转子简谐响应幅值与基础简谐激励频率的平方和激励幅值成正比,转子冲击响应峰值与基础冲击激励的加速度成正比,适当增大磁悬浮轴承控制器的比例系数和微分系数可以抑制基础激励引起的转子振动。

磁悬浮转子  /  基础激励  /  振动响应  /  试验研究

The magnetically suspended rotor applied to the moving carrier may be subject to the base motion excitation,causing the rotor vibration,and even cause friction and system instability. To explore the vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under the base excitation,the numerical simulation and experimental verification are conducted. The effect of the base excitation on the rotor is introduced into the differential equation of the rotor motion in the form of an additional generalized force. Considering the closed-loop control of the magnetic bearing,the dynamic model of the magnetically suspended rotor under base excitation is established. The influence of the excitation amplitude and frequency,the acceleration and shock width on the vibration response of the rotor is analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally,the base excitation experiments were conducted. The experimental results verify the accuracy of the magnetically suspended rotor model under the base excitation. The results show that the rotor vibration amplitude is proportional to the amplitude and square of frequency of the base harmonic excitation,the rotor vibration maximum is proportional to the base shock excitation acceleration. The proportional coefficient and differential coefficient of the magnetic bearing controller can suppress the rotor vibration brought by the base excitation.

magnetically suspended rotor  /  base excitation  /  vibration response  /  experiment study
张越, 周瑾, 沈权, 张一博. 基础激励下磁悬浮转子振动响应研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1281 -1289 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.002
Yue ZHANG, Jin ZHOU, Quan SHEN, Yi-bo ZHANG. Investigation on the vibration response of the magnetically suspended rotor under base excitation[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1281 -1289 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.002
主动磁悬浮轴承由于无摩擦、转速高、可主动控制等优点,在工业中得到了越来越多的应用。当磁悬浮轴承应用于车用飞轮1、卫星/空间站设备2、船用推进器3、多电航空发动机4中时,不可避免地会受到移动载体带来的基础运动激励。磁悬浮轴承相较于传统机械轴承刚度和承载力较低,当基础运动较为激烈时,会使转子与磁悬浮轴承定子或保护轴承发生碰摩,引发失稳,所以有必要对基础激励下的磁悬浮转子振动响应进行预测。
对于基础运动下滚动和滑动轴承等传统机械轴承支承转子的建模和动力学分析,已经有了很多研究,可以为磁悬浮转子提供一些参考。Dechemin等5和Driot等6通过Rayleigh-Ritz法研究了一个简单转子系统受到基础转动激励时的稳定性和轴心轨迹。Dakel等7通过稳定性图、坎贝尔图、稳态响应和轴心轨迹分析了转子受到基础转动、平动和不平衡力共同作用时的动力学行为。Han等8分析了柔性转子-轴承系统在基础周期角运动下的参数不稳定问题,讨论了转速、基础运动幅值等参数对不稳定区域的影响。Chen等9以航空发动机转子系统为研究对象对飞机做俯仰、滚转、偏航等动作时产生的基础激励进行建模并作为附加刚度、阻尼矩阵引入转子模型中进行分析,结果表明不同机动飞行对转子的稳定性、临界转速、振幅大小都会产生影响。
对于磁悬浮轴承支承的转子,Zhang10建立了考虑基础垂向运动的五自由度刚性转子耦合模型,但是没有进一步分析基础运动对转子振动响应的影响。Xu等11基于双框架系统模型,开发了一种同时考虑基础平动和转动的磁悬浮刚性转子模型,并仿真分析了激励幅值和脉冲宽度对转子响应的影响,但是没有进行试验验证。Kasarda等12设计了一个安装在振动台上的单自由度磁悬浮轴承,研究不同频率和幅值的基础正弦激励下磁悬浮轴承的支承能力和系统固有频率,测试结果表明基础正弦激励下磁悬浮轴承的刚度、阻尼水平限制了其工作性能。Das等13-14为了抑制滚动轴承支承的车载柔性转子受基础运动引起的横向振动,将一个类似磁悬浮轴承的电磁作动器安装在转子中间的适当位置,在建模时将电磁力作为转子系统外部附加广义力考虑,数值模拟表明磁悬浮轴承有效降低了转子振动并提高了稳定性。祝长生15通过试验探究了简谐激励对磁悬浮转子系统动态特性的影响,结果表明磁悬浮轴承控制器的设计需要考虑基础激励的影响。杨红进等16通过ADAMS和MATLAB的联合仿真分析了基础加速、减速、转弯、爬坡,以及由于路面不平引起的基础纵向、横向、俯仰运动对高速磁悬浮飞轮转子系统动态性能的影响。吴妙妮等17建立了基础运动下磁悬浮转子安装在移动载体的任意位置和任意轴向方向的动力学模型,飞机做爬升、俯冲、盘旋、横滚等运动时,安装位置只会影响转子受到附加外力的大小,而轴向方向还会影响转子系统本身的刚度、阻尼矩阵。张鹏等18建立了机动飞行条件下磁悬浮轴承刚性转子系统的动力学模型,利用广义根轨迹法分析了机动参数对转子系统稳定性的影响。结果表明,采用PID控制的磁悬浮转子可以通过调节电流来消除稳态机动载荷的影响。
尽管上述文献已经分析了基础激励下磁悬浮转子的建模方法和动力学响应,但鲜有通过基础激励试验进行模型验证的相关工作。此外,对于基础激励参数以及磁悬浮轴承控制参数对转子振动响应的影响规律讨论较少。
本文建立了基础激励下磁悬浮转子的模型,进行了基础简谐和冲击激励下磁悬浮转子的振动响应数值仿真,并将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比,验证了磁悬浮转子模型的准确性,探究了基础简谐激励的频率和幅值、基础冲击激励的加速度和脉宽、磁悬浮轴承控制参数对磁悬浮转子振动响应的影响规律。
磁悬浮轴承-转子系统试验台如图1所示,试验台主要由磁悬浮轴承、转子、电机、电涡流位移传感器、保护轴承和基座等组成。转子重2.4 kg,由两端的径向和轴向磁悬浮轴承实现五自由度悬浮,由布置在转子中间的感应电机驱动转子旋转,使用电涡流位移传感器实时检测转子的位置,转子两侧装有保护轴承,用于防止转子失稳跌落时与磁悬浮轴承发生碰摩。磁悬浮轴承定子与基础固连,使用振动台对基础施加激励。
磁悬浮轴承的工作原理是:电涡流位移传感器检测转子的位移,并将位移信号以电压信号形式输入控制器,控制器经过计算得到控制信号,以控制电压形式传递给功率放大器,功率放大器将控制电压转化成线圈控制电流,由磁悬浮轴承线圈生成可控电磁力,使转子悬浮在磁悬浮轴承中心。试验台中磁悬浮轴承为八磁极C型结构,倾斜45°布置,以提高磁悬浮轴承的承载能力,充分发挥磁悬浮轴承的性能。试验台中使用的径向磁悬浮轴承的结构参数如表1所示。
由于转子工作转速远低于弯曲临界转速,可以把转子视为刚体进行建模。磁悬浮轴承的电磁力具备刚度阻尼的特性,转子系统可以等效为一个质量-刚度-阻尼系统,如图2所示。此时运动微分方程可以写为:
式中  u为基础的激励位移;x为转子的绝对位移。磁悬浮轴承中的电涡流传感器检测的是转子相对于定子的位移,令相对位移δt)=xt)-ut),代入式(1)可以得到:
该式表明在基础平动激励下,转子相对于基础的运动可以等效成一个单自由度由质量-刚度-阻尼组成的强迫振动系统,而强迫振动激励取决于基础振动加速度,等效后模型如图3所示。
同时需要注意的是,当基础垂向振动时,产生的等效力由磁悬浮轴承wv方向的两对电磁铁共同承担,磁悬浮轴承的结构如图4所示。
转子在wv方向受到的由基础激励引起的力为:
式中  uxuy分别为横向和垂向的基础激励。
考虑不平衡影响,磁悬浮转子径向四自由度方程表示为:
式中 转子质心广义坐标qc=w v α βTwv分别为转子质心平动的位移,αβ分别是转子绕质心转动的角度;Ω为转子转速;M为质量矩阵;G为转子陀螺力矩矩阵;Fu为转子受到的不平衡力;Fb为基础激励对转子的附加广义力;Famb为磁悬浮轴承对转子的电磁力;B为电磁力转换矩阵。各矩阵如下所示:
式中  分别为转子的赤道转动惯量和极转动惯量;分别为静不平衡的幅度和相位;分别为转子质心距离磁悬浮轴承电磁力施加点的轴向距离。
磁悬浮轴承是一个闭环机电系统,其控制框图如图5所示,电磁力采用线性化模型19
式中  Ki=diag[kiw1 kiv1 kiw2 kiv2]为电流刚度系数;Kx=diag[kxw1 kxv1 kxw2 kxv2]为位移刚度系数;I=[iw1 iv1 iw2 iv2T为控制电流;qa=w1 v1 w2 v2T为磁悬浮轴承电磁铁处的位移,与转子质心广义坐标的关系为:
当带宽足够时,功率放大器和位移传感器环节可以简化为比例增益kaks,那么当磁悬浮轴承控制器采用PID控制时,控制电流可以表示为:
式中  qs=ws1 vs1 ws2 vs2T为磁悬浮轴承位移传感器处转子的位移,与转子质心广义坐标的关系为:
式中  ls1ls2分别为转子质心距离位移传感器检测点的轴向距离。为了与试验中在位移传感器处测得的转子位移相对应,式(5)可以改写为:
选取左磁悬浮轴承w方向进行仿真和试验研究,同时,不平衡力与基础激励是线性叠加的,所以在接下来的仿真和试验中,转子只静态悬浮而不旋转。转子结构参数和磁悬浮轴承控制系统参数如表23所示。
设基础简谐激励的形式为u=Asin(ωt+φ),其中A为激励幅值,ω为激励频率,φ为初始相位。对应的等效基础外力为-mAω2sin(ωt+φ),由此可知影响转子振动位移响应的基础简谐激励参数主要有两个,分别为激励幅值A与激励频率ω
图6为固定基础简谐激励频率为10 Hz,激励幅值分别为1,2,3 mm时的磁悬浮转子振动响应,仿真时间为1 s。从图6中可以看出,基础简谐激励下,磁悬浮转子振动位移呈现良好的正弦性,同时间接说明等效外力推导的正确性,从转子振动位移幅值可以看出,转子振动随着基础激励振动幅值的增大而增大,近似呈线性增加关系,这是由于基础等效外力与激励幅值呈线性关系,同时磁悬浮轴承工作在线性区,转子振动幅值也近似呈线性关系。
图7为固定基础简谐激励幅值为2 mm,激励频率分别为5,10,15 Hz时的磁悬浮转子振动响应。从图7中可以看出,磁悬浮转子振动幅值随着基础激励频率的增加而增加,但不呈线性关系。从等效力公式中也可以看出,基础激励频率ω线性增大,等效外力呈二次方增加,振动位移响应也近似呈二次关系。
磁悬浮轴承具有主动可控的优点,可以进行刚度和阻尼的主动调节。对于PID控制的磁悬浮轴承来说,可以调节的控制参数有比例、积分、微分系数,其中,积分环节用来消除悬浮稳态误差,主要作用于静态载荷,对于基础简谐激励下磁悬浮转子的影响不大;比例系数kP主要影响磁悬浮轴承的刚度;微分系数kD主要影响磁悬浮轴承的阻尼。接下来分析比例系数和微分系数的改变对基础简谐激励下磁悬浮转子振动响应的影响,需要注意的是,比例和微分系数通常需要一起调节以满足系统性能和稳定性的要求,文中单独调节某一参数只是为了探究影响规律。基础简谐激励设置为频率10 Hz,幅值2 mm。
图8为比例系数分别为1.8,2.2和2.6时的磁悬浮转子振动响应对比。从图中可以看出,随着kP的增大,转子振动幅值逐渐减小,这是因为增大kP可以提高磁悬浮轴承的刚度,有效抑制基础简谐激励引起的转子振动。
图9为微分系数分别为0.0008,0.0015和0.002时的磁悬浮转子振动响应对比。从图中可以看出,对于10 Hz的基础激励,kD的变化对磁悬浮转子振动响应几乎没有影响。这是因为控制器微分环节的作用是根据转子实际位置与设定位置之间误差的变化率控制输出,在基础激励频率比较低时,微分环节产生的作用远小于比例环节的作用,所以改变磁悬浮轴承微分系数对转子振动的影响很小。为了分析简谐激励频率达到多少时可以通过增加微分系数抑制转子振动,在仿真模型中施加固定加速度1g、频率为1~200 Hz的扫频信号,微分系数分别为0.0015和0.002时磁悬浮转子的振动响应如图10所示,激励频率高于50 Hz时,增大微分系数对减小转子振动的效果明显。
综上所述,对于频率较低的基础激励,可以通过适当增大比例系数kP的方法进行振动抑制。
磁悬浮转子受到的基础冲击是持续一段时间的瞬时激励,常用半正弦冲击进行表征,基础半正弦冲击激励的形式为:
式中  A为冲击加速度幅值,通常用重力加速度g进行衡量;T为基础冲击激励的脉宽;t0为冲击的起始时间。
图11为固定冲击加速度幅值为1g,冲击脉宽分别为2,5,8和11 ms时的磁悬浮转子振动响应。当冲击加速度幅值不变时,冲击脉宽越大意味着冲击能量输入越高,冲击激励作用越强,转子振动响应随着基础冲击脉宽的增大而增大。
图12为冲击脉宽为5 ms,冲击加速度幅值分别为1g,1.5g,2g,2.5g时的磁悬浮转子振动响应。从图中可以看出,当冲击脉宽不变时,转子响应振荡周期不变,幅值随着冲击加速度幅值的变化而线性变化。
接下来讨论磁悬浮轴承比例系数与微分系数对基础冲击激励作用下磁悬浮转子振动响应的影响。设置基础半正弦冲击激励的加速度幅值为1.5g,脉宽为5 ms。图13为基础冲击激励下比例系数分别为1.8,2.2,2.6时的磁悬浮转子振动响应对比。kP的增大可以降低转子振动响应峰值,但是转子振动的振荡时间几乎没有变化。
图14为基础冲击激励下微分系数分别为0.0008,0.0015,0.002时的磁悬浮转子振动响应对比。可以看出,kD的增大也可以降低转子振幅,与kP的影响不同的是,正向和反向振动位移都得到了抑制。在较低的微分系数下,磁悬浮转子的振荡时间较长。控制器参数中,微分系数对基础冲击激励响应的影响更明显,但微分系数也不能过大,否则会放大系统中的高频噪声,降低磁悬浮轴承性能。
为了对基础激励下磁悬浮转子建模与振动响应仿真结果的正确性进行分析,进行了试验验证。如图15所示,试验使用苏试DC-300-3电磁振动台,由RC-2000数字式振动控制仪控制,通过两个电荷式加速度传感器提供控制、反馈信号,振动台可以提供垂向的激励,包括简谐和冲击形式。磁悬浮转子试验台固连于振动台上,由磁悬浮轴承自带的电涡流位移传感器检测转子振动,截止频率为3.5 kHz。转子的振动响应位移信号采集与磁悬浮轴承控制由dSPACE1202半实物仿真平台实现,采样频率为10 kHz。
设定基础简谐激励频率为10 Hz,激励幅值分别为1,2,3 mm,磁悬浮转子振动响应如图16(a)所示,仿真与试验中转子振幅随激励幅值的变化规律如图16(b)所示。可以看出,试验与仿真结果吻合得很好,在数值上相近,并且试验中转子振动位移变化与激励幅值近似呈线性关系,这与理论和仿真结果也是一致的。
设定基础简谐激励幅值为1 mm,激励频率分别为5,10,15 Hz,磁悬浮转子振动响应如图17(a)所示。仿真与试验中转子振幅与激励频率之间的变化规律如图17(b)所示。可以看出,试验同样验证了数值仿真的准确性,试验中转子振动位移变化与激励频率之间近似呈二次方关系。
磁悬浮转子受到的等效基础外力为-mAω2·sin(ωt+φ),也就是说振动幅值与简谐激励频率的平方成正比,与激励幅值成正比,与基础激励加速度成正比。为了进一步验证这一关系,保持磁悬浮转子静浮,由振动台提供固定加速度为1g的基础简谐激励,振动频率从8 Hz到20 Hz线性增加,试验结果如图18所示,即使基础激励频率在不断变化,磁悬浮转子的振动响应幅值几乎保持不变,随着频率的升高转子振幅稍有增大,这是由磁悬浮轴承不同频率的支承特性略微不同和振动台误差引起的。图19为基础简谐激励幅值为1 mm,频率从4 Hz到20 Hz线性增加时磁悬浮转子振动响应的试验结果,验证了转子振幅与激励频率的平方成正比的关系。
设定基础冲击脉宽为5 ms,冲击加速度幅值分别为1g,1.5g,2g和2.5g,磁悬浮转子振动响应如图20(a)所示,仿真与试验中转子响应峰值与冲击加速度之间的变化规律如图20(b)所示。可以看出,随着冲击加速度幅值的增大,转子振动最大值响应幅值峰值也线性增加,这与仿真分析的规律是一致的,试验中转子响应峰值与仿真结果接近,最大误差为3.33 μm,相对误差分别为9.55%,6.12%,4.47%和1.8%,主要是由于振动台施加冲击激励误差引起的。在试验中,受到基础冲击后转子的反向位移比仿真要大,这是因为振动台提供的冲击并不是一个理想的半正弦形式,为了冲击后振动台回归原位,需要进行补偿,即冲击结束后振动台会产生一个反向激励。
设定基础冲击加速度幅值为1g,冲击脉宽分别为2,5,8和11 ms,磁悬浮转子振动响应如图21(a)所示,仿真与试验中转子振动响应峰值与冲击脉宽之间的变化规律如图21(b)所示。可以看出,转子响应峰值随基础冲击激励脉宽的增大而提高,但趋势逐步平缓,这与仿真结果也是吻合的。随着脉宽的增大,试验和仿真之间的相对误差分别为18.42%,9.55%,2.18%和-0.41%,其中较大的误差出现在转子振动幅值较小时,是由于此时振动台产生的冲击激励误差较大。
本文从理论建模、仿真分析、试验研究三方面探究了基础激励下磁悬浮转子系统振动响应变化规律,试验结果与仿真结果吻合,验证了对磁悬浮转子建模的准确性。结论如下:
(1) 对于基础简谐激励,磁悬浮转子振动幅值与基础激励幅值、频率的平方成正比;对于基础冲击激励,磁悬浮转子响应峰值随冲击加速度幅值增加呈线性变化,随冲击脉宽增加而增加,但趋势逐步平缓。
(2) 磁悬浮轴承具有可以主动控制的优点,可以通过调节控制器参数或使用特定的控制算法抑制基础激励引起的转子振动。对于采用PID控制的磁悬浮轴承,适当增加比例系数可以提高轴承刚度以抑制转子振幅;增加微分系数对基础正弦激励影响不大,但可以抑制基础冲击激励下的转子振幅,并减小振动振荡时间。
本文探究了单一基础激励参数和磁悬浮轴承控制参数对转子响应的影响,但对于影响因素之间的耦合作用、实际基础激励工况下的磁悬浮转子振动响应还需要进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075239)
  • 国防重大项目培育基金资助项目(NP2022411)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.002
  • 接收时间:2022-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-29
  • 修回日期:2022-12-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075239)
国防重大项目培育基金资助项目(NP2022411)
作者信息
    南京航空航天大学机电学院,江苏 南京 210016

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周 瑾(1972―),女,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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