Article(id=1228634331502019283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1661184000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-23, revisedDate=1670169600000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858851551, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858851551, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858851551, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858851551, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1320, endPage=1329, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634332940665560, articleId=1228634331502019283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration characteristics of I-beam with constrained damping layer, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper,a method for calculating the vibration response of beams damped with constrained damping layer is presented. The indoor vibration experiment of I-beam was carried out,and the vibration response at different positions was measured. A numerical simulation model was established simultaneously based on the finite element method,and the natural frequencies and modal loss factors of I-beam were calculated accurately by using the modal strain energy method. Based on the above results,the modal superposition method was used for the harmonic response analysis,and the vibration response of the I-beam damped with constrained damping layer was obtained. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the measured and simulated results. The effects of design parameters (damping layer thickness and constrained layer thickness) on the natural frequency,modal loss factor and overall vibration acceleration level were analyzed. The results show that the vibration response of each component has a similar change rule. The overall vibration acceleration level of web is the largest,followed by the bottom,and the roof is the smallest. In general,the thickness of damping layer has little effect on the first 5 order natural frequencies of I-beam,but with the increase of the thickness of constrained layer,the first 5 order natural frequencies of I-beam decrease first and then increase. Increasing the thickness of damping layer and constrained layer can continuously improve the modal loss factor of I-beam,thereby reducing the overall vibration acceleration level effectively,and the vibration reduction effect of web is better than that of roof and bottom.

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本文提出了一种计算带约束阻尼层梁振动响应的方法。以工字梁为研究对象,开展了室内振动试验,测得了不同位置的振动响应。并基于有限元法同步建立了数值仿真模型,利用模态应变能法准确计算了结构的自振频率和模态损耗因子。基于上述结果,利用模态叠加法进行谐响应分析,得到了约束阻尼层工字梁的振动响应结果。将振动响应的实测值与仿真值进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。分析了设计参数(阻尼层厚度、约束层厚度)对构件自振频率、模态损耗因子及加速度总振级的影响。研究结果表明:各板件的振动响应有着相似的变化规律,腹板加速度总振级最大,底板次之,顶板最小;总体上阻尼层厚度对工字梁前5阶自振频率影响不大,而随着约束层厚度的增大,构件前5阶自振频率先减小后增大;增大阻尼层厚度和约束层厚度都能持续增大构件的模态损耗因子,进而有效降低加速度总振级,且对腹板的减振效果好于顶板和底板。

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李小珍(1970—),男,博士,教授。电话: (028)87603323; E-mail:

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李小珍(1970—),男,博士,教授。电话: (028)87603323; E-mail:

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李小珍(1970—),男,博士,教授。电话: (028)87603323; E-mail:

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label=图17, caption=加速度总振级与约束层厚度关系曲线, figureFileSmall=AeF56yy95ysnZ5aD+tEnnw==, figureFileBig=hJMfOPIqh7mdsegEdZaQwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634352507093205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634331502019283, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material property parameters

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弹性模量/MPa泊松比密度/(kg·m-3)材料损耗因子
结构层2.06×1050.37850
阻尼层2.670.4915000.5
约束层6.895×1040.32740
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材料参数

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弹性模量/MPa泊松比密度/(kg·m-3)材料损耗因子
结构层2.06×1050.37850
阻尼层2.670.4915000.5
约束层6.895×1040.32740
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Natural frequency and modal loss factor of I-beam

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阶数自振频率/Hz阻尼层应变能/J总应变能/J模态损耗因子η
1111.552.5260245.570.051
2160.434.0175507.890.039
3169.814.5884568.690.040
4231.305.96441055.520.028
5295.728.74871725.830.025
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工字梁自振频率与模态损耗因子

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阶数自振频率/Hz阻尼层应变能/J总应变能/J模态损耗因子η
1111.552.5260245.570.051
2160.434.0175507.890.039
3169.814.5884568.690.040
4231.305.96441055.520.028
5295.728.74871725.830.025
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敷设约束阻尼层的工字梁振动特性研究
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李小珍 , 李昊卿 , 蒋希昊 , 毕然
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1320-1329
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1320-1329
敷设约束阻尼层的工字梁振动特性研究
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李小珍 , 李昊卿, 蒋希昊, 毕然
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学土木工程学院桥梁工程系,四川 成都 610031
  • 李小珍(1970—),男,博士,教授。电话: (028)87603323; E-mail:

Vibration characteristics of I-beam with constrained damping layer
Xiao-zhen LI , Hao-qing LI, Xi-hao JIANG, Ran BI
Affiliations
  • Department of Bridge Engineering,School of Civil Engineering,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.006
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本文提出了一种计算带约束阻尼层梁振动响应的方法。以工字梁为研究对象,开展了室内振动试验,测得了不同位置的振动响应。并基于有限元法同步建立了数值仿真模型,利用模态应变能法准确计算了结构的自振频率和模态损耗因子。基于上述结果,利用模态叠加法进行谐响应分析,得到了约束阻尼层工字梁的振动响应结果。将振动响应的实测值与仿真值进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。分析了设计参数(阻尼层厚度、约束层厚度)对构件自振频率、模态损耗因子及加速度总振级的影响。研究结果表明:各板件的振动响应有着相似的变化规律,腹板加速度总振级最大,底板次之,顶板最小;总体上阻尼层厚度对工字梁前5阶自振频率影响不大,而随着约束层厚度的增大,构件前5阶自振频率先减小后增大;增大阻尼层厚度和约束层厚度都能持续增大构件的模态损耗因子,进而有效降低加速度总振级,且对腹板的减振效果好于顶板和底板。

振动试验  /  工字梁  /  约束阻尼层  /  模态应变能理论  /  数值仿真

In this paper,a method for calculating the vibration response of beams damped with constrained damping layer is presented. The indoor vibration experiment of I-beam was carried out,and the vibration response at different positions was measured. A numerical simulation model was established simultaneously based on the finite element method,and the natural frequencies and modal loss factors of I-beam were calculated accurately by using the modal strain energy method. Based on the above results,the modal superposition method was used for the harmonic response analysis,and the vibration response of the I-beam damped with constrained damping layer was obtained. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the measured and simulated results. The effects of design parameters (damping layer thickness and constrained layer thickness) on the natural frequency,modal loss factor and overall vibration acceleration level were analyzed. The results show that the vibration response of each component has a similar change rule. The overall vibration acceleration level of web is the largest,followed by the bottom,and the roof is the smallest. In general,the thickness of damping layer has little effect on the first 5 order natural frequencies of I-beam,but with the increase of the thickness of constrained layer,the first 5 order natural frequencies of I-beam decrease first and then increase. Increasing the thickness of damping layer and constrained layer can continuously improve the modal loss factor of I-beam,thereby reducing the overall vibration acceleration level effectively,and the vibration reduction effect of web is better than that of roof and bottom.

vibration experiment  /  I-beam  /  constrained damping layer  /  modal strain energy theory  /  numerical simulation
李小珍, 李昊卿, 蒋希昊, 毕然. 敷设约束阻尼层的工字梁振动特性研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1320 -1329 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.006
Xiao-zhen LI, Hao-qing LI, Xi-hao JIANG, Ran BI. Vibration characteristics of I-beam with constrained damping layer[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1320 -1329 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.006
近年来,随着中国钢产量的稳步增长和桥梁建造技术的不断创新,钢桥因其有轻质高强、运输及施工方便、整体性好、美观等优点,逐渐成为中国桥梁工程的重要研究和发展方向1。与混凝土桥相比,列车通过钢桥时引起的振动噪声(称为桥梁结构噪声2-3)问题更加突出,且往往具有频谱宽、幅值大和难控制等特点4-6。若长期受到钢桥结构噪声的影响,会使人感到焦虑和烦躁,甚至导致耳鸣、失眠、神经衰弱等症状。因此,如何降低钢桥的振动噪声成为目前亟待解决的问题。
钢桥的结构振动噪声主要来源于尺寸较大构件的局部振动3,而工字梁是钢桥中最主要的构件形式之一,因此对其振动特性进行研究并提出相应的减振措施具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。
在桥梁常见构件的振动特性方面,国内外学者开展了大量研究,提出了许多不同的分析方法。张迅等7联合锤击试验和数值仿真分析了U肋加劲板的振动传递特性,并讨论了结构设计参数对顶板声功率级的影响。马牛静等8研究了工程常用加劲板在初始应力作用下的非线性振动特性。柴玉阳等9对弹性约束矩形板进行了研究,分析了不同边界条件和弹簧刚度对其振动特性的影响。李国荣等10采用能量法对矩形加劲板在典型边界条件下的横向振动特性进行了研究。覃霞等11为避免平行四边形加劲板建模过程中重构模型网格,基于一阶剪切理论提出了自由振动的无网格法,并计算了试件的动能、势能及自振频率。Lin等12运用双余弦积分变换法导出了加劲板振动响应的解析解,推导了加劲板的振动方程,并分析了加劲肋对均匀板模态响应的影响。Yin等13提出了一种计算偏心加劲板振动的动刚度法,该方法同时考虑了构件的面内和面外变形。Nayak等14基于有限元法计算了加劲板的基频和振型,并讨论了加劲肋类型、方向和数量,板的纵横比及加劲肋的厚度比等参数对构件振动特性的影响。
在结构表面敷设约束阻尼层是近年来迅速发展的一种新型减振技术,已广泛应用于汽车、船舶和航空航天等领域。其原理是通过阻尼层内部分子间的相对滑移产生较大剪切变形,以此耗散振动能量。一些学者基于模态应变能理论对约束阻尼层的力学性能和减振效果开展了相关研究。吕平等15基于模态应变能法探究了阻尼层厚度对约束阻尼结构板阻尼性能的影响。Zhang等16对飞机壁板上的减振约束阻尼层进行了拓扑优化设计,采用模态应变能法推导了目标函数对设计变量的敏感性,获得了更合理的优化拓扑结构。Kumar等17进行了一系列试验,研究了约束阻尼层对曲面板的阻尼效应,并基于模态应变能理论优化了约束阻尼贴片的布置。此外,刘全民等18-20首次将约束阻尼层技术运用于铁路钢桁梁桥和铁路钢板结合梁桥,现场测试了敷设阻尼层前后桥梁结构的声振特性,研究结果表明,敷设阻尼层后各测点的振动加速度级在全频段均得到有效降低,验证了约束阻尼层在桥梁结构减振降噪中的可行性和有效性。吕毅宁等21基于附加阻尼层厚度的优化设计准则,以模态损耗因子最大为设计目标,提出了一种附加阻尼结构的迭代优化设计方法。黄志诚等22基于层合理论和有限元法建立了被动约束阻尼板模型,并将理论值与实测值进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性和正确性。Zhang等23提出了一种自由阻尼结构和多尺度复合阻尼材料并行拓扑的优化设计方法,基于密度的拓扑优化,在宏观和微观条件下寻找最优布局,使阻尼的有效利用率最高,性能最大化。Zhao等24基于等效材料特性理论,提出了一种简化的单层等效方法,结合约束阻尼层板的数值仿真模型,验证了该方法的准确性。Hamdaoui等25建立了三层黏弹性夹层梁有限元模型,研究了夹层结构黏弹性参数的识别问题及模态损耗因子的非线性特征值问题。
不难看出,上述文献大多集中于板类结构的研究,而对工字梁及其复合结构的研究相对较少。此外,约束阻尼层在轨道交通桥梁领域的研究和应用尚少,有必要进一步进行研究。因此本文提出了一种计算带约束阻尼层梁振动响应的方法。首先以钢桥中常用的工字梁构件为研究对象,设计了一工字梁结构,对其进行室内振动试验,测得了构件的振动响应。并基于有限元法(Finite Element Method,FEM)同步建立了数值仿真模型,通过引入模态应变能法(Modal Strain Energy Method,MSEM)准确计算了结构的自振频率和模态损耗因子。并基于上述结果,利用模态叠加法(Mode Superposition Method,MSM)进行谐响应分析,得到了约束阻尼层工字梁的振动响应结果。将振动响应的实测值与仿真值进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。最后探讨了阻尼层厚度、约束层厚度两种设计参数对构件自振频率、模态损耗因子及加速度总振级的影响规律。研究结果可为约束阻尼层在桥梁工程中的应用及后续开展桥梁结构噪声分析提供参考和依据。
本文工字梁试件腹板长796 mm,高320 mm,顶板和底板长796 mm,宽80 mm。钢结构材料选用Q345D,结构层厚度为4 mm,阻尼层材料的主要成分为硅橡胶和丁基橡胶,约束层选用铝箔。模型的几何尺寸和材料参数分别由图1表1给出。
工字梁的边界条件如图2所示,在工字梁顶板两侧设置铁钩,用尼龙绳悬挂。约束阻尼层的敷设情况为:腹板和上下翼缘板振动测点一侧满布。结合工厂预制条件,选取阻尼层厚度为2 mm,约束层厚度为1 mm,如图3所示。本次试验中工字梁的总质量为13.78 kg,其中约束阻尼层的质量为1.78 kg,占总质量的12.92%。测点布置如图4所示,压电式加速度传感器以强磁性底座吸附的方式布置在腹板、顶板和底板上:相邻腹板测点间的横向间距为199 mm,纵向间距为80 mm;顶板测点和底板测点均分别位于单侧翼缘纵向中心线上,距腹板20 mm。
本试验采用激振器法,激励信号为LMS Test. Lab软件发出的高信噪比随机信号。信号经功率放大器放大,激振器输出,最终以力的形式作用在试件上形成激励,并用Coinv Dasp信号采集系统同步采集输入的激励信号和输出的响应信号。本次试验所用到的仪器及其主要设计参数如下:
(1) CA-YD-181加速度传感器,量程为0~5000 m/s2,工作频率范围为1~8000 Hz,灵敏度为0.990~1.032 mV·s2/m。
(2) SACL201LYT压电式拉压力传感器,其量程为±1 kN,灵敏度为3 pC/N。
(3) HEV-200型电动激振器,最大激振力为200 N,振幅范围为±10 mm。
(4) HEA-200C型功率放大器,其工作频率范围为0~10000 Hz,输入信号幅度为0~±5 V。
(5) INV 3060S 24位网络分布式同步采集仪。
为保证测试结果的有效性和准确性,在测试开始前对所有设备进行了校准。本试验所选用的激励信号需确保能够充分激起构件振动,由文献[3]可知,交通荷载作用下钢桥结构振动噪声的优势频段为200~800 Hz,故需保证激励信号在1000 Hz以内有充分的激振能量。试验过程中采取对同一点多次激励、对频响函数取平均值的方法。为避免测试过程中出现信号的混叠现象,减小遮蔽效应对测试结果的影响,综合考虑后选定采样频率为25.6 kHz。试验流程如图5所示。
典型试验工况下激振力与加速度响应的时程和频谱曲线如图6所示,其中加速度响应测点为图4中的测点V3。从图6(c)激振力的频谱曲线中可以看出,激振能量主要集中在0~1000 Hz,1000 Hz以上频段的能量逐渐衰减至0,能量在125 Hz出现较大峰值,其后有多个小峰值出现,但随频率的增大整体呈下降趋势,故本试验中施加的激励力的频率范围是合理的。由图6(d)可知,加速度响应在0~1000 Hz内分散分布多个峰值,最大峰值出现在337.5 Hz,为3.41 m/s2,其余峰值频率为38.3,475.0和789.1 Hz。
为探究构件不同位置处的振动特性,分别测试腹板测点V1~V7和翼板测点V8~V10的加速度时域响应,并对其做傅里叶自谱变换得到加速度频域响应,采用振动加速度级表征振动响应程度,基准加速度取为10-6 m/s2图7给出了各测点的振动加速度级频谱曲线。为了更好地对比不同位置处的振动响应,图8给出了各测点的加速度总振级。
图7(a)和(b)可知,腹板测点在100~1000 Hz频段内有着相似的变化规律,均出现多个明显的峰值,且峰值频率与图6(c)中激振力的峰值频率相对应。例如,由于外加激励在125 Hz附近有较大峰值,故测点V1~V7在100~200 Hz频率范围内均出现了明显的峰值。此外,腹板测点在35 Hz附近也出现了明显的峰值,这是因为这些测点的位置接近该频段内固有频率所对应的振型弯曲节点。图7(c)给出了顶板测点V8和底板测点V9,V10的加速度级频谱曲线,从图中可以看出,顶板和底板的振动响应与腹板同样有着相似的变化规律。由图8可知,不同位置的加速度总振级大小分布规律为腹板>底板>顶板,其总振级平均值分别为126.85,118.08,115.23 dB。这是由于激励施加在腹板上,腹板的局部振动比顶板和底板更突出,因此腹板的总振级最大;顶板和底板相比,由于顶板离边界条件更近,受到的约束程度更大,故底板的总振级大于顶板的总振级。
本节针对测试构件分别开展模态应变能分析和结构动力响应分析,结合二者计算结果进行对比验证。
模态损耗因子反映了结构耗散能量的能力强弱,模态损耗因子越大,结构耗散能量的能力越强,减振降噪效果越好。故本文引入模态损耗因子作为指标来探讨各项参数对结构振动特性的影响。模态应变能法忽略了材料复刚度对结构的影响,适用于复刚度占比不大的结构,本文中的阻尼层厚度较小,其复刚度占比较小,故本文采用模态应变能法来计算复合结构的模态损耗因子。
对于约束阻尼层结构的分析,一般提出以下假设:
(1) 各层材料均为线弹性、均质、等温、各向同性的,泊松比为常数;
(2) 层与中性面之间不存在垂直方向的挤压;
(3) 层间粘结足够牢固,不会发生相对滑移;
(4) 黏弹性层对结构阻尼的贡献最大。
假设阻尼层复刚度矩阵为Kv,即
式中  KvRKvI分别为阻尼层复刚度矩阵的实部和虚部,KvI=ηvKvR,其中ηv为黏弹性材料的损耗因子;i为虚数单位。
则约束阻尼结构自由振动方程和特征值方程可以分别表示为:
式中  M为结构质量矩阵;x分别为加速度和位移向量;Ke为弹性层刚度矩阵;ϕ*为约束阻尼结构的复模态振型向量;ω*为复角频率,可以表示为:
式中  ηj为第j阶模态损耗因子;ωjR为实角频率。根据模态振型矢量对刚度和质量矩阵的正交性,第j阶复角频率可表示为:
式中  ϕ为第j阶复特征向量。
在模态应变能法中,黏弹性结构的复特征向量对应的刚度矩阵(Ke+KvR+iKvI)近似为忽略黏性的弹性结构的实特征向量对应的刚度矩阵(Ke+KvR),即
式中  ϕjR为第j阶实特征向量。
将式(4)和(6)的实部与虚部分别比较可得:
复合结构的第j阶总模态应变能Wj和阻尼层的第j阶模态应变能Wjv可分别表示为:
整理式(7)~(9),第j阶模态损耗因子可表示为:
当有n层不同材料的黏弹性阻尼层时,第j阶模态损耗因子为:
不难看出,模态应变能法只需计算阻尼结构的实模态,避免了规模庞大的复特征值计算,并且计算得到的模态应变能具有归一化的特性,与传统计算方法相比具有显著优势。
利用ANSYS R16.0建立有限元分析计算模型如图9所示。对于约束阻尼层结构,采用板壳单元模拟结构层和约束层能够较好地反映结构的真实性,采用实体单元模拟阻尼层能够很好地反映结构在弯曲振动时的剪切变形。故本文的结构层和约束层选用4节点板单元Shell 181来建立,阻尼层选用8节点实体单元Solid 185来建立。在与实际悬挂约束相同位置处约束三个方向的线位移并对整体结构施加重力以仿真试验的边界条件和受力条件。为保证有限元计算精度,板单元、实体单元分别采用自由四边形、自由六面体进行网格划分,共计节点数为44800,单元数为63680。该算法可以方便快速地获得结构的整体阻尼,同时又保证了精度。经过多次有限元试算,最终确定结构阻尼系数取为0.020。
首先计算工字梁的自振频率,并提取各阶模态的阻尼层应变能及工字梁总应变能,根据式(11)计算模态损耗因子,计算结果由表2给出。由表2可知,随着阶数的增大,工字梁的模态损耗因子整体上呈逐渐减小的趋势,仅在第3阶出现大于第2阶的情况,到第5阶时,模态损耗因子仅有第1阶的一半,故敷设约束阻尼层对降低工字梁低阶模态整体振动的效果好于高阶模态局部振动。图10给出了前5阶自振频率下工字梁构件的位移云图及阻尼层的应变能云图。
为验证数值模型的准确性,将试验激励作为外荷载导入有限元模型,利用模态叠加法计算复合结构的振动响应。提取腹板测点V4、顶板测点V8和底板测点V9的振动加速度级频谱曲线,与实测结果进行对比,如图11所示。从图11中可以看出,各测点的振动加速度级仿真值和实测值保持着相同的变化规律,峰值频率也吻合较好。部分频率点的实测振动加速度级与仿真值略有不同,这可能是由于仿真模型的边界条件与实际结构略有差异导致的。总体来说,通过本文建立的工字梁振动分析模型计算得到的结果具有较高的可靠性,可进一步用于之后的参数分析及研究。
实际工程中,一般是在既有桥梁上敷设约束阻尼层,在这种情况下,结构层厚度往往是一定的,通常只能改变约束阻尼层的参数。故本文选取阻尼层厚度和约束层厚度来进行参数分析。
控制约束层厚度为1 mm,计算不同阻尼层厚度下构件的自振频率、模态损耗因子和加速度总振级。
构件自振频率与阻尼层厚度的关系曲线如图12所示,构件前5阶自振频率与阻尼层厚度近似呈线性负相关关系。当阻尼层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,构件的第1,5阶频率分别降低了3.51%,4.08%,第2,3,4阶频率随阻尼层厚度变化的梯度相当,阻尼层厚度每增加0.25 mm,频率约降低0.6 Hz。总体上,阻尼层厚度的变化对构件的自振频率影响不大。模态损耗因子与阻尼层厚度的关系曲线如图13所示,构件前5阶模态损耗因子随阻尼层厚度的增大而增大,这表明增大阻尼层的厚度能使其耗能能力增强。当阻尼层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,前5阶模态损耗因子分别增大了273%,541%,179%,464%,400%。
图14给出了加速度总振级与阻尼层厚度的关系曲线。由图14可知,增大阻尼层厚度能够有效降低腹板的振动响应,当阻尼层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,测点V1的总振级降低了3.1 dB,这是因为随着阻尼层厚度的增大,参与剪切变形的阻尼材料增多,材料内部分子间的相对滑移量增大,从而能够消耗更多能量,这与图13中模态损耗因子的变化规律相符合。但由于约束层的重力作用,使顶板的阻尼层被拉伸,底板的阻尼层被压缩,减小了阻尼层的耗能能力,故增大阻尼层厚度对降低顶、底板的振动响应有限,当阻尼层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,测点V8的总振级仅降低了1.2 dB。
控制阻尼层厚度为2 mm,以约束层厚度为变量,讨论不同约束层厚度对构件自振频率、模态损耗因子和加速度总振级的影响。
图15给出了构件自振频率与约束层厚度的关系曲线。由图15可知,随着约束层厚度的增大,构件前5阶自振频率呈先减小后增大的趋势:当约束层厚度小于阻尼层厚度时,自振频率随约束层厚度的增大而减小;当约束层厚度大于阻尼层厚度时,自振频率随约束层厚度的增大而逐渐增大;不同阶自振频率的最小值所对应的约束层厚度相同,均在2.0 mm时达到谷值,分别为107.65,155.21,163.23,222.40和284.64 Hz。图16给出了模态损耗因子与约束层厚度的关系曲线。由图16可知,增大约束层厚度可持续增大构件的模态损耗因子,但由于约束阻尼层对低阶整体振动的抑制效果好于高阶局部振动,故各阶模态损耗因子的增大幅度有所差异。例如,当约束层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,第3,4阶模态损耗因子分别从0.032,0.025增大到0.077,0.065,达到原来的2.5倍;但第5阶模态损耗因子增幅有限,增大仅0.012。
图17给出了加速度总振级与约束层厚度的关系曲线。从图17中可以看出,各测点的总振级随约束层厚度的增大而降低,当约束层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,腹板、顶板、底板的总振级分别降低约4.9,2.2,2.1 dB。故增大约束层厚度同样能够有效降低构件的振动响应,且对腹板的减振效果好于顶板和底板。
综上所述,增大阻尼层厚度和约束层厚度都能有效降低构件的振动响应。由于阻尼层厚度和约束层厚度的设计应满足结构轻量化准则和经济适用性,故相应的厚度参数也不宜过大,否则会导致桥梁二期恒载过大、约束阻尼安装困难等问题。一般来说,实际桥梁工程中约束层的厚度只要能够达到充分约束阻尼层表面的位移即可;而约束阻尼层的总附加质量不宜超过10%,以保证约束阻尼层与调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)等减振技术在附加质量占比方面具有可比性。
本文以某大桥为原型,设计了一工字梁缩尺试件,结合室内振动试验和数值仿真方法,探究了阻尼层厚度、约束层厚度对构件自振频率、模态损耗因子和加速度总振级的影响。主要结论如下:
(1)实测结果显示,顶、底板的振动响应与腹板有着相似的变化规律。不同位置的加速度总振级大小规律为腹板最大,底板次之,顶板最小,其平均值分别为126.85,118.08,115.23 dB。
(2)工字梁前5阶自振频率与阻尼层厚度近似呈线性负相关关系,但总体上改变阻尼层厚度对构件自振频率影响不大。构件前5阶模态损耗因子随阻尼层厚度的增大而增大,当阻尼层厚度从0.5 mm增大到3.0 mm时,前5阶模态损耗因子分别增大了273%,541%,179%,464%,400%。
(3)随着约束层厚度的增大,构件前5阶自振频率先减小后增大,不同阶自振频率的最小值对应的约束层厚度相同,均为2.0 mm。增大约束层厚度可持续增大构件的模态损耗因子,但对各阶的增大幅度有所差异,增幅的最大差值为0.033。
(4)增大阻尼层厚度和约束层厚度都能有效降低构件的加速度总振级,且对腹板的减振效果好于顶板和底板(最大差值达到2.8 dB)。需要指出的是,在实际工程应用中,阻尼层和约束层的厚度往往还需综合考虑结构轻量化设计准则、经济成本和施工工艺等多方面的因素。
(5)本文基于混合模态应变能-有限元法,结合室内振动试验,开展了约束阻尼层工字梁的振动特性研究,精确计算了约束阻尼层各项参数对工字梁振动特性的影响,同样的方法也可用于其他构件,如板肋、U肋加劲板等。计算结果可为钢桥的振动分析及约束阻尼层在桥梁工程中的应用提供参考和依据。后续可联合声场试验和边界元法,进一步开展约束阻尼层对桥梁结构噪声影响规律的相关研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878565)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278463)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52202422)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.006
  • 接收时间:2022-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-23
  • 修回日期:2022-12-05
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51878565)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52278463)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52202422)
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    西南交通大学土木工程学院桥梁工程系,四川 成都 610031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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