Article(id=1228634331397161682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=1671033600000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858851527, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858851527, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858851527, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858851527, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1442, endPage=1450, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634332936471255, articleId=1228634331397161682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Characterization mechanism and location of bearing fault acoustic emission information combined with gate recurrent unit, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Large heavy-duty bearings have special working conditions. Under low speed conditions,the impact duration is prolonged,the system response amplitude is reduced,and the fault information is easier to be covered by noise. Acoustic emission technology has been widely used in the field of structural health monitoring and equipment condition detection because of its sensitivity to weak damage. The spatial localization method in acoustic emission technology can be used to accurately locate faults of large bearing with low speed and heavy load. The localization effect depends on the accurate arrival time of signals. The identification and accurate separation of each acoustic emission event is a major challenge at present. Gate recurrent unit network (GRU) can consider the internal in sequence data and extract temporal correlation features,which has certain advantages in signal processing. Akaike information criterion (AIC) can effectively identify two different stochastic processes. In this paper,an acoustic emission signal time of arrival picking method based on GRU and AIC is proposed. The results based on the lead and test data show that the proposed method has great potential in determining the large,heavy-duty,low-speed bearings acoustic emission signal arrival time by comparing with the traditional AIC,threshold discrimination and short term averaging/long term averaging.

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大型重载轴承工况特殊,在低速条件下,冲击持续时间拉长,系统响应幅度降低,故障信息更容易被噪声所掩盖。声发射技术具有对微弱损伤敏感的特性,被广泛应用于结构健康监测和设备状态检测。利用声发射技术中的空间定位方法,能够对大型低速重载轴承进行故障定位,效果依赖于信号准确到达时间。门控循环单元(GRU)网络能够考虑序列数据的内部相关性,提取时序特征,在信号处理中具有一定优势。赤池信息准则(AIC)利用统计学特征,能识别两个不同随机过程。本文提出一种基于GRU和AIC的声发射信号到达时间拾取方法,利用断铅与试验数据,与传统AIC、阈值判别、长/短时窗均值比等方法进行比较与分析,证明所提出方法能准确拾取声发射信号到达时间,在大型低速重载轴承故障定位方面具有较大应用潜力。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
林 京(1971―),男,博士,教授。电话: (010)82317662; E-mail:
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沈 田(1999—),女,硕士研究生。电话: (010)82317662; E-mail:

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沈 田(1999—),女,硕士研究生。电话: (010)82317662; E-mail:

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The percentage of arrival time with an absolute deviation of less than 10.5 and 2.5 μs

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方法到达时间百分比
阈值法98.3%51.7%31.7%
STA/LTA100%81.7%60%
AIC98.3%98.3%93.3%
CNN-AIC98.3%98.3%98.3%
GRU-AIC100%100%100%
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绝对偏差小于10.5和2.5 μs的到达时间百分比

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方法到达时间百分比
阈值法98.3%51.7%31.7%
STA/LTA100%81.7%60%
AIC98.3%98.3%93.3%
CNN-AIC98.3%98.3%98.3%
GRU-AIC100%100%100%
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Mean and standard deviation of point deviation

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方法平均值标准差
阈值法24.0212.29
STA/LTA14.1211.21
AIC-4.854.15
CNN-AIC3.294.74
GRU-AIC1.402.93
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点数偏差的平均值与标准差

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方法平均值标准差
阈值法24.0212.29
STA/LTA14.1211.21
AIC-4.854.15
CNN-AIC3.294.74
GRU-AIC1.402.93
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Standard deviation of position angle

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方法标准差/(°)120°中心标准差/(°)
阈值法38.7638.89
STA/LTA280.12269.41
AIC15.128.58
CNN-AIC25.2610.62
GRU-AIC4.863.03
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位置角度标准差

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方法标准差/(°)120°中心标准差/(°)
阈值法38.7638.89
STA/LTA280.12269.41
AIC15.128.58
CNN-AIC25.2610.62
GRU-AIC4.863.03
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结合门控循环单元的轴承故障声发射信息表征机制与定位
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沈田 1 , 刘宗阳 1 , 李豪 1 , 林京 1 , 柳小勤 2 , 汤林江 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1442-1450
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1442-1450
结合门控循环单元的轴承故障声发射信息表征机制与定位
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沈田1 , 刘宗阳1, 李豪1, 林京1 , 柳小勤2, 汤林江2
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院,北京 100191
  • 2昆明理工大学机电工程学院,云南 昆明 650550
  • 沈 田(1999—),女,硕士研究生。电话: (010)82317662; E-mail:

通讯作者:

林 京(1971―),男,博士,教授。电话: (010)82317662; E-mail:
Characterization mechanism and location of bearing fault acoustic emission information combined with gate recurrent unit
Tian SHEN1 , Zong-yang LIU1, Hao LI1, Jing LIN1 , Xiao-qin LIU2, Lin-jiang TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 2Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.018
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大型重载轴承工况特殊,在低速条件下,冲击持续时间拉长,系统响应幅度降低,故障信息更容易被噪声所掩盖。声发射技术具有对微弱损伤敏感的特性,被广泛应用于结构健康监测和设备状态检测。利用声发射技术中的空间定位方法,能够对大型低速重载轴承进行故障定位,效果依赖于信号准确到达时间。门控循环单元(GRU)网络能够考虑序列数据的内部相关性,提取时序特征,在信号处理中具有一定优势。赤池信息准则(AIC)利用统计学特征,能识别两个不同随机过程。本文提出一种基于GRU和AIC的声发射信号到达时间拾取方法,利用断铅与试验数据,与传统AIC、阈值判别、长/短时窗均值比等方法进行比较与分析,证明所提出方法能准确拾取声发射信号到达时间,在大型低速重载轴承故障定位方面具有较大应用潜力。

故障诊断  /  轴承  /  声发射  /  初至拾取  /  赤池信息准则  /  门控循环单元

Large heavy-duty bearings have special working conditions. Under low speed conditions,the impact duration is prolonged,the system response amplitude is reduced,and the fault information is easier to be covered by noise. Acoustic emission technology has been widely used in the field of structural health monitoring and equipment condition detection because of its sensitivity to weak damage. The spatial localization method in acoustic emission technology can be used to accurately locate faults of large bearing with low speed and heavy load. The localization effect depends on the accurate arrival time of signals. The identification and accurate separation of each acoustic emission event is a major challenge at present. Gate recurrent unit network (GRU) can consider the internal in sequence data and extract temporal correlation features,which has certain advantages in signal processing. Akaike information criterion (AIC) can effectively identify two different stochastic processes. In this paper,an acoustic emission signal time of arrival picking method based on GRU and AIC is proposed. The results based on the lead and test data show that the proposed method has great potential in determining the large,heavy-duty,low-speed bearings acoustic emission signal arrival time by comparing with the traditional AIC,threshold discrimination and short term averaging/long term averaging.

fault diagnosis  /  bearing  /  acoustic emission  /  time of arrival picking  /  Akaike information criterion  /  gate recurrent unit
沈田, 刘宗阳, 李豪, 林京, 柳小勤, 汤林江. 结合门控循环单元的轴承故障声发射信息表征机制与定位. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1442 -1450 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.018
Tian SHEN, Zong-yang LIU, Hao LI, Jing LIN, Xiao-qin LIU, Lin-jiang TANG. Characterization mechanism and location of bearing fault acoustic emission information combined with gate recurrent unit[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1442 -1450 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.018
大型低速重载旋转机械作为机电设备的重要组成部分,被广泛应用于国民经济生产,但其服役环境严苛,载荷波动较大,易发生损伤。而一旦其发生故障,轻则造成生产停止与经济损失,重则造成人员伤亡,因此进行状态监测与故障检测十分必要。作为旋转机械的关键部件,滚动轴承的健康状态直接关系到设备整体运行情况。在轴承故障初期进行识别有助于预防性维修,减少生产损失1。从监测信号中提取出故障特征,早期准确地捕捉故障信息十分重要。
目前,对滚动轴承进行故障诊断常利用振动信号,其能够提供有关轴承工作状态的丰富信息2。但大型低速重载轴承工况特殊,高接触应力会导致局部压痕塑性变形、滚动体和滚道表面产生剥落坑,发生局部疲劳失效,甚至裂纹和断裂,故障机理复杂3;转速波动大、结构体积大带来制造安装误差大,信号信噪比低;特有的间歇性回转运动方式导致信号频率的结构更为复杂。这些特点使得基于振动频率的分析方法较难得到应用。
声发射技术作为一种稳定且灵敏的无损检测技术,具有更高效的故障检测和识别能力4。此外,随着缺陷尺寸增大,声发射幅值水平增加比振动信号显著得多2,能够提供缺陷尺寸信息5。将声发射技术中的空间定位方法应用于大型低速重载轴承,能够解决振动检测技术的应用困难,可以在无转速条件下捕捉故障信息并找到确切位置。
声发射进行源空间定位通常需要两条先验信息:介质中的波速结构信息和到达时间拾取6。Baxter等7结合网格构建与到达时间分析,在复杂的几何结构中无须波速等先验信息就能够定位声发射源。Kolář等8利用贝叶斯优化方法对神经网络结构和参数进行改进,识别信号起始点,采用“反向定位方法”定位声发射源。Gollob等9针对材料不连续问题,基于异质速度模型计算源位置。这些研究均证明了当试验传感器布局确定后,定位模型的准确程度直接依赖于信号的准确到达时间。
拾取声发射信号到达时间可以使用阈值方法:当信号幅度超过选定值时,认为信号开始10。在地震学中,长/短时窗均值比法(Short Term Averaging/Long Term Averaging,STA/LTA)11、赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion,AIC)12、Hinkley判据13等方法在拾取信号到达时间的应用中也十分广泛。Bai等14基于连续小波变换系数进行二值映射识别信号起始点。Madarshahian等15添加含先验知识的伯努利参数,利用贝叶斯思想确定各算法的后验概率密度。但这些方法很容易受到背景噪声的影响,噪声过大时,信号和噪声区域边界容易被模糊,导致声发射事件到达时间拾取性能的波动。产生机理不同和设备旋转运动导致了大型低速重载轴承声发射信号与地震P波相比较为复杂,噪声水平高。适用于地震P波的到达时间拾取方法无法满足轴承故障定位的需求,因此需要开发更加精确的算法。
随着大数据时代的来临,在海量数据中快速准确地识别信号故障特征,是状态监测与故障诊断的一大目标。近年来,深度学习逐渐应用于声发射信号处理领域。Zhao等16以信号到达时间作为输入,结合人工神经网络和支持向量机训练并输出声发射源位置。Piñal-Moctezuma等17以短时能量和过零率为指标,开发了一种结合语义分割思想的声发射活动检测器。Shen18利用序列浮动前向选择优化特征,并结合支持向量机进行故障的模式分类。目前研究主要集中在指标处理选取19、健康状态分类20、损伤聚类分析21等,且对象几乎均为静结构22-23,针对大型低速重载轴承故障定位的应用非常少。而深度学习可以在训练中自动适应复杂数据,更有效地学习变量之间的相关性,做出精准判断。同时,模型训练好后处理数据速度快,应用于在线监测即时传输潜力巨大。
综上所述,针对声发射信号轴承故障定位问题,本文提出了一种基于门控循环单元(Gate Recurrent Unit,GRU)和AIC的声发射信号到达时间拾取方法。该方法考虑了信号内部的时序性,提高信号到达时间的拾取准确度,不依赖转速信息,能为大型低速重载轴承状态监测和定量诊断提供准确信息。同时,基于断铅与台架试验数据对所提出的方法进行了验证与分析,并与常见方法进行了比较,证明了其准确性与运算潜力。
循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Network,RNN)的研究始于20世纪80年代24,由一系列简单的、相互连接的称为神经元的处理器组成25,如今已经广泛应用于深度学习。作为RNN的一种,GRU26能够解决长期记忆和反向传播中的梯度消失问题。GRU网络通常在反向传播算法下进行训练,其内部执行运算时,对于当前时间步,系统状态通常可以表示为:
式中  为系统状态即输出状态;为内部状态即隐含层状态;为学习数据即输入;为权重系数。当前时刻隐含层状态由上一时刻隐含层状态和输入决定。
图1为循环神经网络按时间展开的示意图,其中为时间步之间的权重系数。图2为GRU时间步内部示意图。由图12与式(1)可以看出,求解当前时刻的输出层,需要结合上一时刻的隐含层,利用误差反向传播与梯度下降来更新权重系数。依据这一特性,GRU通常可以考虑到输入数据内部的序列关系。相比于卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks,CNN)27等网络结构,GRU在语音识别、语言翻译、生物学基因识别等领域都有着一定优势。声发射信号也是一段时间序列,其内部具有基于时间序列的特征。因此,GRU相比于其他深度学习方法,更能考虑到信号内部相关性。
GRU的基本结构如前文所述,在隐藏状态传递过程中,为了实现网络对于长时间步传播的记忆,加入了重置门与更新门,示意图如图3所示。
图3中,为当前状态的候选状态,为当前状态,为上一时刻状态;为更新门,为重置门,共同用来更新候选状态并产生当前状态,表达式如下:
式中  为权重;为激活函数。值越大,代表上一时刻保留的内容越多,输入与其结合越多。值越大,代表上一时刻保留的内容越少,候选状态保留的内容越多。
本文使用的GRU网络为序列-序列输出模式,即对于神经网络,输入和输出长度相同,信号序列的每一个时间步对应一个输出。输入维度与输出维度均为1,对应每时刻的只有一个神经元;隐藏层数量为1,对应每时刻仅有一层。参数选取的总体原则为回归结果与真实值差值均方根尽可能小,针对不同的网络和训练数据,参数选取不尽相同。针对本文使用数据,选取隐藏层神经元个数为20,不同时刻隐藏层神经元之间全连接;取学习率为0.1,迭代次数为2000进行训练。模型训练输入为单个声发射信号,训练过程中每个时间步输入一个信号点。利用GRU处理信号的步骤如下:
(1)从数据中分割出单个声发射信号;
(2)对训练集数据点进行标记,信号到达时刻前标记为0,信号到达时刻后标记为1;
(3)使用GRU网络回归,进行网络训练与预测,得到预测结果序列。
该结果序列与网络输入相比,增大了声发射事件到达点前后序列差异,有助于后续算法准确拾取信号到达点。
AIC是建立在熵概念基础上的一种统计判别方法,能够识别两个不同的随机过程。其广泛应用于地震预警系统,能够自动、实时、可靠地拾取地震P波初至时刻,准确确定震源12。AIC的一般表达式为:
式中  为原始序列;为序列长度;为滑动时刻点,为该点前序列方差,为该点后序列方差。
AIC将滑动点前后的时间序列视为两个平稳的随机过程,具有不同的统计特征28。声发射事件到达之前信号可认为是噪声,声发射事件到达之后会包含信息,因此事件到达前后也可视为两个随机过程。计算AIC函数,其最小值对应的数据点即为两个不同时间序列的分离点。该分离点对应声发射信号中噪声与事件的分割点,即信号到达时间。
AIC方法的效果与人为选择的序列长度T有关29:窗长过长,可能存在多个极小值,容易造成误判;窗长过短,灵敏度降低,可能错过真实分割点。在本研究中,应用AIC的待处理序列为单个声发射信号,为避免其尾部可能产生的反射成分和其他噪声,进行两步AIC计算。利用AIC处理信号的步骤如下10
(1)进行第一次AIC计算,以信号长度作为序列窗长,找到全局最小点,作为第一次到达时间估计
(2)以为中心,将序列窗长比例缩小,进行第二次AIC计算,得到全局最小点,即信号到达时间。
第二次AIC计算聚焦于第一次AIC计算结果的邻域,能够解决连续两个峰幅值相差过大时的误判问题,也能避免其尾部可能产生的反射成分和其他噪声的干扰。在声发射事件到达前,信号通常会表现出微小扰动,可能会被AIC错误识别为信号初至,引入GRU神经网络进行前处理能够一定程度上解决该问题,准确识别信号真实初至点。至此解决AIC方法应用轴承声发射信号时存在的易受背景噪声影响和依赖窗长选择两个问题。
图4为两步AIC算法示意图,仅一次AIC判别到达时间为4.716 ms,选择最佳窗宽缩窗进行第二次AIC运算能够准确提取出声发射事件到达时间为4.705 ms。
基于GRU和AIC的声发射信号到达时间拾取方法具有神经网络的高精度特征与统计方法的可解释性,既克服了应用传统方法时背景噪声的干扰,又利用了统计学特性,在到达时间拾取过程中表现出了较大潜力。GRU-AIC算法流程图如图5所示。
为验证所提出算法的可行性与准确性,采用静止状态下的圆柱滚子推力轴承(SKF81110TN)进行断铅试验,轴径为50 mm,外径为70 mm。声发射信号采集系统由信号采集板卡(北京软岛时代DS5-8A,4通道)、前置放大器(美国MISTRAS,2/4/6)和压电换能器(尺寸Ф8 mm×0.4 mm)组成。沿周向分别在0°,120°,240°位置均匀布置3片压电换能器,其布置形式如图6所示。根据滚道几何条件,至少需要布置3片压电换能器才可完成定位,为了便于计算本试验采用均布方式。
使用设置好传感器与采集系统后,用铅笔芯在轴承外圈进行手动断裂,应力波传播并被转化成电信号,经过前置放大器作为待处理声发射信号,其中前置放大器增益设为 40 dB,A/D采样频率为6 MHz。
断铅位置如图6中红色“+”所示,分别在40°位置进行90次、80°位置进行60次试验,得到并分割出150个声发射信号。对数据样本进行标注,随机选取90组数据作为训练集进行GRU网络训练,60组数据作为测试集,进行后续拾取到达点的计算。
本节给出了GRU-AIC算法关于轴承损伤定位的实际应用。进行轴承损伤台架试验30-32,所用推力球轴承(HRB-51126)直径为150 mm,在座圈120°位置处置入线切割宽度2 mm的凹槽模拟轴承故障,试验装置如图7所示。
轴承轴向加载2.5 kN,转速为600 r/min。当滚动体运动至故障位置时,会引起冲击,产生声发射信号。试验示意图如图8所示,传感器布置与断铅试验相同,信号采集使用PAC PCI-2声发射系统,采样频率为2 MHz。
采集60次故障脉冲信号,3个传感器共接收180个声发射信号,由于滚道宽度较小,可简化传动路径为一节圆,假设波速恒定,可以利用时差法进行线性定位。
置入故障位置,以点P为例进行推导,设其到3个传感器的路径分别为圆弧,该点角度为,传播时间分别为,恒定波速记为
式中  分别为S2,S3对应位置夹角;R为半径。
式(9)根据点P位置不同具有不同的表达形式,联立式(7)~(9)可得到3个传感器信号到达时间与故障位置之间的关系:
本节应用所提出的GRU-AIC方法处理断铅信号,与应用于地震波初至拾取的阈值判别方法10、STA/LTA方法11、AIC方法12进行对比,验证GRU-AIC方法的准确度和稳定性;与结合CNN的AIC方法27对比,验证GRU-AIC处理时序数据的优势。
阈值判别法将声发射信号中最先超过阈值的点判定为声发射信号的到达时间,极容易受到噪声的干扰产生误判,在动设备诊断中发射信号的到达时间也会被信号传输路径差异所影响。对比中为了提高该方法对数据的适应性,将阈值设定为信号整体平均值与噪声平均值的和:
式中  表示信号长度; 表示信号序列,根据序列特征取信号前端部分; 表示噪声序列。
STA/LTA方法定义为时间序列数据短时间平均和长时间平均的比值11
式中  表示短时间窗内数据; 表示长时间窗内数据;分别表示短、长时间窗内的样本数。
当到达事件发生时,STA的增长比LTA要快得多,对0设定阈值可判断信号到达时间,但效果依赖于阈值选择和窗长选择。对比中经过参考与尝试,选取了效果较好的一组参数:短时间窗长为10,长时间窗长为990,比例阈值为50。
为了验证GRU对于时序数据的处理优势,与CNN-AIC方法进行对比验证,CNN常用于目标检测与识别,其网络结构不考虑数据内部时序关系,CNN-AIC步骤和数据集划分与GRU-AIC相同。将原始数据中连续10个数据点作为网络输入,利用3×1卷积核进行一维卷积,输出层神经元为1,对应修改数据标注。
图9为阈值法、STA/LTA,AIC,CNN-AIC和GRU-AIC五种方法拾取断铅信号到达时间与真实值之间的误差点数对比图。表1为五种方法绝对偏差小于的到达时间百分比。由于窗长选择的影响,AIC方法易产生多个相近极小值,进而导致最小值的错误提取,而添加CNN前处理并没有解决该问题。表现出AIC方法与CNN-AIC方法都可能会产生较大误判,阈值法同样具有较大误判点。STA/LTA和GRU-AIC整体表现较好,但当精度要求逐渐变高时,STA/LTA方法准确度下降明显。整体而言,GRU-AIC方法较能适应高精度要求的到达时间拾取。
为了更直观地观察误差分布情况,剔除几种方法的明显误判点(超过10 )后计算点数偏差的平均值与标准差,如表2所示。绘制误差分布提琴图如图10所示,其中黑色线条代表误差平均值。
五种方法对比,GRU-AIC方法的平均值最接近0,标准差最小。阈值法与STA/LTA方法误差分布较为分散,且值较大。真实值为手动选取的真实到达点,但事件到达前的噪声中存在单个点的突变,为了规避这一问题限制了阈值的选择范围,导致了基于阈值的判断方法存在或多或少的滞后性,拾取点普遍比实际点靠后。
剔除AIC方法的较大误判点,发现剩余误差分布虽然较为集中,但平均值与真实值之间存在一定偏差,整体拾取点比实际点靠前,这可能是因为微小扰动干扰了统计学判断标准。而GRU-AIC方法通过添加神经网络前处理减弱了这一因素的影响。此外,CNN-AIC表现为误差小但分散的特征,这一方面证明了神经网络的潜力,另一方面也体现了CNN网络对于时序信息的学习能力明显低于GRU网络。
断铅信号为静止条件下采集,因此在高采样率前提下误差点数仍然很小,当轴承在实际工况下工作时,噪声会增多,误差也会有所增大。同时,实际试验中的噪声将会更大程度地干扰原始AIC对到达时间的选取,拉开其他方法与GRU-AIC方法处理结果的差距。
基于2.2节的试验数据,给出本文提出算法的实际应用:从声发射信号中拾取信号到达时间,进而实现无转速信息下的滚动轴承外圈故障定位。
第3节使用断铅数据训练的网络模型依然可以应用于实际台架试验中,用定位结果与真实值的差来衡量并评价所提出算法的准确度。此外,由于实际信号相比断铅信号存在较多的噪声,通过滑动取标准差作为预处理。利用第3节四种算法进行对比,证明GRU-AIC方法拾取到达时间在滚动轴承故障定位的应用潜力。
理想状态下,对于同一故障位置的不同样本,3个传感器信号到达时间差应相同,散点表现为一条直线。由于本例中故障位置在120°,故理想状态下S1与S2信号到达时间差和S3与S2信号到达时间差互为相反数,而S1与S3信号到达时间差为0。绘制图11,以该关系为标准,可以粗略地评估五种方法的处理效果。
根据图11可以看出,当轴承在低速工况下运动,噪声增加,阈值法和STA/LTA法对于信号的处理效果较差,几乎无法明显区分3个时间差。AIC方法整体效果较好,但存在多个混淆点,易干扰后续计算。CNN-AIC处理得到的结果存在明显误判点,分析原因认为是卷积过程中降低了数据精度,造成错判。经过GRU-AIC方法处理后的直线特征更加明显,突变点少。
根据式(10)计算阈值法、STA/LTA,AIC,CNN-AIC和GRU-AIC五种方法对应的故障位置角度,如图12所示。
可以观察到,阈值法和STA/LTA方法作为手动选择阈值的方法,在噪声增加时识别能力下降,结果分散程度大,基本无法识别出故障位置。AIC,CNN-AIC和GRU-AIC三种方法识别结果落在真实值120°位置点数较多,但AIC和CNN-AIC方法得到的结果中均存在误判较大的样本,整体定位表现也不如GRU-AIC方法集中。
分别计算五种方法对应识别结果的标准差,并以120°真实值为中心计算标准差,进而得到位置角度标准差如表3所示。可以看出,GRU-AIC方法的两项标准差均低于其他方法,其识别结果更为集中,数据的集中程度是衡量定位算法能力的重要标准。
为了同时表示数据的集中程度和误差大小,绘制误差分布提琴图如图13所示,其中样本均值用黑色线条标出。可以看出,阈值法和STA/LTA方法均存在误判较大样本,误差分布过于分散。AIC和CNN-AIC方法相较GRU-AIC方法仍不够集中,且AIC方法在-20°位置处存在另一个明显峰值,容易对故障位置判断产生较大干扰。整体而言,GRU-AIC方法能够进行样本集中位置的判断,基本完成对故障位置的定位。
本文提出了一种结合GRU与AIC的声发射信号到达时间拾取方法,通过理论与对比试验证明了该方法具有较大优势,并能应用于无转速信息下的轴承故障定位。本文的主要结论如下:
(1)所提出的方法能够有效地考虑信号时序性,从复杂信号中学习信号到达时刻的特征,增大了信号区域与噪声区域边界差异,提高了拾取结果的准确度。
(2)所提出的方法可以通过GRU网络的处理,一定程度上避免AIC过程中窗长选择的问题,拾取结果更加稳定。
(3)拾取声发射到达时间后,结合不同试验条件下传感器布局及传播路径,能够实现对匀速甚至变转速的滚动轴承故障定位。试验证明了与其他算法相比,GRU-AIC方法在轴承故障定位的优势与潜力。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2020YFB2010100)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.018
  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
  • 修回日期:2022-12-15
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2020YFB2010100)
作者信息
    1北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院,北京 100191
    2昆明理工大学机电工程学院,云南 昆明 650550

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林 京(1971―),男,博士,教授。电话: (010)82317662; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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