Article(id=1228634330600239952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1663603200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-20, revisedDate=1671292800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858851337, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858851337, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858851337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858851337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634329748796239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='8', pageStart='1269', pageEnd='1450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858851134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859054135, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635181259620818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635181263815123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634329748796239, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1368, endPage=1376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634330814149458, articleId=1228634330600239952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Optimum design of base-isolated structure equipped with variant tuned mass damper inerter, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Base-isolation system would undergo considerable great displacement subjected to strong earthquake. According to recent research progress,the hybrid control strategy combining variant tuned mass damper (VTMD) with base-isolation system has been proved to be effective in reducing such great displacement demand. However,large tuned mass is required to achieve better control performance,which may be difficult to realize in practical application. Employing the mass-amplification effect of the inerter device,a variant tuned mass damper inerter (VTMDI) is proposed in this study by inserting the inerter device in parallel with the dashpot in the VTMD and is attached to the isolation level in the base-isolated structure. Due to the stochastic nature of seismic ground motions,investigation into the optimum design of the VTMDI are conducted based on the framework of random vibration. It is demonstrated that the traditional optimization strategy,taking the inter-story drift of isolated superstructure as the optimization objective,is not cost-effective. Thereby,a novel optimization strategy consisting of two step optimization procedure is proposed. In this two-step optimization strategy,the optimization objective in the first step is taken as the control effect of the base-isolated structure equipped with the VTMDI compared with that of the corresponding base-isolated structure with the same dashpot,and then the optimization objective in the second step is to minimize the inter-story drift of isolated superstructure. And the dynamic time-history analyses show that both optimization strategies can effectively reduce the horizontal deformation in the isolation level and inter-story drift in the superstructure,and the excessive strokes of the tuned mass are also avoided. However,the two-step optimization strategy is more cost-effective than the traditional optimization strategy.

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在强震作用下基础隔震结构的隔震层将发生非常大的水平变形。已有研究表明采用在基础隔震结构的隔震层附加变化型调谐质量阻尼器(VTMD)的混合控制策略能够有效降低隔震层的水平变形需求,然而该混合控制策略最大的缺陷在于需要很大的调谐质量。考虑到惯容装置具有明显的质量放大效应,本文提出将惯容装置(Inerter)与VTMD中的阻尼器并联,从而形成具有较小调谐质量的变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器(VTMDI),并将其附加在基础隔震结构的隔震层,基于随机振动的分析框架开展了VTMDI参数的优化设计研究。研究表明直接将基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形作为优化目标的传统优化策略并不经济有效。为此,本文提出了一种基于两步优化法的优化策略,该优化策略首先确保附加VTMDI的基础隔震结构相对于附加相同阻尼的基础隔震结构具有更优的控制效果;然后确保附加VTMDI的基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形最小。通过动力时程分析结果表明:两种优化策略都能有效降低隔震层的水平变形和上部结构的层间变形,同时不会导致调谐质量出现过大的运动行程,基于两步优化法的优化策略更为经济有效。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈振明(1975—),男,教授级高级工程师。E-mail:
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叶 昆(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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叶 昆(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=CN, label=图10, caption=LA_10_in_50的加速度反应谱, figureFileSmall=zcgvfmmDKXxbJRuvdcLWfg==, figureFileBig=qrW6WaEP4gM43/EBViiYMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634351873749377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Optimal design parameters

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优化方法rTrZ,optαoptλopt
一步优化法0.020.13623.24040.2471
0.050.18602.24070.2319
0.100.20411.35430.1778
两步优化法0.020.22650.51900.0492
0.050.21260.53080.0497
0.100.18900.54610.0502
), ArticleFig(id=1228634351966024068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

最优的设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法rTrZ,optαoptλopt
一步优化法0.020.13623.24040.2471
0.050.18602.24070.2319
0.100.20411.35430.1778
两步优化法0.020.22650.51900.0492
0.050.21260.53080.0497
0.100.18900.54610.0502
), ArticleFig(id=1228634352066687370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Responses of BIS_VTMDI and BIS_VD based on two-step optimization strategy and one-step optimization strategy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构体系响应量rT=0.02rT=0.05rT=0.10
一步优化法两步优化法一步优化法两步优化法一步优化法两步优化法
BIS_VTMDIμMax.XS/mm7.7058.3448.0258.1768.0827.932
μMax.XI/mm125.968165.747127.141167.557137.907171.245
μRMS.XS/mm1.3771.6811.4011.6601.4361.627
μRMS.XI/mm26.09536.63926.58237.31429.20038.540
BIS_VDμMax.XS/mm7.3788.4897.3888.4957.5068.485
μMax.XI/mm129.238194.349132.474194.105145.781193.860
μRMS.XS/mm1.3751.8821.3881.8791.4571.875
μRMS.XI/mm26.52844.50827.31144.42330.60844.339
), ArticleFig(id=1228634352179933581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于一步优化法与两步优化法的结构体系反应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构体系响应量rT=0.02rT=0.05rT=0.10
一步优化法两步优化法一步优化法两步优化法一步优化法两步优化法
BIS_VTMDIμMax.XS/mm7.7058.3448.0258.1768.0827.932
μMax.XI/mm125.968165.747127.141167.557137.907171.245
μRMS.XS/mm1.3771.6811.4011.6601.4361.627
μRMS.XI/mm26.09536.63926.58237.31429.20038.540
BIS_VDμMax.XS/mm7.3788.4897.3888.4957.5068.485
μMax.XI/mm129.238194.349132.474194.105145.781193.860
μRMS.XS/mm1.3751.8821.3881.8791.4571.875
μRMS.XI/mm26.52844.50827.31144.42330.60844.339
), ArticleFig(id=1228634352272208274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of response reduction between one-step and two-step optimization strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法比较参数rT=0.02rT=0.05rT=0.10
两步优化法Max_R1_XS11.5%13.2%15.8%
Max_R1_XI26.2%25.4%23.8%
Max_R2_XS1.9%3.8%6.5%
Max_R2_XI14.7%13.7%11.7%
RMS_R1_XS26.6%27.5%29.0%
RMS_R1_XI34.2%33.0%30.8%
RMS_R2_XS10.7%11.6%13.3%
RMS_R2_XI17.7%16.0%13.1%
一步优化法Max_R1_XS18.2%14.8%14.2%
Max_R1_XI43.9%43.4%38.6%
Max_R2_XS-4.4%-8.6%-7.7%
Max_R2_XI2.5%4.0%5.4%
RMS_R1_XS39.9%38.9%37.3%
RMS_R1_XI53.1%52.3%47.6%
RMS_R2_XS-0.2%-0.9%1.5%
RMS_R2_XI1.6%2.7%4.6%
), ArticleFig(id=1228634352372871574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634330600239952, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

一步优化法和两步优化法折减率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法比较参数rT=0.02rT=0.05rT=0.10
两步优化法Max_R1_XS11.5%13.2%15.8%
Max_R1_XI26.2%25.4%23.8%
Max_R2_XS1.9%3.8%6.5%
Max_R2_XI14.7%13.7%11.7%
RMS_R1_XS26.6%27.5%29.0%
RMS_R1_XI34.2%33.0%30.8%
RMS_R2_XS10.7%11.6%13.3%
RMS_R2_XI17.7%16.0%13.1%
一步优化法Max_R1_XS18.2%14.8%14.2%
Max_R1_XI43.9%43.4%38.6%
Max_R2_XS-4.4%-8.6%-7.7%
Max_R2_XI2.5%4.0%5.4%
RMS_R1_XS39.9%38.9%37.3%
RMS_R1_XI53.1%52.3%47.6%
RMS_R2_XS-0.2%-0.9%1.5%
RMS_R2_XI1.6%2.7%4.6%
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基础隔震结构附加变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器的优化设计研究
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叶昆 1 , 杨启帆 1 , 陈振明 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(8): 1368-1376
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(8): 1368-1376
基础隔震结构附加变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器的优化设计研究
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叶昆1 , 杨启帆1, 陈振明1, 2
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2中建钢构股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518118
  • 叶 昆(1977—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈振明(1975—),男,教授级高级工程师。E-mail:
Optimum design of base-isolated structure equipped with variant tuned mass damper inerter
Kun YE1 , Qi-fan YANG1, Zhen-ming CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2China Construction Steel Structure Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.011
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在强震作用下基础隔震结构的隔震层将发生非常大的水平变形。已有研究表明采用在基础隔震结构的隔震层附加变化型调谐质量阻尼器(VTMD)的混合控制策略能够有效降低隔震层的水平变形需求,然而该混合控制策略最大的缺陷在于需要很大的调谐质量。考虑到惯容装置具有明显的质量放大效应,本文提出将惯容装置(Inerter)与VTMD中的阻尼器并联,从而形成具有较小调谐质量的变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器(VTMDI),并将其附加在基础隔震结构的隔震层,基于随机振动的分析框架开展了VTMDI参数的优化设计研究。研究表明直接将基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形作为优化目标的传统优化策略并不经济有效。为此,本文提出了一种基于两步优化法的优化策略,该优化策略首先确保附加VTMDI的基础隔震结构相对于附加相同阻尼的基础隔震结构具有更优的控制效果;然后确保附加VTMDI的基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形最小。通过动力时程分析结果表明:两种优化策略都能有效降低隔震层的水平变形和上部结构的层间变形,同时不会导致调谐质量出现过大的运动行程,基于两步优化法的优化策略更为经济有效。

基础隔震结构  /  惯容  /  变化型调谐质量阻尼器  /  随机振动  /  优化设计  /  两步优化法

Base-isolation system would undergo considerable great displacement subjected to strong earthquake. According to recent research progress,the hybrid control strategy combining variant tuned mass damper (VTMD) with base-isolation system has been proved to be effective in reducing such great displacement demand. However,large tuned mass is required to achieve better control performance,which may be difficult to realize in practical application. Employing the mass-amplification effect of the inerter device,a variant tuned mass damper inerter (VTMDI) is proposed in this study by inserting the inerter device in parallel with the dashpot in the VTMD and is attached to the isolation level in the base-isolated structure. Due to the stochastic nature of seismic ground motions,investigation into the optimum design of the VTMDI are conducted based on the framework of random vibration. It is demonstrated that the traditional optimization strategy,taking the inter-story drift of isolated superstructure as the optimization objective,is not cost-effective. Thereby,a novel optimization strategy consisting of two step optimization procedure is proposed. In this two-step optimization strategy,the optimization objective in the first step is taken as the control effect of the base-isolated structure equipped with the VTMDI compared with that of the corresponding base-isolated structure with the same dashpot,and then the optimization objective in the second step is to minimize the inter-story drift of isolated superstructure. And the dynamic time-history analyses show that both optimization strategies can effectively reduce the horizontal deformation in the isolation level and inter-story drift in the superstructure,and the excessive strokes of the tuned mass are also avoided. However,the two-step optimization strategy is more cost-effective than the traditional optimization strategy.

base-isolated structure  /  inerter  /  variant tuned mass damper  /  random vibration  /  optimum design  /  two-stepoptimization method
叶昆, 杨启帆, 陈振明. 基础隔震结构附加变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器的优化设计研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1368 -1376 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.011
Kun YE, Qi-fan YANG, Zhen-ming CHEN. Optimum design of base-isolated structure equipped with variant tuned mass damper inerter[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (8) : 1368 -1376 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.011
传统的建筑结构采用基础隔震技术后,整个结构的周期得到延长,且水平变形集中在隔震层,上部结构的层间变形和绝对加速度响应大幅度降低,结构的抗震性能得到明显提升1。但是在强震作用下,隔震层产生过大的水平变形,可能超过隔震装置自身的水平变形能力,从而引发隔震装置失效,导致整个基础隔震结构被破坏2。传统的调谐质量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)是一种有效的被动控制装置,被广泛地应用于机械、土木和航天航空等行业的振动控制领域3。因此,有学者提出将TMD附加在基础隔震结构中以降低强震作用下隔震层的水平变形4。然而在TMD的实际应用过程中,存在两个制约其性能进一步提升的条件:(1)需要很大的调谐质量以实现TMD更好的振动控制性能5;(2)需要有足够的自由空间满足调谐质量大行程的运动6
近年来,惯容(Inerter)元件因其具有显著的表观质量放大效应,在振动控制领域得到了众多学者的重点关注7-10。文献[811-14]提出将惯容元件与TMD串联,形成调谐质量惯容阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper Inerter,TMDI)。De Domenico等15-16基于随机振动分析理论对附加在基础隔震结构的TMDI开展了参数优化研究,研究表明附加优化后的TMDI不仅能够减小隔震层的水平变形,同时还能减小上部结构的地震响应,TMDI的调谐质量也不会出现过大的运动行程。
为了有效解决传统TMD中调谐质量运动行程过大的问题,Ren17提出了一种接地式的变化型调谐质量阻尼器(Variant Tuned Mass Damper,VTMD)。VTMD与传统TMD最大的区别在于阻尼元件的位置不同,VTMD中的阻尼元件直接与大地连接,而TMD中的阻尼元件与受控的主结构连接。同时Ren17基于固定点理论推导了VTMD的最优调谐参数的解析表达式,并证明在相同调谐质量大小的情况下,VTMD相较于传统TMD不仅具有更好的减振效果,而且调谐质量的运动行程也更小。Xiang等18将VTMD称为非传统TMD,并将其附加在基础隔震结构中,通过确定最大振动抑制带宽的方式得到了VTMD最优调谐参数的数值解,数值仿真结果表明:与附加最优TMD的基础隔震结构相比,附加最优VTMD的基础隔震结构的减震性能更好,且调谐质量的运动行程得到显著降低。基于以上分析可知:惯容元件与TMD串联连接后可以降低TMD中调谐质量的大小,同时以VTMD替代传统TMD可以减小调谐质量的运动行程。结合惯容装置和VTMD各自的优点,将VTMD中的阻尼元件与惯容元件并联连接,形成具有较小调谐质量的变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器(Variant Tuned Mass Damper Inerter,VTMDI),用于基础隔震结构的性能控制。需要指出的是,李亚峰等19基于固定点理论推导了VTMDI最优调谐参数的解析表达式,通过参数研究表明:在相同调谐质量和惯容系数的条件下,VTMDI具有比TMDI更好的减振效果。
目前,对于基于惯容元件的调谐阻尼器用于基础隔震结构性能控制的优化设计,其优化问题基本的是无约束的单参数优化问题。比如隔震层水平变形、上部结构层间位移(或绝对加速度)和调谐阻尼器的能量耗散指数等15。但是对于基础隔震结构而言,上部结构的层间位移(或绝对加速度)和隔震层水平变形都是应该关注的响应量,因此合理的优化设计应该同时考虑上述两个反应量20。此外,为了减小强震作用下基础隔震结构的隔震层水平变形和上部结构层间变形(或绝对加速度),最简单有效的方式是在隔震系统中附加黏滞阻尼。考虑到引入惯容元件会增加额外的成本,因此对于受控的基础隔震结构而言,附加基于惯容装置元件的调谐阻尼器的控制效果应该比直接附加相同阻尼时的控制效果要好,这一要求应该成为优化设计过程中的约束条件,但是在目前的相关研究中没有得到体现。
基于上述分析,本文将基础隔震结构简化为经典的两自由度模型,基于随机振动分析框架提出基础隔震结构附加VTMDI的优化设计方法。在优化设计研究的过程中,将隔震系统水平变形以及上部结构的层间变形作为目标函数或约束函数,同时将附加VTMDI的控制效果与直接附加相同黏滞阻尼的控制效果之间的比值作为约束条件。
VTMDI的构造如图1所示,由质量、弹簧、阻尼和惯容四个基本力学元件构成,其中mTkcmZ分别为相应的调谐质量大小、刚度系数、阻尼系数和惯容系数(与质量具有相同量纲)。如图1所示,对于惯容这种具有两端点的力学元件,所产生的的力F与两端点之间的相对加速度成正比:
式中  mZ为惯容元件的惯容系数,其大小取决于惯容元件的具体形式;为惯容元件两端点的加速度。需要指出的是,当调谐质量mT=0时,VTMDI将等价为文献[21]所定义的TVMD。
本文对两自由度(2DOF)的基础隔震结构(Base-Isolated Structure,BIS)体系进行相应的计算分析。附加VTMDI后,简化计算分析模型转变为如图2所示的三自由度体系,该体系在下文简称BIS_VTMDI体系。在BIS_VTMDI体系中,xIxSxT分别为隔震层水平变形、上部结构层间变形和调谐质量mT相对于地面的位移(即运动行程);mImS分别为隔震层质量和上部结构的等效质量;kIkS为隔震层的等效水平刚度和上部结构的水平侧移刚度;cIcS分别为隔震层的等效阻尼系数和上部结构的阻尼系数。BIS_VTMDI体系在水平地震激励ag下的运动方程为:
定义以下反映基础隔震结构动力特性的相关参数,即上部结构和基础隔震结构的自振圆频率ωSωI
上部结构和整个基础隔震结构的阻尼比λSλI为:
上部结构质量、调谐质量和惯容系数相对于整个基础隔震结构质量的质量比rSrTrZ分别为:
VTMDI的附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ分别为:
将式(4)~(7)所定义的参数代入方程(1)~(3),得到BIS_VTMDI基于矩阵形式的运动方程为:
式中
假设水平地震激励ag为零均值的平稳白噪声随机过程,其功率谱密度为常数S0。基于状态空间方法,方程(8)可以改写成一阶状态向量形式:
其中:
式中  03×3I3×3分别表示3×3的零矩阵和单位矩阵。
如果结构体系振动的初始条件为零,则状态向量vt)的稳态协方差矩阵为:
式中 E[·]表示期望值算子。
根据随机振动理论,稳态响应的协方差矩阵Gvv满足李雅普诺夫方程(Lyapunov Equation),即:
方程(13)中的稳态响应的协方差Gvv可以利用MATLAB内置的lyap函数加以求解。对应定义的一阶状态向量vt),协方差矩阵Gvv的主对角元素的平方根依次为:上部结构层间变形的标准差,隔震层水平变形的标准差,调谐质量mT相对于地面位移的标准差,上部结构层间变形速度的标准差,隔震层水平变形速度的标准差,调谐质量mT相对于地面速度的标准差。需要指出的是,在给定rTrZ的情况下,BIS_VTMDI体系的上述标准差实际上是附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ的函数。
为了反映BIS_VTMDI体系中上部结构层间变形以及隔震层水平变形相对于没有附加VTMDI的BIS体系(即原BIS体系)的变化程度,定义以下两个无量纲的反应比R1,XSR1,XI
式中  分别表示原BIS体系的上部结构层间变形和隔震层水平变形的标准差。
根据式(14),BIS_VTMDI体系的优化设计问题就是确定最优的附加刚度比αopt和附加阻尼比λopt,使得R1,XSR1,XI尽可能的小。然而,降低BIS体系上部结构层间变形以及隔震层水平变形最为简单的方式就是在隔震层中附加黏滞阻尼(Viscous Damping,VD)。因此,为了比较BIS_VTMDI体系和具有相同附加阻尼比的BIS体系(以下简称BIS_VD体系)中上部结构层间变形以及隔震层水平变形的相对大小,定义如下两个无量纲的反应比R2,XSR2,XI
式中  分别表示与BIS_VTMDI体系具有相同附加阻尼比的BIS_VD体系的上部结构层间变形和隔震层水平变形的标准差。根据式(15),如果R2,XSR2,XI接近或大于1,说明附加VTMDI的控制效果不如直接附加黏滞阻尼。因此,综合式(14)和(15)可知,BIS_VTMDI体系的优化设计不仅应该实现R1,XSR1,XI尽可能的小,还应该确保R2,XSR2,XI尽可能的小。
在本节的参数研究以及后续的优化策略中,将BIS_VTMDI体系中的BIS的参数固定为:ωI=0.8π,λI=0.10,ωS=4.0π,λS=0.02和rS=5.0/6.0=0.833。同时将VTMDI体系的rTrZ都取值为0.02,附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ的取值范围分别为10-3~103和10-4~100
图3给出了rT= rZ=0.02时,R1,XSR2,XS随附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ变化的云图,同时在该图中标识出R1,XS=1和R2,XS=1的界线。从图3(a)可以看出:R1,XS并没有全局最小值,只是在实线方框区域内存在局部最小值;并且在虚线方框区域所示的洼地区域内,在给定附加刚度比α的情况下,存在最优的附加阻尼比λ使得R1,XS最小。相反地,如图3(b)所示,R2,XS存在全局最小值。
图4分别给了rT=rZ=0.02时,R1,XIR2,XI随附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ变化的云图,同时在该图中标识出R1,XI=1和R2,XI=1的界线。从图4(a)可以看出:R1,XI同样没有全局最小值,也是在实线方框区域内存在局部最小值;并且R1,XI总体上随着附加刚度比和附加阻尼比的增加而减小。相反地,如图4(b)所示,R2,XI存在全局最小值。进一步比较图34可以发现:存在一个由附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ组成的设计参数空间,在该设计参数空间内不仅R1,XSR2,XSR1,XSR1,XI均小于1,而且存在最优的附加刚度比和附加阻尼比使得R1,XSR2,XSR1,XIR2,XI中的任何一个性能指标取得最小值。
考虑到基础隔震技术的最终目的是降低上部结构的地震响应,因此最为直接的优化目标就是使得BIS_VTMDI体系中上部结构的层间位移最小(即优化目标为R1,XS);相应的约束条件是确保BIS_VTMDI体系的性能应该优于相应的BIS_VD体系(即约束参数为R2,XSR2,XI)。根据2.1节的参数研究,在给定的BIS体系以及已知rTrZ的情况下,BIS_VTMDI体系的优化设计参数为附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ,相应的优化设计问题可以表示为下式:
式(16)所代表的有约束多变量优化问题,可以利用MATLAB内置的非线性优化函数fmincon求解最优的设计参数(即αoptλopt)。基于式(16)可以得到在给定rT的情况下,不同rZ所对应的αoptλopt以及相应的R1,XSR1,XIR2,XSR2,XI
图5给出了在rT=0.02时,不同rZ所对应的αoptλopt曲线以及相应的R1,XSR1,XIR2,XSR2,XI曲线。特别是根据图5(c)可知rZ的最大允许取值为0.354,是因为一旦rZ超过该值,R1,XS将大于1,导致不存在满足公式(16)的设计最优解。此外,从图5(a)和(b)中可以看出,随着rZ的增加,最优附加刚度比αopt和最优附加阻尼比λopt先增加后减小;而R1,XSR1,XI则是先减小后增加,因此存在最优的rZ,opt使得R1,XS取得最小值。公式(16)所对应的BIS_VTMDI体系的设计优化问题可以进一步拓展为:在给定BIS体系以及已知rT的情况下,BIS_VTMDI体系的设计优化参数为质量比rZ、附加刚度比α和附加阻尼比λ,相应的优化设计问题可以表示为下式:
由于执行式(17)只需要一个优化步骤,因此在论文后续部分将基于式(17)的优化策略简称为一步优化法。图67分别给出了不同rT(取值区间为0~0.25)的情况下基于一步设计法得到的最优设计参数rZ,optαoptλopt以及相应的性能指标R1,XSR1,XIR2,XSR2,XI。从图7可以看出:在隔震层附加按照一步优化法设计的VTMDI装置后可以有效降低基础隔震结构中上部结构的层间变形和隔震层的水平变形;实际应用中,调谐质量比rT一般不会超过0.10,而在这个区间内R2,XSR2,XI将等于1或略微小于1(R2,XSR2,XI都大于0.95),这说明BIS_VTMDI体系的性能并没有明显好于相应的BIS_VD体系,因此基于式(17)的优化策略并不适用。
为了保证优化结果的经济性,应该在保证R2,XSR2,XI尽可能小的情况下使得R1,XS最小。为此本文提出了一种优化策略。该优化策略包括以下两步:首先对任一给定的rZ,确定最优附加刚度比αopt和附加阻尼比λopt使得性能指标R2,XS最小,并且同时满足R2,XS ≤ 1和R2,XI ≤ 1这两个约束条件,即:
因此对于不同的rZ,可以得到不同的αoptλopt以及相应的R1,XSR1,XIR2,XSR2,XI;然后基于遍历搜寻的方式(本文建议rZ值从零开始,间隔为0.0001,逐渐增加到预定的rZ目标值),从得到的R1,XS当中确定最小值,这样与之相对应的rZ即为最优的rZ,opt,同时也可以确定对应的αoptλopt以及相应的R1,XSR1,XIR2,XSR2,XI。从上述介绍中可以看出,该优化策略包括两个优化步骤,因此在本论文后续部分将该优化策略简称为两步优化法。
图89分别给出了不同rT(取值区间同样为0~0.25)的情况下基于两步优化法得到的最优设计参数rZ,optαoptλopt以及相应的R1,XSR1,XIR2,XSR2,XI。从图9可以看出:在隔震层附加基于两步优化法设计的VTMDI装置后同样可以有效降低基础隔震结构中上部结构的层间变形和隔震层的水平变形;而且在调谐质量比rT ≤ 0.10的情况下,优化设计后的BIS_VTMDI体系的性能也明显好于相应的BIS_VD体系(R2,XSR2,XI都小于0.95),这说明两步优化法与一步优化法相比更为有效。
需要指出的是,虽然本研究将基础隔震结构上部结构的层间变形作为优化目标,但是上部结构的绝对加速度也可以作为优化目标。考虑到基础隔震结构上部结构的层间变形和绝对加速度这两个性能指标变化规律一致并且紧密关联,此外本论文的研究重点在于提出基础隔震结构附加变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器的优化设计方法,因此本论文只将上部结构的层间变形作为优化目标。
本小节采用的数值算例为如图2所示的3自由度BIS_VTMDI体系,对优化后的BIS_VTMDI体系进行时程分析,通过比较上部结构的最大层间变形(简称Max.XS)、上部结构层间变形的均方值(简称RMS.XS)、隔震层的最大水平变形(简称Max.XI)、隔震层水平变形的均方值(简称RMS.XI),评估两步优化法的有效性。定义响应量Max.XS,RMS.XS,Max.XI和RMS.XI在一组地震动作用下的平均值为μMax.XSμRMS.XSμMax.XIμRMS.XI。时程分析的地震动为满足美国Los Angeles地区50年回归周期超越概率10%的20条地震动(简称LA_10_in_50),由Somerville等22建立并用于TMD的相关研究。将每条地震动的峰值加速度调整至0.3g图10给出了调幅后的地震动加速度反应谱。表1给出了不同rT的情况下,一步优化法和两步优化法得到的优化设计参数。
根据时程分析的数值结果,可以得到BIS体系中上部结构平均最大层间变形μMax.XS、隔震层平均最大水平变形μMax.XI、上部结构平均层间变形均方值μRMS.XS和隔震层平均水平变形均方值μRMS.XI分别为:9.422,224.651,2.291和44.508 mm。表2分别给出了不同rT的情况下基于两步优化法优和基于一步优化法化的BIS_VTMDI体系以及相对应BIS_VD体系的μMax.XSμMax.XIμRMS.XSμRMS.XI
表2可知,基于两步优化法的BIS_VTMDI体系随着调谐质量比的增加,上部结构平均层间变形的最大值和均方值不断减小,但减小幅度不大;但隔震层平均水平变形的最大值和均方值则不断增加,说明对于BIS_VTMDI体系可以使用较小的调谐质量。从表2可以进一步发现:与基于两步优化法优化的BIS_VTMDI体系和相对应的BIS_VD体系的地震响应相比较,基于一步优化法优化的BIS_VTMDI体系和相对应的BIS_VD体系的地震响应明显要小。因此从地震响应值绝对大小的角度出发,一步优化法的效果要好于两步优化法,这一点也与2.2节优化策略所得到的结论一致。为了进一步比较两种优化方法的控制效果,定义类似于公式(14)和(15)的地震响应折减率,如下式所示:
基于表2的地震响应结果以及BIS体系的地震响应结果,可以计算不同地震响应的折减率并在表3列出。该表第2列给出的比较参数中,Max和RMS分别表示响应量的最大值和均方值;XS和XI分别表示上部结构的层间变形和隔震层的水平变形。以Max_R1_XS为例,该缩写表示最优BIS_VTMDI体系的上部结构平均最大层间变形相对于BIS体系的上部结构平均最大层间变形的折减率。从表3可以看出,虽然基于两步优化法优化的BIS_VTMDI体系相对于BIS体系地震响应的折减效果没有基于一步优化法的情况理想,但是与相对应的BIS_VD体系比较,两步优化法优化的BIS_VTMDI体系地震响应的折减效果明显好于基于一步优化法的情况。特别是采用一步优化法优化的BIS_VTMDI体系,其地震响应大部分情况下会大于相对应的BIS_VD体系(如表中加粗数字所示)。因此,对于BIS_VTMDI体系的优化设计,两步优化法与一步优化法相比更为有效。
以调谐质量比rT=0.02为例,通过时程分析可以得到两种优化策略下BIS_VTMDI体系调谐质量平均最大运动行程μMax.XT和平均运动行程均方值μRMS.XT分别为:263.325和57.608 mm(两步优化法);131.685和27.196 mm(一步优化法)。相对于BIS体系中隔震层平均最大水平变形值μMax.XI=224.651 mm和平均水平变形均方值μRMS.XI=44.508 mm,基于一步法优化法的调谐质量运动平均最大运动行程和平均运动行程均方值分别减小41.3%和38.9%;而基于两步优化法的调谐质量运动平均最大运动行程和平均运动行程均方值分别增大17.2%和29.4%。根据文献[4]的研究成果:基础隔震结构附加最优TMD后其调谐质量运动行程最大值和均方值相对于与原基础隔震结构的隔震层的水平变形最大值和均方值将至少放大1倍,因此基于两步优化法优化的BIS_TMDI体系并不会导致过大的调谐质量运动行程。
本文提出将VTMD中的阻尼元件与惯容元件并联,形成具有较小调谐质量的变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器(VTMDI),并用于基础隔震结构的性能控制,开展了BIS_VTMDI体系的优化设计研究,结论如下:
(1)基于Lyapunov方程计算BIS_VTMDI体系在白噪声作用下的随机响应,通过参数研究提出了两种针对BIS_VTMDI体系的优化策略。
(2)与直接将基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形作为优化目标的传统优化策略相比,所提出的两步优化法在同时减小隔震位移和降低上部结构加速度响应方面更为有效。
(3)通过一组地震的动力时程结果证实了采用两步优化法对BIS_VTMDI体系进行优化更为经济实用,而且调谐质量并不会出现过大的运动行程。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078234)
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2024年第37卷第8期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.08.011
  • 接收时间:2022-09-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-20
  • 修回日期:2022-12-18
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52078234)
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    1华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    2中建钢构股份有限公司,广东 深圳 518118

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陈振明(1975—),男,教授级高级工程师。E-mail:
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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