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Article(id=1228634270521032980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1657641600000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-13, revisedDate=1661443200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858837013, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858837013, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858837013, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858837013, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1259, endPage=1268, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634270802051364, articleId=1228634270521032980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Time-dependent seismic fragility analysis of pile-supported wharf considering chloride ion induced corrosion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seismic vulnerability analysis is one of the most effective tools to evaluate seismic performance of pile-supported wharf （PSW） structures，which can quantify the probability of structural damage under given ground motion parameters. For a typical PSW in this study，the degradation of steel and concrete materials caused by chloride ion induced erosion is explored. Based on the open-source numerical computational platform OpenSees，a two-dimensional finite element model of PSW is created. In this model，the cross-section characteristics of pile considering corrosion effect are adopted in splash zone. The influence of chloride ion induced corrosion on seismic performance of PSW structure is discussed. Pushover analysis method is used to determine the seismic demand bound limit of each damage state of PSW. By inputting 80 ground motions to wharf models with different corrosion years，the logarithm regression analysis for the ratios of the capacity and demand are adopted to develop the time-dependent seismic fragility curves. The results show that： Chloride ion induced corrosion leads to the decrease of deck displacement and pile top bending moment，and the slight increase of pile top curvature； During the whole service life of PSW，seismic vulnerability of wharf structure in different damage states increases with an increase of service time.

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地震易损性分析是评估高桩码头结构抗震性能最有效的工具之一，它能够量化给定地震动参数下结构发生破坏的概率。本文针对典型高桩码头结构，探究了氯离子侵蚀导致钢筋及混凝土材料性能退化的规律，基于开源数值计算平台OpenSees，对浪溅区桩基区域的截面特性考虑腐蚀效应，建立了高桩码头二维有限元模型，探讨了氯离子侵蚀对高桩码头结构时变地震易损性的影响。采用Pushover分析方法确定了高桩码头各损伤状态的地震需求界限值。通过对不同腐蚀年限下的码头模型输入80条地震动，对构件能力需求比进行对数回归分析，形成高桩码头时变地震易损性曲线。研究结果表明：氯离子侵蚀会导致面板位移及桩顶弯矩减小，桩顶曲率略有增加；在高桩码头的使用寿命中，结构在不同损伤状态下的地震易损性均随服役时间的延长而增大。

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苏 雷（1986—），男，博士，副教授。E-mail： 。

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苏 雷（1986—），男，博士，副教授。E-mail： 。

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苏 雷（1986—），男，博士，副教授。E-mail： 。

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Journal of Bridge Engineering， 2017， 22（6）： 04017013., articleTitle=Impact of spatial variability parameters on seismic fragilities of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to differential support motions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228634292675346699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634270521032980, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［34］, rfOrder=41, authorNames=Medina R A, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Medina R A. Seismic demands for nondeteriorating frame structures and their dependence on ground motions［D］. Stanford： Stanford University， 2003., articleTitle=Seismic demands for nondeteriorating frame structures and their dependence on ground motions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228634292767621392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634270521032980, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=［35］, rfOrder=42, authorNames=International Navigation Association, journalName=Seismic Design Guidelines for Port Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Navigation Association. Seismic Design Guidelines for Port Structures［M］. 1st ed. 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Material parameters for soil layers

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土层种类(编号)密度/(t·m-3)内摩擦角/(o)剪切模量/MPa体积模量/MPa黏聚力/kPa
松砂(ⅡA)1.722755.0150.0—
密砂(ⅡB)2.002975.0200.0—
中密砂(ⅡC)1.922865.0175.0—
软黏土(ⅢA)1.76—80.2374.380.1
硬黏土(ⅢB1)1.84—83.9391.3107.6
硬黏土(ⅢB2)1.84—83.9391.3135.1
密砂(ⅣA)2.0045186.2868.0—
非常密实砂(ⅣB)2.0848278.51300.0—
碎石(坡面)2.2445141.01363.020
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土层材料参数

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土层种类(编号)密度/(t·m-3)内摩擦角/(o)剪切模量/MPa体积模量/MPa黏聚力/kPa
松砂(ⅡA)1.722755.0150.0—
密砂(ⅡB)2.002975.0200.0—
中密砂(ⅡC)1.922865.0175.0—
软黏土(ⅢA)1.76—80.2374.380.1
硬黏土(ⅢB1)1.84—83.9391.3107.6
硬黏土(ⅢB2)1.84—83.9391.3135.1
密砂(ⅣA)2.0045186.2868.0—
非常密实砂(ⅣB)2.0848278.51300.0—
碎石(坡面)2.2445141.01363.020
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Bound limits of seismic demand parameters under different damage states

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损失状态服役年限需求参数
位移/m弯矩/(kN·m)曲率/m-1
轻微0年0.119699.50.0155
50年0.0884300.0187
100年0.0753270.0189
中等0年0.250748.50.0386
50年0.1975420.0439
100年0.170421.60.0445
严重0年0.442828.50.0663
50年0.373607.50.0751
100年0.306459.40.0770
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不同损伤状态下地震需求参数的界限值

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损失状态服役年限需求参数
位移/m弯矩/(kN·m)曲率/m-1
轻微0年0.119699.50.0155
50年0.0884300.0187
100年0.0753270.0189
中等0年0.250748.50.0386
50年0.1975420.0439
100年0.170421.60.0445
严重0年0.442828.50.0663
50年0.373607.50.0751
100年0.306459.40.0770
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考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析
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苏雷 1 , 王龙龙 1 , 王建峰 1 , 凌贤长 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1259-1268
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1259-1268
考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析
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苏雷1 , 王龙龙1, 王建峰1, 凌贤长1, 2
作者信息
  • 1青岛理工大学土木工程学院，山东　青岛　266520
  • 2哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院，黑龙江　哈尔滨　150001

    • 苏 雷（1986—），男，博士，副教授。E-mail： 。

Time-dependent seismic fragility analysis of pile-supported wharf considering chloride ion induced corrosion
Lei SU1 , Long-long WANG1, Jian-feng WANG1, Xian-zhang LING1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
  • 2School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.018
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摘要
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地震易损性分析是评估高桩码头结构抗震性能最有效的工具之一，它能够量化给定地震动参数下结构发生破坏的概率。本文针对典型高桩码头结构，探究了氯离子侵蚀导致钢筋及混凝土材料性能退化的规律，基于开源数值计算平台OpenSees，对浪溅区桩基区域的截面特性考虑腐蚀效应，建立了高桩码头二维有限元模型，探讨了氯离子侵蚀对高桩码头结构时变地震易损性的影响。采用Pushover分析方法确定了高桩码头各损伤状态的地震需求界限值。通过对不同腐蚀年限下的码头模型输入80条地震动，对构件能力需求比进行对数回归分析，形成高桩码头时变地震易损性曲线。研究结果表明：氯离子侵蚀会导致面板位移及桩顶弯矩减小，桩顶曲率略有增加；在高桩码头的使用寿命中，结构在不同损伤状态下的地震易损性均随服役时间的延长而增大。

地震  /  易损性曲线  /  高桩码头  /  氯离子侵蚀  /  Pushover分析

Seismic vulnerability analysis is one of the most effective tools to evaluate seismic performance of pile-supported wharf （PSW） structures，which can quantify the probability of structural damage under given ground motion parameters. For a typical PSW in this study，the degradation of steel and concrete materials caused by chloride ion induced erosion is explored. Based on the open-source numerical computational platform OpenSees，a two-dimensional finite element model of PSW is created. In this model，the cross-section characteristics of pile considering corrosion effect are adopted in splash zone. The influence of chloride ion induced corrosion on seismic performance of PSW structure is discussed. Pushover analysis method is used to determine the seismic demand bound limit of each damage state of PSW. By inputting 80 ground motions to wharf models with different corrosion years，the logarithm regression analysis for the ratios of the capacity and demand are adopted to develop the time-dependent seismic fragility curves. The results show that： Chloride ion induced corrosion leads to the decrease of deck displacement and pile top bending moment，and the slight increase of pile top curvature； During the whole service life of PSW，seismic vulnerability of wharf structure in different damage states increases with an increase of service time.

earthquake  /  fragility curve  /  pile-supported wharf  /  chloride ion induced corrosion  /  Pushover analysis
苏雷, 王龙龙, 王建峰, 凌贤长. 考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1259 -1268 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.018
Lei SU, Long-long WANG, Jian-feng WANG, Xian-zhang LING. Time-dependent seismic fragility analysis of pile-supported wharf considering chloride ion induced corrosion[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1259 -1268 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.018
正文
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引言
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高桩码头容易受到地震活动的影响从而造成结构的破坏，除此之外，高桩码头所处环境相对复杂，在其使用寿命中往往会受到氯离子侵蚀，导致结构材料性能退化，结构抗震性能降低，增大其在地震作用下的破坏风险。
随着基于性态的地震工程和抗震设计理念的发展，在概率框架内的地震易损性分析逐渐成为量化高桩码头结构抗震性能的有效工具。氯离子侵蚀对结构整体抗震性能的影响成为近年来研究的热点。Padgett等［1］证明了在地震作用下，腐蚀会改变桥梁结构的动力性能，并进一步研究了腐蚀对多跨混凝土梁桥动力响应的影响。赵珺等［2］基于氯离子侵蚀机理，得到结构的力学性能随时间的变化规律，应用增量动力分析法，得到结构地震易损性曲线，完成结构的抗震性能评估。李立峰等［3］考虑氯离子侵蚀引起的钢筋材料性能退化，探讨了氯离子侵蚀效应对高墩桥梁抗震能力的影响，结果表明：结构在不同损伤状态下的地震易损性随服役时间的延长而增大。吴锋［4］通过对高桩码头结构性能退化的研究，揭示了腐蚀诱发高桩码头桩基耐久性能和承载性能退化的机理。Mirzaeefard等［5］的研究表明：在高桩码头的服役期内，由于腐蚀导致的结构强度和延性下降，大大降低了结构的抗震性能。徐玉明［6］研究了随机点蚀损伤对钢管桩码头结构性能的影响，并进行了不同腐蚀程度下的高桩码头地震易损性分析。
目前，国内外学者主要针对钢筋混凝土桥梁结构的时变抗震性能的退化展开了大量研究，而对于考虑腐蚀效应的高桩码头时变地震易损性研究相对较少。鉴于此，本文针对海岸环境下美国加州洛杉矶港的高桩码头结构受氯离子侵蚀的时变地震易损性，探讨氯离子侵蚀导致钢筋及混凝土材料性能退化的规律，给出考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析方法，进而分析氯离子侵蚀对高桩码头结构地震需求和易损性的影响。
1　考虑氯离子侵蚀的材料性能时变规律
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研究表明［7-8］，氯离子侵蚀导致的钢筋腐蚀是影响结构耐久性的主要原因之一。因此，研究氯离子侵蚀效应对材料性能时变规律的影响显得尤为重要。下面将分别讨论钢筋的初始腐蚀时间、钢筋及混凝土材料性能随时间的退化规律。
1.1　钢筋腐蚀开始时间
为了研究氯离子在混凝土中的扩散过程，发现混凝土构件不同深度处氯离子含量的变化是很重要的，可以根据钢筋表面氯离子浓度到达临界浓度所需要的时间来判断钢筋的初始腐蚀时间。研究中常采用Fick第二定律描述氯离子在混凝土中的扩散过程［9］，如下式所示：
式中　 C（x，t）表示距结构物表面不同距离处的氯离子浓度；x为距混凝土表面的距离；Cs为结构物表面氯离子浓度值；erf（⋅）为高斯误差函数；Dc为氯离子扩散系数。由式（1）可知，为求得钢筋表面氯离子浓度，需分别获得Cs和Dc。
根据桩基表面氯离子浓度的不同，可将桩的暴露条件分为大气区、浸没区和浪溅区［10］。为了确定各区域范围，统计了自2000年起，20年中洛杉矶港最高和最低水位之间的差异［5］，其平均值和最大值分别为2.5和2.9 m，值得注意的是，这些数据是潮汐测量的水位高度，考虑到风等其他因素驱动的波高，本文所建模型假定码头面板以下1.1 m桩单元处在大气区，大气区以下5 m为浪溅区，其他区域为浸没区，此假定与Schmuhl等［11］的假设一致。根据不同区域划分，可确定结构物表面氯离子浓度值Cs［12-13］。另外，目前对于氯离子的扩散系数还没有统一结论，考虑到不同地区环境因素差异可能会导致扩散系数有所不同。鉴于此，本文考虑环境温度、相对湿度以及混凝土龄期等主要因素的影响，扩散系数Dc可由下式表示［14］：
式中　 Dref为根据环境温度和湿度估计的经验扩散系数；F1（t）为混凝土龄期系数；F2（T）为温度系数；F3（RH）为相对湿度系数。
经计算可得各区域钢筋表面氯离子含量随时间的变化过程，如图1所示。
由图1可知，在最初的100年里，大气区和浸没区没有发生腐蚀（这里临界氯离子浓度可取为混凝土容重的0.11%，即2.75 kg/m3）［12］，主要原因是这些区域的表面氯离子含量低，且有足够厚度的保护层。在浪溅区，腐蚀大致开始于码头服役后的12.1年。鉴于此，选取浪溅区作为本文研究的重点区域。特别地，以上是确定桩基中钢筋腐蚀的开始时间，下面提到的有关时间的参数，均指此时刻之后的时间。
1.2　钢筋腐蚀机理
一般来说，钢筋腐蚀形式包括均匀腐蚀和坑蚀，其中坑蚀是钢筋腐蚀的典型形式，也是本文关注的重点。与均匀腐蚀不同，坑蚀涉及坑深的发展，可能在氯离子存在的钢筋上随机发生。Jeon等［15］提出了三种极具代表性的钢绞线坑蚀样式，现选取其中一种坑蚀样式，如图2所示，灰色区域表示钢绞线腐蚀后剩余的截面面积，这里假设内部的钢绞线并未受到腐蚀。
腐蚀层截面面积损失可通过下式计算：
式中　 Asl，corr为钢绞线腐蚀后的截面积损失；r为钢绞线半径；dp为沿半径方向在最深位置处的坑深（mm/年）；表示最大坑蚀点与坑蚀边缘切线在圆心处的夹角。
参考已有文献［16-17］，每股钢绞线上的最大坑蚀深度可由下式计算：
式中　 icorr为腐蚀速率（）；为点蚀系数，取值范围为4~8，根据文献［10］，本文点蚀系数选取为5.6；表示平均坑蚀深度；t为钢筋腐蚀开始时间（年）；icorr为一个与时间有关的参数，并随着时间的推移而降低，由于腐蚀产物附着在钢筋表面，在一定程度上起到保护作用，减缓了氯离子的扩散速率。腐蚀速率可由下式计算［17］：
式中　 为腐蚀开始时的初始腐蚀速率，可由下式计算：
式中　 为保护层混凝土厚度（cm）；为水灰比。
在计算出腐蚀速率和坑深后，可按下式计算出钢绞线的截面面积损失率：
式中　 A0为钢绞线初始横截面积，本文中A0为138.7 mm2。
图3为钢筋剩余截面面积时变曲线。由图3可知，纵向钢筋及箍筋随着腐蚀年限的增加，剩余截面面积变化规律大致相同，几乎都呈线性下降趋势。纵向钢筋和箍筋在腐蚀100年后截面面积分别减少约23.5%和7.5%。
1.3　材料性能退化规律
钢筋腐蚀会降低材料的力学性能。Jeon等［15］通过一系列拉伸试验，研究了腐蚀后材料的力学性能，用双线性模型定义了腐蚀钢绞线极限强度和屈服强度的计算公式，分别为：
式中　 a取值为1991.8；b取值为1748。
Du等［18］通过试验研究了腐蚀螺旋箍筋的残余强度，对嵌入混凝土中的钢筋进行了加速腐蚀试验，得出钢筋的强度随着氯离子的渗透而降低，随后提出腐蚀钢筋屈服强度的计算公式为：
式中　 为腐蚀后螺旋箍筋的屈服强度（MPa）；为未腐蚀螺旋箍筋的屈服强度（MPa）。
基于上述研究方法，可计算出钢筋强度时变曲线，如图4所示。
由图4可知，由于钢筋强度与钢筋截面变化有关，因此钢筋强度变化规律几乎也呈线性下降趋势。在钢筋腐蚀100年后，纵筋极限强度和屈服强度分别下降了约31.2%和27.1%，箍筋屈服强度下降了约3.4%。
氯离子侵蚀达到一定程度时，钢筋锈胀产物将会使混凝土产生裂缝，从而使混凝土的抗压强度降低。Coronelli等［19］研究了腐蚀对保护层混凝土抗压强度的影响，并给出相应计算方法。此外，箍筋的腐蚀势必会降低其对核心混凝土的约束作用，从而造成核心混凝土抗压强度发生改变。从上文已求得箍筋截面面积损失率和屈服强度，由Mander模型可计算核心混凝土抗压强度随时间的变化过程。图5为腐蚀后混凝土抗压强度时变曲线。由图5可知，保护层及核心混凝土抗压强度均随着服役年限的增加而降低。另外，还可以观察到，核心混凝土抗压强度逐渐趋近服役前的保护层混凝土抗压强度。在腐蚀100年后，保护层混凝土与核心混凝土抗压强度降幅分别约为40.6%和36.3%。
2　高桩码头数值建模途径
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2.1　高桩码头体系数值模拟
在数值模拟中，选取典型全直桩钢筋混凝土高桩码头结构，如图6所示，除E排短桩外（黑色实心圆），其余桩长度为42.0 m。土层剖面如图7所示，土层的材料特性如表1所示［20］。本文中，建立码头-土体体系二维数值模型，选取单位厚度作为计算单元，如图6（a）中红色框所选桩排，选取图6（b）中虚线区域作为浪溅区。特别地，默认在浪溅区内嵌入土层的桩单元由于缺少腐蚀所需的氧气，受氯离子侵蚀的作用很小而不作考虑（如图6（b）中蓝色区域）。在数值模拟中采用开源数值计算平台OpenSees，其桩基中钢筋和混凝土分别采用Steel02材料和Concrete01材料模拟［21］，砂土采用与围压有关的多屈服面塑性本构模型，黏土采用与围压无关的多屈服面塑性本构模型［22］。采用基于位移的纤维截面梁柱单元模拟预应力混凝土桩基的非线性特性；采用弹性梁柱单元模拟混凝土面板；采用两类零长度和刚性连接单元共同模拟桩-土相互作用。通过在模型两侧增加土柱，实现自由场边界效应。自由水体的模拟通过在与自由水接触土层表面节点上施加节点力和静水压力来实现，不考虑地震中水的动力效应。
通过在钢筋混凝土桩中定义考虑腐蚀效应的钢筋与混凝土的材料性能，得出不同腐蚀年限下桩截面的弯矩-曲率关系，如图8所示。可以看出，随着腐蚀年限的增加，桩截面的承载能力不断下降，且退化率逐渐变小。在数值模拟中，对浪溅区（大气区和浸没区不作考虑）桩基区域的截面特性考虑腐蚀效应，实现考虑腐蚀效应的钢筋混凝土桩的模拟。
2.2　桩-土相互作用
为了更好地模拟桩-土相互作用，本文参考Elgamal等［23］提出的方法，在桩-土刚性连接单元基础上，通过增加零长度单元模拟桩-土摩擦滑动机理［20］。通过零长度单元将垂直于桩四周的刚性连接单元与土节点连接，该模拟方法能够很好地考虑桩-土接触的动力特性。同时，采用的刚性连接单元可以考虑桩径效应，还可以避免桩-土界面滑动导致阻尼过大问题。采用两类零长度单元，即zeroLength和zeroLengthSection，其中zeroLength单元提供垂直于桩轴的轴向响应，zeroLengthSection单元提供沿桩周的切向响应。通过定义剪切屈服力，可模拟桩-土界面滑移［24］。该模拟方法已经通过桩基振动台试验得到了很好的验证［25］。
2.3　数值模拟步序
考虑预应力的混凝土桩-土相互作用效应，其数值模拟步序与非预应力桩-土相互作用存在一定的差异，其数值计算模拟步序主要包括以下几个步骤：（1） 对土层进行弹性状态下自重应力的模拟分析，在该分析步中，需要：（a） 固定模型两侧边界水平方向自由度和基底全部自由度；（b） 在海侧地表施加节点力和孔压荷载模拟自由水体；（c） 在陆侧施加节点荷载以模拟地表荷载；（d） 土体采用较高的渗透系数（1 m/s）［24］，即不考虑土体液化。（2） 执行初始状态自重分析，确保土层获得非零应力和孔压场及零位移场。（3） 增加码头结构，并完成码头结构与土层的连接，执行码头-土体相互作用体系的分析。（4）将土层自重分析由弹性改为塑性，执行码头-土体相互作用分析。（5） 采用自由场边界，在模型基底输入地震动，完成码头-土体体系动力时程响应分析。
3　考虑氯离子侵蚀的码头易损性分析
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3.1　地震易损性分析流程
地震易损性定义为在不同地震动水平作用下结构达到或者超越某种预定损伤状态的条件失效概率，因而地震易损性曲线可以表征为两种概率状态的卷积［26］，包括概率地震需求分析和概率抗震能力分析。其中概率地震需求模型定义了地震动强度（IM）与地震需求之间的关系，而概率抗震能力模型表示在给定结构地震需求下，结构构件达到或超越不同极限状态的条件概率。因此，地震易损性可表示为在某一强度地震动作用下，结构构件的地震需求（D）达到或超越其抗震能力（C）的条件概率，可表达为：
本研究中，参考现有研究成果［3，5-6，27］，假定地震需求和抗震能力服从对数正态分布，故式（12）还可表示为［28］：
式中　 为结构地震需求中位数；为结构抗震能力中位数；βD|IM表示结构地震需求的对数标准差；βC表示结构抗震能力的对数标准差；Φ［⋅］表示标准正态分布函数。
鉴于此，下面总结了考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析流程图，如图9所示。
3.2　高桩码头地震需求分析
一般来说，地震需求模型是通过对数空间的回归拟合得出的［29］，本文采用双对数空间的线性拟合得到地震需求模型。此外，峰值地面速度（PGV）是岩土工程结构抗震性能评估中最广泛使用的地震动强度参数之一［30-31］。因此，选择PGV作为本文码头结构地震需求模型的地震动强度指标。按照Ramanathan等［32］和Zhong等［33］的建议，选择一组80条地震动进行地震时程分析。这些地震动记录信息见参考文献［34］。地震动选择标准为： （a） 由于码头位于美国加州洛杉矶港，且其场地类型属于D类，因此考虑记录在D类场地上的地震动；（b） 为了避免结果的偶然性，所选地震动的震级和震中距各不相同，即所选的80条地震动震级在5.8~6.9之间，震中距在13~60 km之间。对于该码头结构，选择面板位移、桩顶弯矩和曲率作为地震响应量。根据上述建立的数值模型，对选定的80条地震动进行非线性时程分析，以获得地震响应。码头结构的地震需求模型如图10~12所示。
图10为面板位移线性拟合地震需求模型。应当指出的是，面板位移记录在面板的最左端（桩F的顶部）。由图10可知，双对数线性模型很好地拟合了输入-输出响应，表明了所采用的线性模型可以用于确定面板位移的地震需求模型。进一步，对于面板位移，0年的地震需求模型与腐蚀100年的地震需求模型略有区别，这表明腐蚀效应对面板位移产生了一定程度的影响。图11描述了桩顶（桩F）弯矩线性拟合地震需求模型，可以看出，腐蚀100年后，码头桩顶弯矩明显减小。实际上，当拟合模型以正常比例而不是以对数比例绘制时，有无腐蚀的地震需求模型之间的差异将更加明显。图12表示了桩顶（桩F）曲率地震需求模型，同样，腐蚀100年后，桩顶曲率显著增加。
3.3　基于Pushover分析的损伤状态分类
确定需求变量（响应量）的界限值，对于地震易损性评估至关重要。国际航运协会提出了对高桩码头的损伤状态进行分类的定性要求［35］，但是没有定量要求。如Chiou等［36］所述，Pushover分析是确定高桩码头不同破坏状态下响应量界限值的有力工具。因此，本文采用Pushover分析确定轻微、中等和严重破坏状态下的地震响应量的界限值。这种分析通过逐渐增加码头面板的侧向位移实现。侧向位移的增加会导致混凝土应变的增加，即由轻微损伤状态向严重损伤状态转变。响应量的界限通过Pushover分析结果建立的混凝土应变和响应量之间的关系确定。
Pushover分析结果如图13和14所示。图13为未腐蚀与腐蚀100年各桩顶弯矩-曲率响应。结果表明：考虑腐蚀效应的桩截面弯矩-曲率变化与未腐蚀情况非常相似，这证实了所建立的数值模型的可靠性。但是考虑腐蚀效应后，其弯矩承载力明显下降。为了进一步研究腐蚀的影响，还计算了总侧向力-位移响应，结果如图14所示。同样，对于相同的面板位移，随着腐蚀年限的增加，总侧向力逐渐减小。根据Pushover结果的分析，桩F自由长度最短，最容易发生破坏，故选取桩F的响应用于确定响应量的界限值。
通过给定不同损伤状态下的混凝土应变，可以利用混凝土应变与响应量的关系得到需求参数的相应界限值。地震易损性评估考虑了轻微、中等和严重三种损伤状态。特别地，本文中假定轻微损伤状态对应抗压强度下的核心混凝土应变，取0.005；严重损伤状态对应压碎强度下的核心混凝土应变，取0.018；中等损伤状态对应的核心混凝土应变为0.01，接近轻微和严重损伤水平的平均值，不同损伤状态下混凝土的应变取值见参考文献［37］。通过对目标桩F再次进行Pushover分析，根据三种损伤状态相关混凝土应变值，可以得到各响应量的界限值。表2给出不同破坏状态下高桩码头在腐蚀0年、50年和100年下地震需求参数的界限值。
3.4　考虑氯离子侵蚀的地震易损性曲线
综上所述，考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头在其服役期间的地震需求和抗震能力都会发生显著变化，现选取码头服役0年、50年和100年三个时间点进行高桩码头的地震易损性评估。基于本文提出的考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析方法，分别得到面板位移、桩顶弯矩及曲率时变易损性曲线。
图15为面板位移时变地震易损性曲线。由图15可知，随着码头服役时间的增加，面板位移在轻微、中等和严重损伤状态下的超越概率均在逐渐增加。另外，还可以观察到随着腐蚀时间的增加，各损伤状态的易损性曲线间隔在逐渐变小，这是由于随着腐蚀年限增加，码头桩基截面延性能力减弱，从而使得面板位移更易从轻微损伤状态过渡到严重损伤状态。这些观察表明氯离子侵蚀效应对码头面板位移的影响不容忽视，在码头结构设计中应予以考虑。
图16和17分别为不同桩顶的弯矩和曲率时变地震易损性曲线，图中（a）~（f）分别对应桩A~F。可以观察到与面板位移易损性曲线类似，每种损伤状态下的损伤超越概率均随码头服役年限的增加而增大，并且这种变化程度有大有小。在轻微损伤状态下，0年与50年弯矩易损性曲线间隔较大，这是由于前期氯离子对桩基中钢筋的腐蚀破坏较为严重，随着后期锈胀产物的增加，其对钢筋锈蚀能够起到一定保护作用。在严重损伤状态下，不同腐蚀年限曲率损伤概率在桩E和桩F处的变化较为显著。另外，可以明显观察到无论是弯矩还是曲率，从桩A到桩F的损伤超越概率与桩的自由长度呈反比。总体而言，桩E和桩F的破坏概率均大于桩A~D，这表明自由长度越短的桩在地震中越容易受到破坏，这是由于在相同位移下，自由长度越短的桩曲率越大，即越容易受到破坏。
4　结论
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本文以Fick第二定律为基础，探索了钢筋及混凝土材料的退化规律，结合以往的腐蚀试验结果，确定了浪溅区作为本文腐蚀研究的重点区域。基于地震易损性分析理论，建立了考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头时变地震易损性分析方法，研究了码头结构地震损伤时变规律。得到以下主要结论：
（1） 氯离子侵蚀导致桩基抗弯承载能力明显下降，并且随着码头服役时间的增加退化率逐渐降低。
（2） Pushover分析方法为码头损伤状态界限值的确定提供了可靠的工具，它能够给出地震下高桩码头各桩中最容易破坏的桩，且能有效给出各损伤状态下地震需求参数的界限值。
（3） 随着码头服役年限的增加，面板位移及桩顶弯矩地震响应有所减小，而桩顶曲率地震响应略有增加。
（4） 面板位移、桩顶弯矩及曲率在三种损伤状态下的破坏概率均随着码头服役年限的增加而增大，因此有必要对考虑氯离子侵蚀的高桩码头抗震性能进行可靠性评估。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42072310)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808307)
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2024年第37卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.018
  • 接收时间：2022-07-13
  • 首发时间：2026-02-12
  • 出版时间：2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期：2022-07-13
  • 修回日期：2022-08-26
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(42072310)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51808307)
作者信息
    1青岛理工大学土木工程学院，山东　青岛　266520
    2哈尔滨工业大学土木工程学院，黑龙江　哈尔滨　150001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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