Article(id=1228634267064926426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1657728000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-14, revisedDate=1664812800000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858836188, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858836188, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858836188, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858836188, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1200, endPage=1210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634267366916321, articleId=1228634267064926426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Container quay crane structural dynamic response under trolley traveling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Structural response of quay crane should be paid more attention to with the growth of worldwide logistics demand. This paper analyzes the response mechanism of the metallic structure of the quay crane induced by trolley traveling. On-site test is conducted. The time domain of crane girder acceleration signal shows that the main influence of the trolley travelling on crane structure is the high-frequency impact as it passes through the hinge point. The spectrum shows the main frequency of structure vertical vibration and impact vibration. Based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a numerical model of quay crane single beam structure is established. The influence of different working conditions on the dynamic response of the beam structure and effect of the centrifugal acceleration term in the dynamic equation on logistics equipment such as quay cranes is analyzed. A refined model of the whole structure including the critical parts of the structure,such as the hinge points,the rail girder and other structural geometric features is established. The trolley is simulated with simplified mass points,and the interaction between the trolley and the girder is realized by the contact between the mass and the shell elements in the dynamic analysis of the quay crane structure. The eccentric force of the rail girder is considered,and the acceleration response of the girder hinge point is calculated,which is basically consistent with the measured signal results. After calculation and analysis,the frequency spectrum of the measured acceleration signal and the calculated signal spectrum at the girder hinge point of the quay crane show that the main influence of the trolley traveling on the quay crane structure is the high-frequency impact. The influence of the impact on the surrounding structure cannot be ignored. At the same time,the displacement results of 10 measuring points on the girder of the quay crane model and the trolley show that when the trolley runs at a constant rated speed with the rated load,the front end of the girder of the quay crane produces a vertical quasi-static displacement. The displacement spectrum indicates that the trolley is mainly affected by the vertical direction forced vibration.

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本文对在役岸桥整机金属结构的动力学响应机理进行分析。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论建立起重机单梁结构数值模型,分析不同工况对梁结构动力响应的影响,并分析动力学方程中“离心加速度项”对岸桥的动力学响应的影响。利用一岸桥结构数据建立包含结构重要分析部位如铰点、轨道梁等结构的几何特征的整机精细化数值模型。以简化质量点模拟小车,将质量与板壳单元接触,实现小车与大梁的相互作用,并应用于岸桥结构动力学分析中,考虑轨道梁非中心受力,计算得到大梁铰点的加速度响应,与实测信号结果基本一致。经计算分析发现,岸桥大梁铰点处测点的加速度实测信号频谱和计算信号频谱均表明小车运行对岸桥结构的主要影响为经过轨道接头时产生的高频冲击。同时,岸桥模型大梁上10个测点及小车的位移结果表明,当小车带额定载荷以额定速度匀速运行时,岸桥前大梁前端产生垂向拟静态位移,位移频谱表明小车主要受到垂向强迫振动。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
董 凯(1991―),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:
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胡 雄(1962—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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胡 雄(1962—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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胡 雄(1962—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

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orderNo=4, keyword=非中心受力), Keyword(id=1228634282567074599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=动力响应)], refs=[Reference(id=1228634288636231766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1970, volume=96, issue=5, pageStart=593, pageEnd=620, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Veletsos A S, Huang T, journalName=Journal of Engineering Mechanics Division, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Veletsos A SHuang T. 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figureFileSmall=0G8H4bOPMKOGnU7R3R8ZAg==, figureFileBig=Qf4vf/I2le10fXkzu9v4zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634286966898712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Vertical displacement frequency spectrum of trolley, figureFileSmall=NnoFItG6b8R6NF56YacEQA==, figureFileBig=3wuT0QqRfQrNCCAlGGdyvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634287042396187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=CN, label=图20, caption=小车垂向位移频谱, figureFileSmall=NnoFItG6b8R6NF56YacEQA==, figureFileBig=3wuT0QqRfQrNCCAlGGdyvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634287151448097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Single beam model parameters

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参数数值
梁长/m20
梁横截面面积/m20.18
梁横截面惯性矩/m45.4×10-3
小车自身质量/t30
吊具质量/t10
额定载重(带吊具)/t50
), ArticleFig(id=1228634287277277224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单梁模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
梁长/m20
梁横截面面积/m20.18
梁横截面惯性矩/m45.4×10-3
小车自身质量/t30
吊具质量/t10
额定载重(带吊具)/t50
), ArticleFig(id=1228634287365357611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Dynamic coefficients of vertical displacement

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载荷/t静载位移/m动态位移/m动态系数
240 m/min480 m/min240 m/min480 m/min
50-4.177×10-4-4.300×10-4-4.312×10-41.0291.032
80-1.671×10-2-1.720×10-2-1.731×10-21.0291.035
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垂向位移动态系数

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载荷/t静载位移/m动态位移/m动态系数
240 m/min480 m/min240 m/min480 m/min
50-4.177×10-4-4.300×10-4-4.312×10-41.0291.032
80-1.671×10-2-1.720×10-2-1.731×10-21.0291.035
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Numerical results of maximum vertical mid-span displacement of girder

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工况垂向最大位移/m相对误差/%
离心项无离心项
20 t, 240 m/min-4.313×10-4-4.300×10-40.301
20 t, 480 m/min-4.329×10-4-4.312×10-40.393
80 t, 240 m/min-1.743×10-2-1.720×10-21.300
80 t, 480 m/min-1.750×10-2-1.731×10-21.900
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梁跨中垂向最大位移计算结果

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工况垂向最大位移/m相对误差/%
离心项无离心项
20 t, 240 m/min-4.313×10-4-4.300×10-40.301
20 t, 480 m/min-4.329×10-4-4.312×10-40.393
80 t, 240 m/min-1.743×10-2-1.720×10-21.300
80 t, 480 m/min-1.750×10-2-1.731×10-21.900
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The vibration characteristic of quay crane

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阶次频率/Hz振型
10.307前大梁横向摆动
20.451后大梁横向摆动
30.747前、后大梁横向同向摆动
40.809整机纵向振动(海侧支腿变形)
50.820整机纵向振动(陆侧支腿变形)
61.084大梁端部垂向摆动(门框同向)
71.423大梁端部垂向摆动(门框反向)
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岸桥结构振型特征

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阶次频率/Hz振型
10.307前大梁横向摆动
20.451后大梁横向摆动
30.747前、后大梁横向同向摆动
40.809整机纵向振动(海侧支腿变形)
50.820整机纵向振动(陆侧支腿变形)
61.084大梁端部垂向摆动(门框同向)
71.423大梁端部垂向摆动(门框反向)
), ArticleFig(id=1228634288074195012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634267064926426, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of impact signals

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分析指标测试数值计算数值绝对误差(绝对值)相对误差/%
幅值/(m·s-2)8.0457.7090.3364.0
峭度因子1.8961.9280.0321.6
峰值因子7.5317.8160.2853.8
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冲击信号对比

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分析指标测试数值计算数值绝对误差(绝对值)相对误差/%
幅值/(m·s-2)8.0457.7090.3364.0
峭度因子1.8961.9280.0321.6
峰值因子7.5317.8160.2853.8
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小车运行状态下岸桥结构动力响应分析
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胡雄 , 董凯 , 郑培 , 孙志伟 , 穆森
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1200-1210
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1200-1210
小车运行状态下岸桥结构动力响应分析
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胡雄 , 董凯 , 郑培, 孙志伟, 穆森
作者信息
  • 上海海事大学物流工程学院,上海 201306
  • 胡 雄(1962—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

董 凯(1991―),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:
Container quay crane structural dynamic response under trolley traveling
Xiong HU , Kai DONG , Pei ZHENG, Zhi-wei SUN, Sen MU
Affiliations
  • Logistics Engineering College,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.012
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本文对在役岸桥整机金属结构的动力学响应机理进行分析。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论建立起重机单梁结构数值模型,分析不同工况对梁结构动力响应的影响,并分析动力学方程中“离心加速度项”对岸桥的动力学响应的影响。利用一岸桥结构数据建立包含结构重要分析部位如铰点、轨道梁等结构的几何特征的整机精细化数值模型。以简化质量点模拟小车,将质量与板壳单元接触,实现小车与大梁的相互作用,并应用于岸桥结构动力学分析中,考虑轨道梁非中心受力,计算得到大梁铰点的加速度响应,与实测信号结果基本一致。经计算分析发现,岸桥大梁铰点处测点的加速度实测信号频谱和计算信号频谱均表明小车运行对岸桥结构的主要影响为经过轨道接头时产生的高频冲击。同时,岸桥模型大梁上10个测点及小车的位移结果表明,当小车带额定载荷以额定速度匀速运行时,岸桥前大梁前端产生垂向拟静态位移,位移频谱表明小车主要受到垂向强迫振动。

岸边集装箱起重机  /  小车运行  /  质量-板壳接触法  /  非中心受力  /  动力响应

Structural response of quay crane should be paid more attention to with the growth of worldwide logistics demand. This paper analyzes the response mechanism of the metallic structure of the quay crane induced by trolley traveling. On-site test is conducted. The time domain of crane girder acceleration signal shows that the main influence of the trolley travelling on crane structure is the high-frequency impact as it passes through the hinge point. The spectrum shows the main frequency of structure vertical vibration and impact vibration. Based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory,a numerical model of quay crane single beam structure is established. The influence of different working conditions on the dynamic response of the beam structure and effect of the centrifugal acceleration term in the dynamic equation on logistics equipment such as quay cranes is analyzed. A refined model of the whole structure including the critical parts of the structure,such as the hinge points,the rail girder and other structural geometric features is established. The trolley is simulated with simplified mass points,and the interaction between the trolley and the girder is realized by the contact between the mass and the shell elements in the dynamic analysis of the quay crane structure. The eccentric force of the rail girder is considered,and the acceleration response of the girder hinge point is calculated,which is basically consistent with the measured signal results. After calculation and analysis,the frequency spectrum of the measured acceleration signal and the calculated signal spectrum at the girder hinge point of the quay crane show that the main influence of the trolley traveling on the quay crane structure is the high-frequency impact. The influence of the impact on the surrounding structure cannot be ignored. At the same time,the displacement results of 10 measuring points on the girder of the quay crane model and the trolley show that when the trolley runs at a constant rated speed with the rated load,the front end of the girder of the quay crane produces a vertical quasi-static displacement. The displacement spectrum indicates that the trolley is mainly affected by the vertical direction forced vibration.

quay side container crane  /  trolley travelling  /  contact method between mass and shell  /  non-central force  /  dynamic response
胡雄, 董凯, 郑培, 孙志伟, 穆森. 小车运行状态下岸桥结构动力响应分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1200 -1210 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.012
Xiong HU, Kai DONG, Pei ZHENG, Zhi-wei SUN, Sen MU. Container quay crane structural dynamic response under trolley traveling[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1200 -1210 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.012
岸边集装箱起重机,简称岸桥,岸桥结构随着港口物流吞吐量的增长而不断大型化,其安全性能需要引起重视。大型岸桥的结构刚性较弱,在不断搬运集装箱的过程中,岸桥主要结构,如前后大梁、拉杆及相关零部件始终承受交变载荷,容易产生疲劳问题,从而产生裂纹。图1所示为岸桥中拉杆根部长裂纹。桥式起重机结构所受的交变应力主要来源于服役状态下的高频移动载荷。因此,小车运行所引起的结构响应是研究岸桥结构问题的重点。
国内外学者对车辆运行引起的梁结构响应做了大量研究,人们逐渐对车-桥耦合有了较为深入的了解。实验方法只能获得车-桥相互作用的综合效果,难以总结其中规律,从理论上确定在移动车辆荷载作用下桥梁的动力响应,成为了接下来需要研究的课题。现代车-桥耦合振动理论考虑更真实的车辆分析模型并将桥梁简化为多质量的有限元,同时考虑车辆的加、减速效应。
学者们对简支梁桥的车-桥共振问题的理论和实验研究己经比较系统,对其桥型也有一些研究成果。Veletsos等1将桥梁简化为具有集中质量和黏性阻尼的有限自由度梁,考虑了二维情况下车载对桥梁结构的作用。Chatterjee等2把桥梁简化为正交各向异性板和集中质量分布,分析简支梁桥上车辆刹车和其初始弹力对桥梁结构响应的影响。毛清华3对公路汽车荷载作用下的山东胜利大桥的动力响应进行了理论分析和试验研究,将斜拉桥理想化为弹性支持连续梁模型,考虑一辆汽车匀速过桥时在跨中受到高70 mm的半正弦波影响,计算出斜拉桥跨中截面弯矩反应时程曲线,得到弯矩的动态增量与实测值接近。Kawatani等4-5研究了简支梁桥在汽车作用下的非平稳随机振动,将桥梁作为一个平面系统并且考虑弯-扭耦合效应,忽略桥梁水平方向的振动,假设路面粗糙度为平稳随机过程,研究了桥梁动力响应的标准差及车辆特征对车-桥振动响应的影响。Wang等6研究了一座主跨为128 m的公路斜拉桥的车-桥耦合作用。将桥梁模拟为平面杆件系统,考虑桥梁恒载的几何非线性影响;将汽车模拟为7个自由度的3轴车辆分析模型,并考虑车辆悬挂系统的非线性;运用振型叠加法求解车-桥系统的振动响应以及冲击系数;研究表明,冲击系数随着路面粗糙度的增加而增大。此外,斜拉桥在墩底及靠近桥塔的主梁截面产生较大的冲击,而在靠近主跨跨中的主梁截面引起的冲击较小。Cheng等7和Zheng等8用修正的振动梁函数法对多跨连续桥的车耦问题进行了理论分析,又研究了车桥分离情况下桥梁结构的振动。林梅等9分析了连续桥结构在车载作用下的动态性能,模拟、讨论了车速、车型对桥梁动态响应的影响。上述研究将桥梁简化为线性系统,忽略桥面和横梁的约束,且仅考虑梁的弯曲振动,而不计梁的转动惯量和剪切变形的效应。Yang等10研究了移动车辆与桥之间的动态相互作用,通过叠加模态法,得到车-桥垂直响应的闭合解;研究结果发现,仅考虑第一阶模态就可以获得相当准确的解;桥梁的位移、速度和加速度在不同程度上受两组频率,即车辆的行驶频率和桥梁的固有频率的控制。Xia等11通过理论推导、数值模拟和实验研究了车-桥系统的谐振机理和条件,发现共振响应受跨度、总长度、桥梁的横向和垂直刚度、列车的组成以及车辆的车轴布置和固有频率的影响。Cheung等12基于拉格朗日方法,利用修正的梁的振动函数,分析了多跨度非均匀桥梁在运动车辆作用下的振动;将车辆建模为双自由度系统,并应用于车-桥耦合系统中;所有公式都以矩阵形式表示,编程简单;与有限元方法相比,该方法未知数总数少,收敛速度快。黄国平等13基于Euler梁理论分析车流下桥梁的纵向动力响应,发现车流引起的桥梁位移会对桥梁零部件造成疲劳磨损。陈上有等14用梁单元模拟桥梁,采用密贴假定及蠕滑理论处理轮轨接触关系,建立列车-桥梁-汽车耦合模型,模拟车-桥耦合振动;并针对车速、线路、轨道谱、阻尼比等因素进行多工况计算。Sahoo等15基于板壳理论利用有限元方法对汽车匀速移动下的桥梁面板的动力响应进行分析,得到桥板加筋前后的中心挠度,发现工字型加筋对桥板强度的贡献更高。Cheng等16分析车-桥系统时对比了移动载荷、移动质量及弹簧阻尼质量三种模型,认为移动载荷模型最稳定,并用改进的移动载荷法对车桥系统进行数值建模,分析不同质量及弹簧刚度下桥梁跨中的响应,简化模型在除第一共振速度以外的情况下具有较好的计算结果。
国内外对车-梁系统的动态响应研究主要以大桥结构及高速铁路为研究对象,而且绝大多数为高速铁路,以港口起重机小车与大梁为研究对象的很少,且大多以单一的梁结构为研究对象,缺少整机的结构动力学分析。目前对车-梁系统的研究方法主要有三种17-18:将车-梁系统简化为受载梁的动力学方程19-22;基于多体动力学,对实际车-梁进行三维建模分析151723-25;采用有限元建模的车-梁瞬态动力学分析26-28。基于动力学方程的分析方法多用于高速列车车辆与简单轨道结构的动力学特性分析,但在复杂梁结构的非中心受载分析方面具有一定的局限性29-31。多体动力学适合复杂结构的动力学分析,可建立梁和小车的精细化模型,并实现车-轨耦合。基于有限元车-梁耦合的瞬态动力学分析,经过简化可以建立复杂金属结构和车-梁耦合模型。
目前基于有限元理论的车-梁耦合模型的主要方法有耦合法、生死单元法和接触法。三者都是将车辆载荷简化为质量单元,不同的是耦合法将质量单元所在节点与梁单元上的节点进行耦合,在每个时间步将质量单元与梁单元的下一个节点耦合实现车辆移动;生死单元法在梁单元每个节点上布置了质量单元,以生死单元的形式模拟车辆在梁上运行;接触法在质量单元与梁单元之间建立接触单元,实现两者的相互作用32-33。由于有限元方法的精细化建模较为复杂,国内外大都以梁单元作为车-梁耦合建模的主要分析工具。而以上三种有限元车-梁分析方法也仅局限于质量单元与梁单元之间的耦合建模。本文的研究对象岸桥是一种结构较为庞大的港口物流装备。目前大型岸桥的大梁结构是形如不规则梯形的薄壁箱型梁,前、后大梁间由铰点连接,铰点处的小车轨道存在间隙。小车在大梁内侧的轨道梁上运行,因此大梁在小车运行过程中属于非中心受力。在分析车-梁相互作用时需要考虑岸桥大梁及铰点处结构的复杂性。根据岸桥结构的特殊性及载荷特性,本文用有限元板壳单元建立岸桥精细化结构模型,采用质量-板壳接触法实现小车在精细化梁上运行的建模分析,将小车简化为质量单元,利用壳单元精细化建立大梁及铰接处结构,通过接触单元模拟大梁和小车之间的相互作用。
图2所示,岸桥主结构为前后海陆侧门框,门架下悬挂前、后大梁,拉杆连接门框顶部的梯形架和前、后大梁形成平衡结构,撑杆维持海、陆侧结构的稳定性。岸桥装卸货物时,小车沿着大梁上的轨道运行,吊具通过小车上的滑轮及钢丝绳缠绕系统下放至船甲板或地面进行装卸。岸桥金属结构由细长薄壁梁组成。其中,大梁被悬挂以及拉杆支撑划分为多段梁以增加整体稳定性,因而岸桥大梁在力学模型中由几段简支梁组成。
本文首先以欧拉梁理论为基础,分析不同工况对中心受力的岸桥单梁的垂向位移的影响,以及小车离心加速度对计算结果的影响。接着,以一在役岸桥为研究对象,根据现场测试数据研究额定工况下岸桥铰点的加速度信号特征,建立岸桥整机精细化模型,分析岸桥的振动特征,对比分析小车过轨道接头时的冲击加速度的频域特征。最后,分析岸桥模型大梁上10个测点在整个工况下的位移特性,结合测点及小车的位移时域及频域信号特点,总结小车满载全速运行对岸桥结构的主要影响。
为进行长期监测,在所研究的岸桥上建立了结构健康监测系统(Structural Health Monitor,SHM)。近五年大梁铰点垂向加速度如图3所示。为了降低数据量,将加速度信号转化为有效值。由图3可见垂直振动能量逐年增加,这是长期的结构磨损所致。主梁维修保养后,导致红圈数据段中信号幅值明显降低。
有效值可以减少SHM的数据量,但它只能表示测量值的趋势,而忽略了极值。为获得结构响应的实时信号,对正常工况下的码头起重机梁进行了现场实验。岸桥大梁全长127 m,额定起重量为60 t,包含小车及吊具的满载重量为100 t。小车额定速度为4 m/s。加速度传感器安装于前、后大梁铰点区域,型号为IMI 608A11。该传感器测试垂直于地面的加速度,安装位置及方向如图4所示,在整机中的具体位置可参考图2中右边门架悬挂的位置。采样频率为2500 Hz,采样时间为60 s。图5为实测铰点垂向加速度信号时程。小车运行时垂向加速度值逐渐增大,到中间时数值最大。这是因为本文所测的位置恰巧在整个大梁结构中间,小车轨道以铰点为中点。小车的行程大致也是以铰点处为中点。当小车离铰点越来越近时,加速度传感器所测得的振动信号逐渐增大。小车轨道在铰点处有未焊接接头,信号在铰点处与相邻递增信号相比有较大冲击,该冲击会加速轨道系统零部件的磨损。
实测数据的频谱如图6所示。其中,50 Hz及其倍频的信号来源于传感器电源线的电磁干扰。岸桥铰点处的垂向振动频带主要集中在0~150 Hz。岸桥为大型金属结构,整机结构的固有频率在0~10 Hz,部件固有频率在20 Hz以内。测试结果的高频振动主要来源于岸桥工作工况下小车-轨道结构及小车运行机构中相关零部件的动载冲击及噪声。图6低频带中幅值最大的频率为1.25 Hz,且1~4 Hz范围内能量值均较高,该频率段为结构的垂向振动加速度能量带。
提取时域信号中20~30 s信号作为铰点冲击信号,0~20 s,30~60 s信号作为无铰点冲击的岸桥正常运行信号。提取信号的频谱如图7所示。小车正常运行时岸桥主要承重结构的垂向加速度的主要频段为0~5 Hz,小车经过前、后大梁时,结构振动主频率相近,其余频率的能量有明显增长。产生这一现象的主要原因是前大梁以铰点及拉杆为支撑结构,截面惯性矩比后大梁小,本身没有机房等质量较大的静载荷,因此受小车运行动载荷影响较后大梁更大。小车经过铰点时冲击能量则主要集中在100 Hz附近,冲击信号持续时间非常短,但频域上累积的能量很高,造成铰点处小车轨道接头及垫板的挤压变形和磨损。
图8(a)为轨道接头在小车经过时的高低差变化;图8(b)为轨道垫板更换现场,轨道垫板安装在轨道和轨道梁之间,起到保护轨道梁翼板的作用。图8(c)为旧垫板的挤压、磨损情况;图8(d)为轨道垫板使用后的厚度。该垫板的图纸标称厚度为7.4 mm,而使用后垫板的平均厚度为6 mm,靠近挤压边缘的最薄处达到5.4 mm。小车运行引起的动载荷使轨道梁受到疲劳压应力。冲击所产生的接头磨损使接头处小车引起的压应力增大。轨道垫板和轨道梁相继被压溃,轨道接头进一步产生高低差,增加小车经过接头时的冲击及压应力,形成恶性循环。从而加快铰点零部件及轨道接头的寿命衰退。
以Euler-Bernoulli梁模型为基础,假定小车在运行过程中与梁不分离,推得梁段在小车运行作用下的动力学方程。并利用振型叠加法求得模型的位移解。
取岸桥前、后大梁铰点以及前大梁和中拉杆铰点之间的梁段作为研究对象,见图2虚线框内部分。该梁段两端为铰接点,因此将该梁段简化为简支梁,并作为简化模型计算较为合适,小车为作用在简支梁上的移动质量。简化后,梁段的动力平衡方程可表示为:
式中  EI为梁的刚度;mmt分别为梁的单位长度质量和小车质量;c为梁结构的阻尼;x为沿梁纵向坐标值;y为梁的垂向位移值;yxt)=Σφixηit),φix)=sin(iπx/L),本文取i=1,2,…,5;δx-xt)为狄拉克函数,当括号内的值为0时,函数值为1;t为时间;v为小车运行速度;xt=vt,表示小车以指定速度运动t时间后的位置;g为重力加速度。
式(1)中等号右边为外载荷,方括号内的二阶偏导数分别表示小车所在位置大梁振动的垂向加速度、小车移动使梁的垂向速度变化引起的垂向加速度以及梁振动过程中产生的曲率使小车在垂向曲线上移动产生的离心加速度。
梁的动力平衡方程的矩阵表达式为:
式中
其中,=sin=sinsin=cos=sin(ij=1,2,…,5,表示矩阵阶数;=2/(),/为梁长,模态阻尼比=0,自振圆频率n表示振动频率的阶数。
式(2)为变系数二阶微分方程。其中质量矩阵和外力向量只与小车质量、大梁质量以及模态振型阶数有关。动力平衡方程(1)中的离心加速度项在本节计算中省略。根据岸桥实际工况,大梁载重质量包括小车、吊具、吊具上架、吊重四个部分。本节研究的工况为:小车分别以240,350,480 m/min的速度无吊重、带吊具、带载50 t和满载80 t匀速运行。其中,240 m/min为小车额定速度,350 m/min为小车最高速度,480 m/min为参考对比速度。模型的参数如表1所示。
本文采用Newmark法11求解,由表1参数计算得到的梁段跨中垂向位移结果如图9所示。计算不同载荷下小车在大梁跨中的静载工况,如表2所示,位移动态系数为动态跨中最大位移与静态跨中最大位移的比值。相比小车载重量,大梁垂向位移的动态效应对小车速度更加敏感。在岸桥小车的额定速度范围及额定载重范围内,小车的垂向惯性载荷对大梁跨中的振动影响较小。
考虑离心加速度的影响,计算3.1.1节各工况下大梁跨中位移响应。计算结果如图10所示。跨中最大位移值如表3所示。离心加速度使位移幅值增大。
在小车以超过额定速度超载运行时,离心项对位移结果的影响不超过2%。经过多次计算,计算误差远小于离心项对位移结果的影响,可忽略不计。王新敏18对离心项的影响做了计算分析。当小车速度远小于6000 m/min时,离心项对位移最大值的影响基本在3%以内,且不受小车质量影响。本文研究对象岸桥的小车额定速度为240 m/min,因此该误差可忽略不计。
对实测岸桥进行整机结构精细化建模分析。该岸桥为双梁结构,主结构为箱型梁,结构材料为Q235。小车为牵引式,满载时小车和载重共约80 t。本文用有限元商业软件ANSYS进行整机结构建模及响应分析。前、后大梁使用SHELL181单元,门腿、斜撑等金属结构使用BEAM44,PIPE16单元模拟,拉杆使用LINK10单元以避免铰点耦合产生的多自由度分析。为更好地模拟梁结构及小车载荷引起的动力响应,梁段使用SHELL181单元模拟,小车使用MASS21单元简化为4个质量点。点-线接触无法实现质量单元与壳单元之间的相互作用,本文将质量-板壳接触法应用于岸桥动力学分析中。通过在模拟大梁侧面轨道梁翼板的壳单元上建立Target170单元以及在小车质量单元上建立Contact175单元将小车运动的惯性力及质量作用到轨道梁薄壁壳单元上。对小车质量单元施加除沿轨道梁长度方向即小车运动方向以外的其他方向的自由度约束,仅在运动方向上施加位移命令实现质量单元在壳单元表面运动。整机模型及前后大梁铰点处的细节如图11所示。
计算整机空载状态下前7阶模态振型,结果如表4所示。其中前3阶为横向摆动,第4,5阶为纵向振动,第6,7阶为垂向摆动。垂向摆动的频率与实测测点垂向摆动信号的主频接近。利用ANSYS对实测岸桥进行小车运行影响下的瞬态动力学分析。忽略轨道不平顺和结构自重影响,只考虑小车及其载重对结构的影响,积分时间步长为0.0004 s。与实测位置相同的铰点处垂向加速度结果如图12所示。
计算加速度信号的频谱结果如图13所示。与实测加速度信号频谱相似,铰点加速度信号的主要能量集中在200 Hz以内。由于计算模型简化了实际岸桥结构中轨道、垫板、轨道螺栓与轨道梁的装配关系,忽略了因轨道垫板以及铰点结构零部件的磨损引起的小车经过轨道接头时的高频振动,计算冲击信号的能量比实测整体偏小。提取小车经过铰点处轨道接头的加速度计算信号冲击段并和实测信号的冲击段进行对比。时域信号对比如图14所示,计算结果和测试结果接近。
信号的形状及冲击的波峰大小相似。误差分析如表5所示。本文选择与冲击信号相关的三个指标进行计算对比。其中,幅值指相邻波峰波谷差值绝对值的最大值。峭度因子定义为随机变量的四阶中心矩除以标准差的四次幂,是无量纲因子,表示波形平缓程度,用于描述变量的分布。峰值因子是信号峰值与有效值的比值,代表的是峰值在波形中的极端程度。相对误差为绝对误差与测试值的商。计算和测试得到的频域信号的主频均为80.65 Hz,幅值为290 m/s2左右。可以看出基于质量-板壳接触法的岸桥模型对冲击信号有较准确的计算结果。可以作为岸桥结构动力学分析的参考。
利用精细化数值模型,对小车引起的岸桥结构响应进行进一步分析。岸桥大梁10个测点的位置及“垂向”“纵向”“横向”的具体说明如图15所示。
其中垂向为垂直于大梁的竖直方向,纵向为沿着大梁的水平方向即小车运行方向,横向为垂直于大梁的水平方向。有限元位移计算结果见图16~18。随着小车的移动,大梁后端的测点先产生位移,整机大梁跨中、前大梁跨中、前大梁最前端陆续产生位移响应。由于岸桥大梁结构由4个门框悬挂及6个前、后拉杆支撑,组成多段简支梁,因此前一段梁的位移响应在小车移动到下一段梁时产生反向波动。
左、右两边同测点的垂向位移大小、方向几乎相同,与实际情况相符。所有测点中,大梁海陆侧两端位移波动最大,其次是前大梁的4个测点。整机及后大梁跨中的4个测点的位移有波动但是相比其他测点波动较小。海陆两端的测点由拉杆支撑,刚性较小,前大梁跨中4个测点距离门框刚性支撑较远,垂向位移结果比距离门框更近的整机跨中及后大梁跨中测点更大。小车移动到下一梁段时,垂向位移响应的反向波动较其他两个方向的位移响应更加显著。
纵向位移由小车向前移动的惯性载荷引起,所有测点的纵向位移曲线随时间均呈大致上升趋势。左、右同测点结果相近。其中陆侧5个测点先产生纵向位移,并且幅度大于海侧5个测点,这与小车从陆侧向海侧移动的工况有关。如果小车反向移动,那么上述结果也会有相反的趋势。
横向位移结果中,左、右同测点出现大小近似、方向相反的趋势,与轨道梁处于大梁横向偏心位置有关。受偏心载荷影响,左、右测点位置结构产生扭转,形成横向位移,因此两侧位移方向相反。
各测点及小车垂向位移频谱如图1920所示。各测点位移频谱中主频均为1.43 Hz,与模态分析及现场实测的结构垂向振动信号的固有频率相近,为结构的自由振动,其余振频为主频的倍频。可以看出,基于质量-板壳接触法的岸桥结构动力学模型有较好的准确性。
小车垂向位移主振频率与各测点一致。同时从位移结果的时频图可以看出,位移信号对低频振动信息保留得更完整。因此在该机型整机正常工况下,结构在0~10 Hz的低频主振型频率为结构固有频率,小车的运行动载荷对结构振动低频段影响不大。更大的动载影响需要更高的速度和质量,这一情况不在本文的研究范围内。在10~200 Hz的高频段,大梁振动主要由小车经过轨道接头结构产生的冲击造成。
本文对小车运行状态下的岸桥结构响应进行测试及仿真计算分析,结论如下:
(1) 对某码头岸桥在工作工况下的大梁铰点处的加速度响应进行现场实测。测试时域信号显示了小车经过铰点处会产生高频冲击。频域信号则表明岸桥结构的垂向加速度主频段在0~150 Hz。通过分段分析得到高频冲击的频率在100~150 Hz。
(2) 建立岸桥无铰点单梁结构模型。根据岸桥实际工况及小车不同运行状态,计算单梁跨中垂向加速度。计算结果表明,小车对无铰点大梁的垂向位移响应的动态系数在1.03左右,动态效应不大。动力学方程中,忽略小车的离心加速度项产生的误差小于2%,该项对岸桥这类物流装备的动力学响应的影响不大。
(3) 利用板壳单元建立实测岸桥的精细化模型,将质量单元与板壳单元的接触理论应用于岸桥结构动力学分析中。经对比,测点位置加速度响应的幅值、峭度因子和峰值因子计算值与测试值的相对误差均在4%以内,符合实测情况。计算结果表明,在工作工况下,岸桥结构的垂向加速度响应主要受小车经过铰点的高频冲击的影响,频率在100 Hz左右。
(4) 提取整机模型中大梁10个测点及小车的位移响应。计算得到的位移时域信号显示,小车运行时,岸桥结构的垂向位移响应大于另外两个方向的位移响应,最大幅值在150 mm左右。横向位移响应表明小车对大梁产生偏心载荷,幅值小于20 mm。位移结果的频域信号表明,在小车以额定速度运行时,结构的位移响应是准静态的。小车对岸桥结构位移响应的动态影响较小。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(62073213)
  • 上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(19511105002)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.012
  • 接收时间:2022-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-14
  • 修回日期:2022-10-04
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(62073213)
上海市科学技术委员会科研计划项目(19511105002)
作者信息
    上海海事大学物流工程学院,上海 201306

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董 凯(1991―),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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