Article(id=1228634266637107409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665504000000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-12, revisedDate=1669478400000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858836086, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858836086, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858836086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858836086, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1151, endPage=1160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634266846822614, articleId=1228634266637107409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Statistical linearization method for nonlinear system of FOWT under coupled wave excitation and its application in vibration control, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem that the existing analysis methods for the floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) cannot efficiently predict the random dynamic response when considering the nonlinear coupling model,a fast calculation method of the random response of the FOWT nonlinear system under coupled wave excitation based on the statistical linearization algorithm is proposed,and its application in the vibration control of FOWT is studied. Taking the Spar FOWT as the object,a nonlinear model under the wave coupling excitation of 4-DOF is established based on the Lagrange equation,and the accuracy of the model is verified. On the basis of the established nonlinear model,a random vibration analysis method for this Spar FOWT based on statistical linearization algorithm is proposed,and the method is verified in many aspects. The results show that the method can improve the calculation efficiency by 4~5 orders of magnitude and has sufficient accuracy. The method is applied to the vibration control of the FOWT. The optimization of the control parameters and performance analysis of the FOWT under the control of TMD are efficiently realized,and the optimal control parameters of TMD are obtained. It is found that the vibration control effect of TMD on the FOWT tends to decrease gradually with an increase of the sea state level. In general,the proposed method has high accuracy,high efficiency and generality in different sea conditions,and also provides an efficient analysis method for the design optimization,fatigue analysis,reliability analysis and other research based on statistical characteristics of FOWT.

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针对海上浮式风机既有分析方法难以高效率地预测其随机动力响应这一问题,提出了一种基于统计线性化算法的波浪耦合作用下浮式风机非线性系统的随机响应快速计算方法,并对其在浮式风机振动控制中的应用进行了研究。以Spar型海上浮式风机为对象,基于拉格朗日方程建立了其4-DOF的波浪耦合作用下的非线性模型,并验证了所建模型的准确性。在所建立的非线性模型基础上,提出了基于统计线性化算法的Spar型浮式风机随机振动分析方法,并从多方面对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法能将计算效率提升4,5个数量级,且具有足够精度。将该方法应用于浮式风机振动控制中,高效率地实现受TMD控制下的风机的控制参数优化和性能分析,得到了TMD的最优控制参数,发现TMD对浮式风机的振动控制效果有随海况等级的提高逐步降低的趋势。所提出方法兼具高精度、高效率和在不同海况下的普适性,同时也为海上浮式风机的设计优化、疲劳分析、可靠性验算等基于统计特性的研究提供了一种高效的分析方法。

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李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:

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李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:

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Properties of the selected sea states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海况编号等效高度/m峰值周期/s海况等级
10.092.0
20.674.8
31.406.5
42.448.1
53.669.7
64.0010.5
75.4911.3
88.0012.5
99.1413.6
1015.2417.0
), ArticleFig(id=1228634307833561737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634266637107409, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海况及特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海况编号等效高度/m峰值周期/s海况等级
10.092.0
20.674.8
31.406.5
42.448.1
53.669.7
64.0010.5
75.4911.3
88.0012.5
99.1413.6
1015.2417.0
), ArticleFig(id=1228634307925836428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634266637107409, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Optimal control parameters under different sea states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海况TMD质量/kgTMD阻尼/(N·s·m‒1)TMD刚度/(N·m‒1)减震效果/%
110500421110644060.03
210500441910413841.23
310500442810409928.53
410500443210406320.80
), ArticleFig(id=1228634307997139598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634266637107409, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各海况下的最优控制参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海况TMD质量/kgTMD阻尼/(N·s·m‒1)TMD刚度/(N·m‒1)减震效果/%
110500421110644060.03
210500441910413841.23
310500442810409928.53
410500443210406320.80
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波浪耦合作用下浮式风机非线性系统的统计线性化方法及其在振动控制中的应用
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李书进 , 李逸飞 , 韩仁杰
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1151-1160
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1151-1160
波浪耦合作用下浮式风机非线性系统的统计线性化方法及其在振动控制中的应用
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李书进 , 李逸飞, 韩仁杰
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 李书进(1967—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:

Statistical linearization method for nonlinear system of FOWT under coupled wave excitation and its application in vibration control
Shu-jin LI , Yi-fei LI, Ren-jie HAN
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.007
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针对海上浮式风机既有分析方法难以高效率地预测其随机动力响应这一问题,提出了一种基于统计线性化算法的波浪耦合作用下浮式风机非线性系统的随机响应快速计算方法,并对其在浮式风机振动控制中的应用进行了研究。以Spar型海上浮式风机为对象,基于拉格朗日方程建立了其4-DOF的波浪耦合作用下的非线性模型,并验证了所建模型的准确性。在所建立的非线性模型基础上,提出了基于统计线性化算法的Spar型浮式风机随机振动分析方法,并从多方面对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法能将计算效率提升4,5个数量级,且具有足够精度。将该方法应用于浮式风机振动控制中,高效率地实现受TMD控制下的风机的控制参数优化和性能分析,得到了TMD的最优控制参数,发现TMD对浮式风机的振动控制效果有随海况等级的提高逐步降低的趋势。所提出方法兼具高精度、高效率和在不同海况下的普适性,同时也为海上浮式风机的设计优化、疲劳分析、可靠性验算等基于统计特性的研究提供了一种高效的分析方法。

随机响应  /  非线性耦合模型  /  海上浮式风机  /  统计线性化  /  振动控制

Aiming at the problem that the existing analysis methods for the floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) cannot efficiently predict the random dynamic response when considering the nonlinear coupling model,a fast calculation method of the random response of the FOWT nonlinear system under coupled wave excitation based on the statistical linearization algorithm is proposed,and its application in the vibration control of FOWT is studied. Taking the Spar FOWT as the object,a nonlinear model under the wave coupling excitation of 4-DOF is established based on the Lagrange equation,and the accuracy of the model is verified. On the basis of the established nonlinear model,a random vibration analysis method for this Spar FOWT based on statistical linearization algorithm is proposed,and the method is verified in many aspects. The results show that the method can improve the calculation efficiency by 4~5 orders of magnitude and has sufficient accuracy. The method is applied to the vibration control of the FOWT. The optimization of the control parameters and performance analysis of the FOWT under the control of TMD are efficiently realized,and the optimal control parameters of TMD are obtained. It is found that the vibration control effect of TMD on the FOWT tends to decrease gradually with an increase of the sea state level. In general,the proposed method has high accuracy,high efficiency and generality in different sea conditions,and also provides an efficient analysis method for the design optimization,fatigue analysis,reliability analysis and other research based on statistical characteristics of FOWT.

random response  /  nonlinear coupling model  /  floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT)  /  statistical linearization  /  vibration control
李书进, 李逸飞, 韩仁杰. 波浪耦合作用下浮式风机非线性系统的统计线性化方法及其在振动控制中的应用. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1151 -1160 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.007
Shu-jin LI, Yi-fei LI, Ren-jie HAN. Statistical linearization method for nonlinear system of FOWT under coupled wave excitation and its application in vibration control[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1151 -1160 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.007
海上漂浮式风机是随着海上风电的快速发展,为获取深海更丰富、更持久的风能,同时规避陆上和近海风机对环境和视觉的影响而提出的一种风力发电装置,由于受周边环境影响小,适合大规模开发,已成为当今风能发展的重要方向1。海上浮式风机位处深远海,根据不同海域条件有多种结构形式2,一般由浮式平台、塔架、风机和系泊系统等部分构成,是一种复杂的多体系统。
浮式风机受荷复杂,在风、浪、流等激励下具有复杂的动力特性,存在大幅度摇荡和多因素形成的振动。这些振动不仅对风机部件寿命和整体安全性带来影响,而且还会使风机的功率产生波动,导致电力输出的不稳定3。因此,对浮式风机的动力特性进行深入研究并对其振动进行有效的抑制对于保证风机安全、经济、可靠地运行和电力的稳定输出具有极其重要的价值和意义,是目前浮式风机研究中的一个热点。
在浮式风机振动控制的研究过程中,研究者根据其结构特点,所用风机模型有简化的线性模型或复杂的非线性耦合模型4-6,其中非线性耦合模型由于考虑了部件之间的相互作用和几何非线性效应,以及部件与载荷之间的耦合效应,因而能全面反映风机系统的复杂运动和力学特性7-9,对于浮式风机的精准计算和控制研究更具优势和意义。不过,由于非线性耦合模型建模精细、复杂,实际应用中存在计算成本过高的问题,特别是浮式风机的动力时程分析,即使单一工况也需较长的计算时间。这在考虑风、浪等激励的随机性,进行风机振动控制策略以及最优控制参数分析时就会因计算量过大而难以得到应用,因此急需寻找一种针对浮式风机非线性耦合模型的高效、精准的计算方法。
本文即是在以上背景下展开研究的,提出了一种针对浮式风机非线性耦合模型的统计线性化方法10对风机响应计算进行高效处理,并对该方法在风机振动控制中的应用进行研究。事实上,作为一种经过多年发展的可用于复杂非线性系统随机响应计算的高效率工具,统计线性化方法在海洋结构中已有所应用11-12,在浮式风机随机动力响应预测上也有报道13-14。不过在这些研究中,系统的结构模型基本上采用的是简化的线性模型,只是考虑了水动力和气动力与结构耦合产生的非线性项,对于计入结构自身非线性的浮式风机统计线性化方法国内外还没有较深入的研究。这种模型在激励小,系统响应不大时是可行的,但当激励较大,风机转动和平动过大时,该计算方法就会存在不可忽略的误差,具有局限性。
由于浮式风机所处环境复杂,在不同工况下有多种受荷模式,如静力、纯风、纯浪以及风-浪联合激励等,考虑到本研究的复杂性,这里先仅对波浪耦合作用下的海上浮式风机非线性系统的统计线性化方法进行探讨,并以目前研究较多的Spar型浮式风机为对象对该方法进行分析和验证。需要说明的是,本文所提方法不仅仅只用于风机的振动控制,对其他需要进行大量数值模拟分析的问题,如风机的选址、结构设计优化、可靠性分析以及构件的疲劳分析等均不失为一种强有力的计算工具。
以Spar型浮式风机作为本文的研究对象,以其4-DOF的耦合模型(如图1所示)为例展开研究。四个自由度分别是平台的纵荡(Surge,)、垂荡(Heave,)、纵摇(Pitch,)及塔架顶端的前后振动(Fore-aft vibration,)。图1分别表示风机和平台的重心;为未扰动状态下平台的干表面高度;其他变量在后续推导过程中描述。
该模型考虑塔架的弹性变形,并按一体化的建模方式考虑子结构间的非线性耦合。不失一般性,建模过程中做如下简化:
(1)假设平台为刚体,塔架为弹性悬臂梁,忽略塔架轴向变形,并仅考虑其一阶振动;
(2)忽略塔架振动导致的顶部额外转角;
(3)塔顶以上的风机部分简化为集中质量集成于结构。
图1所示,引入全局坐标系和局部坐标系两个笛卡尔坐标系来描述Spar型浮式风机系统的运动。全局坐标系位于牛顿(广义)参考系中,其原点位于风机静止时平台纵轴与静水水面(横轴)的交点,用于建立浮式风机系统的运动方程;局部坐标系随平台参考系运动,其初始原点与的原点重合,用于描述浮式风机的几何特性和相对位移。
海上浮式风机漂浮于海面,缺乏与海底的刚性连接,相较于固定式风机在服役期间会产生更大的转动和平动,使得各子结构的重心位置发生较大变化,几何非线性明显,属于复杂的非线性耦合时变系统。采用拉格朗日方程对该模型进行推导,该方法基于变分原理通过结构动能和势能的广义微分表达式建立结构的控制方程,如下式所示:
式中  分别表示系统的广义动能和广义势能;表示在第自由度上施加的激励。
全局坐标系下图1所示平台和风机重心以及塔架的位置矢量分别如下:
式中  分别为平台重心和风机重心位置矢量;为弹性塔架高度处的位置矢量;为平台平动矢量,如下式所示:
为坐标转换矩阵:
分别表示平台重心、风机重心以及塔架高度处在局部坐标系的位置矢量,表达式分别为:
式中  分别对应未扰动状态下平台重心和风机重心与静止水平面的高差; 为归一化的塔架一阶振型形状函数9
基于所获取的结构广义运动表达式便可进一步确定各子系统的广义能量,计算过程中所需速度矢量可由位置矢量对时间求导得到,即:
平台的转动角速度则为:
系统的广义动能T由平台、塔架和风机的动能之和组成,其中平台动能包括平动和转动动能,表达式为:
广义势能V则由系统的重力势能和塔架的弹性势能构成,具体为:
式中  mpJp分别表示平台的质量和转动惯量;分别表示塔架和风机重心的全局速度矢量;Nt,Δhhn分别表示塔架的总单元数量、单元长度和第n段单元的重心高度;分别表示第n段分布式塔架单元的均布质量和其重心的全局位置矢量;mwt为风机质量;g为重力加速度;表示全局坐标系z轴,表示全局坐标系下的坐标矢量在z轴方向上的投影;为第n段分布式塔架单元的抗侧刚度。
将式(12)和(13)代入式(1)可得到4-DOF的Spar型海上浮式风机非线性耦合模型,经整理如下:
式中  表示系统各自由度方向上的位移列向量;为系统阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;为系统所受外激励;分别为系统的质量矩阵、重力向量和非线性附加力向量,由拉格朗日方程导出,表达式如下:
式中  为结构特征参数,表达式如下:
浮式风机系统的外激励比较复杂,主要有静水力、系泊力、水动力和气动力等,本文先只探讨水动力下的耦合作用,此时系统激励为:
式中  为由浮力产生的静水力;为系泊系统产生的系泊力;为水动力。因后续研究需要,这里对水动力进行稍详细的介绍,静水力与系泊力则通过初始力和附加线性刚度的方式进行处理15
根据线性势流理论和Morison方程16,浮式风机的水动力可表示为:
式中  β为入射波相对于风机朝向的方位角;为Morison方程的附加阻尼矩阵;为水动力的附加质量矩阵;是由多个不同频率的非规则海浪力叠加而成的随机激励,基于Airy波理论可以通过随机过程表达如下17-18
式中 下标表示该参数对应于非规则海浪的第分量;为海浪分量的数量,其中分别为海浪分量截止频率和频率间隔;表示海浪的第分量频率;为均匀随机分布于[0,2π]的随机相位角;为归一化表示的海浪力,它与海浪的频率ω、入射角β和平台的形状相关;为单侧Pierson-Moskowitz(P-M)谱17,其表达式为:
式中  Hs为海浪的有效波高;p=Tp/(2π)和Tp分别对应于海浪峰值频率和周期。
另外,式(20)中为Morison方程表示的黏滞水动力,由于平台表面流体颗粒速度沿深度方向非线性分布,可将作用于平台湿表面的耦合黏滞水动力沿深度方向离散为Nz段进行计算后求和,即:
式中  CD为Morison方程中的归一化黏阻系数;Nz=Lsp/z为非线性水动力的分段单元总数,Lspz分别为平台的湿表面长度和离散单元的分段长度;Dzm)表示位于zm深度处的平台截面直径;vzmt)表示深度zm处的水粒子与平台表面的相对速度,其表达式为:
式中  vwavezmt)为深度zm处的水粒子速度,使用谱表现法对其进行模拟17-18
式中  表示对应于频率的海浪分量的波速幅值:
式中  dsb为海床深度;为波数,通过隐式频散关系进行确定15
结合式(19)和(20),并将与系统运动相关的线性激励分别转换为线性质量、阻尼和刚度矩阵代入,则式(14)可转化为以下形式:
式中  为静水等效刚度矩阵,考虑了在结构运动过程中排水量变化导致的浮力变化以及结构运动导致的浮心变化;为线性系泊等效刚度矩阵,可由中心差分扰动的数值方法获得;为无扰动情况下浮式风机所受的浮力和系泊力。
基于以上建立的浮式风机非线性运动方程,可以使用数值算法在时域中对其进行求解。另外,结构的随机响应也可以通过Monte Carlo模拟低效率地求得(相对于本文算法)。
为提高计算效率、减少计算成本,本节将使用统计线性化方法对浮式风机非线性耦合模型进行处理,然后基于谱密度转化法和维纳-辛钦公式建立系统的频域运动方程,最后迭代求解获取该系统的统计响应特性。
假定系统响应分布符合零均值高斯分布,通过统计线性化处理可将浮式风机非线性耦合模型转化为如下的等效线性运动方程:
式中  分别为转化后的等效质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵、刚度矩阵和外激励矩阵,其中:
式中  分别是由非线性附加力转化而来的等效质量、等效阻尼、等效刚度矩阵和由非线性水动力转化来的等效阻尼矩阵,可通过统计线性化方法得到10,即:
式中  表示数学期望;分别表示的雅可比矩阵。
式(27)中的恒定力三力近乎平衡,在频域计算中可忽略其对系统响应的影响,结合式(32)~(35)中对非线性附加力的线性化,等效线性系统所受外力为:
由于浮式风机运动方程中包含多个自由度之间非线性耦合的多项式,在应用统计线性化方法的过程中涉及到这些多项式的期望求解,为解决该问题,假定所考虑的四个自由度符合联合高斯分布,引入多维概率密度函数的广义表达式如下:
式中  表示的维数;中各项的协方差矩阵;中的对应元素。
将由拉格朗日方程获得的非线性附加力(式(17))与式(32)~(34)相结合,并通过上述多维联合概率密度函数求得耦合非线性项的期望函数,进一步地得到非线性附加力转化而来的等效线性矩阵如下:
式中  为响应的标准差,其下标表示对应的自由度;表示两自由度响应之间的相关系数。
将式(23)代入式(35),可获得非线性水动力的等效阻尼矩阵
结合式(24),流固相对速度绝对值的期望为:
式中  为波速标准差,结合式(26)可表示为:
将获取的等效线性项(式(38)~(41))代入式(28),可以得到浮式风机的等效线性运动方程。由于等效线性方程中存在未知的响应二阶矩,可通过响应谱密度转化法18建立关于响应二阶矩的隐式方程。
为表现等效线性参数与统计响应特性之间的隐式关系,引入谱密度转化法建立非线性浮式风机系统的等效频域动力平衡关系。
对式(28)进行傅里叶变换可以得到对应频域的运动方程:
在此基础上可以得到系统的复频响函数,建立系统所受激励与响应之间的关系:
进一步,系统的平稳响应谱密度可以通过维纳-辛钦公式获取,如下式:
式中  表示共轭转置;分别表示响应谱密度矩阵和激励谱密度矩阵;为由波浪力的归一化系数组成的调制矩阵。
基于响应谱密度,系统随机响应的协方差表示为:
式中  的上、下标分别表示相应的响应对时间求导的阶数和对应的自由度;中的元素。
联立式(44)~(47)便可获得结构的统计响应特性,为此本文采取迭代法对方程组进行求解。
基于统计线性化的系统随机动力响应迭代求解过程如图2所示,通常需要5~10次迭代完成收敛,耗时约0.01 s;图中q为迭代变量的协方差;q0为协方差初值。
以文献[15]中美国国家可再生能源实验室(NERL)给出的OC3-Hywind Spar型浮式风机为例对所提方法进行验证。该平台搭载5 MW基准风力发电机,具体参数见文献[1519]。
算例选用的海况及对应的特征值20表1所示,海浪的模拟将基于单侧P-M浪高谱进行。为覆盖平台的超低频振动(<0.2 rad/s)和捕捉塔架的高频振动,海浪样本的时间长度和时间间隔选为2000 s和0.1 s。考虑到海浪的能量分布特性,模拟用起始频率,截止频率,频率间隔
将所提方法(Proposed Method,PM)的计算结果与Monte Carlo模拟(MCS)结果进行对比,并以目前得到广泛应用的FAST仿真结果为基准,验证本文所提方法的准确性和高效性,部分结果如图3所示。
可以看出,在浮式风机随机响应计算方面,所提方法与Monte Carlo模拟吻合良好,证明了将统计线性化方法用于浮式风机非线性耦合系统随机响应分析中的可行性。同时,从图3中可以看到,除塔架顶部振动的预测与FAST仿真有少许的误差外(因其顶部风机结构的简化引起),其他自由度方向的结果与FAST基本一致,表明了本文所建4-DOF的Spar型浮式风机非线性耦合模型的准确性。
计算用时方面,算例中每个海况模拟1000条海浪样本进行计算,FAST耗时约30000 s,Monte Carlo模拟耗时约4000 s,本文所提方法无需进行繁琐的样本计算,耗时仅0.038~0.144 s,计算效率提升了4,5个数量级,显示了该方法较高的计算效率,达到本文的研究目标。
以浮式风机的振动控制为例展示本文方法的优越性和便捷性,结构振动控制参数较多,特别是控制参数的取值对减振性能的影响分析往往需要大量的计算。算例所用控制装置为传统的调谐质量阻尼器(TMD),对象仍是上节的OC3-Hywind Spar型浮式风机。
对TMD在浮式风机中的安装位置研究较多的是平台和机舱两个地方,分别用于对平台结构和塔架的振动控制。由于浮式风机平台结构的超低频特性,置于平台的TMD装置难以达到理想的控制效果。而频率相对较高的塔架更容易被波浪激发,进而导致塔基的疲劳效应以及上部风机装置的加速损耗,影响风机的安全运营,因此对其振动进行控制更具意义,本算例将对这一方式进行探讨。
置于机舱内部的TMD工作示意图如图4所示,定义TMD质量块的滑动方向为自由度,原点位于质量块静止时的质心。以TMD质量、刚度和阻尼描述TMD的特性,基于广义坐标描述TMD的运动,并使用拉格朗日方程获得TMD的动力平衡方程,将其与风机系统的运动方程联立可得到受控浮式风机的运动方程,具体过程可参考文献[21]。
TMD的参数,如质量、刚度和阻尼对主体结构的减振性能影响很大。一般TMD的质量越大,减振效果就越好,不过鉴于机舱对附加质量的敏感性,本算例取TMD质量为(质量比约为3%)。对于TMD的刚度,研究表明当TMD的频率调谐至结构某个振型频率附近时其对该振型反应的控制效果最佳,但与一般工程结构不同,浮式风机属于多体系统,各子结构间相互耦合,频率组成复杂,TMD自身频率和阻尼对减振性能的影响要复杂得多,特别是考虑非线性耦合的浮式风机模型,由于计算量巨大而鲜有报道,而本文所提方法的高计算效率使得该研究成为可能。
图5为使用本文方法计算得到的本算例TMD刚度和阻尼与塔架在不同海况下的控制效果关系图。计算中TMD的刚度依据塔架自振频率(约3.278 rad/s)在范围内变化,阻尼的变化范围取,海况则选用了中、低级别的1~4级。图5中的半透明平面为对应海况下无控时的结构响应,从中可以清晰地看出塔顶加速度标准差随TMD刚度和阻尼的变化趋势,并且可以明显地看到控制系统所处的最优控制参数区域,也有参数选择不当导致的响应放大区域。经进一步细化计算,得到的各海况下本算例的最优控制参数及减振情况如表2所示。从表2中可以看到,TMD对浮式风机的振动控制效果有随海况等级的提高逐步降低的趋势,不过对高海况等级依旧有不错的控制效果(减震效果>20%)。
图6给出了浮式风机在1级海况和4级海况下最优TMD控制(Best-TMD)与无控(Non-TMD)时的塔顶加速度响应时程对比。另外,图7给出了其响应谱密度函数(PSD),以从频率域了解基于本文方法得到的风机振动控制情况,同时给出了蒙特卡罗模拟对比结果。可以看到,本文所提方法(PM)得到的PSD与MCS结果高度一致,证实了该方法运用于TMD控制参数分析的有效性与精确性。从图7中还可以看出,低级海况(海况1)时,浮式风机激励不大,响应的能量集中于塔架自振频段(约3.278 rad/s),在最优参数TMD控制下,浮式风机的响应谱密度函数峰值大幅减小,且由单峰变为了双峰(见图7(a)),取得了非常好的控制效果(达60%);而如图7(b)所示的中级海况(海况4)下,随着海浪波高的增加,对风机的激励增强,浮式风机的非线性程度增大,塔架响应能量分布逐渐呈现出多峰、宽频带的特点,虽然对应的TMD最优参数有一定改变,但减振效果相较于低级海况明显减弱,见表2图6所示。
值得一提的是本文方法超高的计算效率,在本算例中,表2所示的参数优化过程包含200个连续的刚度参数和200个连续的阻尼参数对应的响应计算,加上后续的二次细化,共计4万多个工况,计算耗时仅314 s,平均单个工况所需时间不到0.01 s。
基于统计线性化过程提出了一种用于波浪耦合作用下海上浮式风机非线性系统的随机振动分析方法,并运用此方法高效率地实现了受TMD控制下的海上浮式风机控制参数分析与优化,主要结论如下:
(1)建立了4-DOF的Spar型海上浮式风机波浪耦合作用下的非线性模型,通过与FAST仿真结果对比验证了所建模型的准确性。
(2)提出了一种基于统计线性化算法的波浪耦合作用下浮式风机非线性系统的随机响应快速计算方法,并通过与耦合模型和FAST的计算结果对比,对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法将计算效率提升了4,5个数量级。
(3)对该方法在浮式风机的振动控制进行了应用研究,结果表明该方法能高效率地实现受TMD控制下的风机控制参数优化和性能分析,得到了TMD的最优控制参数。
(4)TMD对本文Spar型浮式风机的振动控制效果有随海况等级的提高逐步降低的趋势。
(5)所提方法可以快速获取海上浮式风机的随机动力特性,具有较为广阔的应用前景。
当然,由于浮式风机模型的复杂性,该方法作为一种尝试,文中仅探讨了波浪激励这一工况,且模型中未考虑桨叶旋转、桨距控制等方面,还有待进一步的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378313)
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.007
  • 接收时间:2022-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-12
  • 修回日期:2022-11-27
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378313)
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    武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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