Article(id=1228634263743033921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667923200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-09, revisedDate=1674057600000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858835396, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858835396, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858835396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858835396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1107, endPage=1114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634263994692163, articleId=1228634263743033921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Finite-element model updating and parameter sensitivity research of high-rise guyed mast, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the measured acceleration response under Typhoon Kompasu,the modal parameters of the 356 m Shenzhen Meteorological Gradient Tower (SMGT) are identified. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ),which is a fast and elitist genetic algorithm,is applied to update the finite element (FE) model of SMGT. The results show that the vibration modes of SMGT are very dense,and the involvement of cable vibration modes is obvious. The fundamental frequencies of SMGT in X and Y directions are 0.614 Hz and 0.603 Hz,respectively,and the damping ratio of the first 3 order bending modes are about 1%~2%. The tower density and cable elastic modulus have a significant effect on the modal frequency and mode shape of SMGT,the lineic mass of high-rise cable and tower elastic modulus also have a certain influence,while the cable tension has a relatively low influence on the modes of SMGT. The wind-induced response of the updating FE model is higher than that of initial model,and closer to the actual measurement,which verifies the accuracy of the updating FE model.

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基于台风“圆规”激励下的实测加速度响应识别了深圳356 m高气象梯度观测塔的模态参数,结合带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA⁃Ⅱ)对气象塔有限元模型进行修正。结果表明:气象塔模态非常密集,且纤绳模态的参与程度较为显著。气象塔X向和Y向的基频分别为0.614 Hz和0.603 Hz,其前3阶弯曲模态阻尼比在1%~2%之间。塔身密度、纤绳弹模对塔身模态频率和振型有显著影响,高层纤绳的线质量和塔身弹模对其也有一定影响,但纤绳张力的影响较低。气象塔有限元模型修正后的风致响应高于修正前,并更接近实测结果,验证了修正模型的准确性。

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余先锋(1985―),男,博士,讲师。电话:(020)87110615;E-mail:
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刘慕广(1981—),男,博士,副教授。电话:(020)87110615;E-mail:

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articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Acceleration RMS at X-direction, figureFileSmall=Soh+N4+M2UUziLGxss8LlQ==, figureFileBig=JbN4Q/hCzNFk+LJcENIJ6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634278993522727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=图13, caption=X向加速度均方根, figureFileSmall=Soh+N4+M2UUziLGxss8LlQ==, figureFileBig=JbN4Q/hCzNFk+LJcENIJ6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228634279064825900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of rope

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纤绳锚固高度/m设计张力/kN线质量/(kg‧m-1)
653779.2
1301729.2
19553118.0
26029810.2
33050021.3
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279157100594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纤绳设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纤绳锚固高度/m设计张力/kN线质量/(kg‧m-1)
653779.2
1301729.2
19553118.0
26029810.2
33050021.3
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279261958198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

North⁃south rope frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚固高度/m模态频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶4阶5阶
1300.3560.704
1950.3540.708
2600.2310.4610.6920.923
3300.1850.3690.5570.7390.925
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279396175936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

南北向纤绳频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锚固高度/m模态频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶4阶5阶
1300.3560.704
1950.3540.708
2600.2310.4610.6920.923
3300.1850.3690.5570.7390.925
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279501033546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Frequency and modal of mast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态特征模态频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶
X向弯曲0.7250.7580.898
Y向弯曲0.7190.7430.883
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279576531024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

塔身频率与模态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态特征模态频率/Hz
1阶2阶3阶
X向弯曲0.7250.7580.898
Y向弯曲0.7190.7430.883
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279660417110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

FE and measured modal comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数实测频率f/Hz阻尼比频率误差/%振型MAC
X向1阶0.6140.020918.080.72
X向2阶0.7280.01144.120.67
X向3阶0.8370.01017.290.72
Y向1阶0.6030.013719.240.70
Y向2阶0.7130.01674.210.68
Y向3阶0.8220.01137.420.74
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279731720281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

有限元与实测模态对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶数实测频率f/Hz阻尼比频率误差/%振型MAC
X向1阶0.6140.020918.080.72
X向2阶0.7280.01144.120.67
X向3阶0.8370.01017.290.72
Y向1阶0.6030.013719.240.70
Y向2阶0.7130.01674.210.68
Y向3阶0.8220.01137.420.74
), ArticleFig(id=1228634279941435490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Initial values and variation ranges of parameters

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参数初始值变化范围
Et/GPa206[160, 230]
ρ/(kg‧m-3)7890[7101, 8679]
ρ3/(kg‧m-1)18[15.3, 20.7]
ρ4/(kg‧m-1)10.2[8.7, 11.7]
ρ5/(kg‧m-1)21.3[18.1, 24.5]
F3/kN531[431, 631]
F4/kN298[198, 398]
F5/kN500[400, 600]
Er/GPa185[150, 200]
), ArticleFig(id=1228634280050487400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

修正参数初始值与变化范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数初始值变化范围
Et/GPa206[160, 230]
ρ/(kg‧m-3)7890[7101, 8679]
ρ3/(kg‧m-1)18[15.3, 20.7]
ρ4/(kg‧m-1)10.2[8.7, 11.7]
ρ5/(kg‧m-1)21.3[18.1, 24.5]
F3/kN531[431, 631]
F4/kN298[198, 398]
F5/kN500[400, 600]
Er/GPa185[150, 200]
), ArticleFig(id=1228634280130179183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Variation of parameters after updating

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数修正值(变化率)参数修正值(变化率)
Et/GPa214(3.9%)ρ/(kg‧m-3)8006(1.5%)
ρ3/(kg‧m-1)16.6(-7.8%)F3/kN461(-13.2%)
ρ4/(kg‧m-1)9.6(-5.9%)F4/kN266(-10.7%)
ρ5/(kg‧m-1)24.3(14.1%)F5/kN420(-16.0%)
Er/GPa157(-15.1%)
), ArticleFig(id=1228634280226648179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

修正后参数的变化

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参数修正值(变化率)参数修正值(变化率)
Et/GPa214(3.9%)ρ/(kg‧m-3)8006(1.5%)
ρ3/(kg‧m-1)16.6(-7.8%)F3/kN461(-13.2%)
ρ4/(kg‧m-1)9.6(-5.9%)F4/kN266(-10.7%)
ρ5/(kg‧m-1)24.3(14.1%)F5/kN420(-16.0%)
Er/GPa157(-15.1%)
), ArticleFig(id=1228634280306339962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Modal comparison between FE model updating and measured data

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模态频率/Hz误差/%振型MAC
阶数特性有限元实测
X向1阶弯曲0.6400.6144.230.95
X向2阶弯曲0.6930.728-4.810.93
X向3阶弯曲0.8350.837-0.240.95
Y向1阶弯曲0.6350.6035.310.95
Y向2阶弯曲0.6800.713-4.630.94
Y向3阶弯曲0.8200.822-0.240.96
), ArticleFig(id=1228634280398614654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228634263743033921, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

修正后模型模态与实测数据对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态频率/Hz误差/%振型MAC
阶数特性有限元实测
X向1阶弯曲0.6400.6144.230.95
X向2阶弯曲0.6930.728-4.810.93
X向3阶弯曲0.8350.837-0.240.95
Y向1阶弯曲0.6350.6035.310.95
Y向2阶弯曲0.6800.713-4.630.94
Y向3阶弯曲0.8200.822-0.240.96
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桅杆结构有限元模型修正与参数敏感性研究
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刘慕广 1, 2 , 乔磊 1 , 王雷 3 , 余先锋 1 , 张春生 4 , 谢壮宁 1 , 张丽 4
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1107-1114
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1107-1114
桅杆结构有限元模型修正与参数敏感性研究
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刘慕广1, 2 , 乔磊1, 王雷3, 余先锋1 , 张春生4, 谢壮宁1, 张丽4
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学土木与交通学院, 广东 广州 510641
  • 2亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室, 广东 广州 510641
  • 3广东省交通规划设计研究院集团股份有限公司, 广东 广州 510507
  • 4深圳市国家气候观象台, 广东 深圳 518040
  • 刘慕广(1981—),男,博士,副教授。电话:(020)87110615;E-mail:

通讯作者:

余先锋(1985―),男,博士,讲师。电话:(020)87110615;E-mail:
Finite-element model updating and parameter sensitivity research of high-rise guyed mast
Mu-guang LIU1, 2 , Lei QIAO1, Lei WANG3, Xian-feng YU1 , Chun-sheng ZHANG4, Zhuang-ning XIE1, Li ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Engineering & Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Guangzhou 510641, China
  • 3Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510507, China
  • 4Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Shenzhen 518040, China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.003
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基于台风“圆规”激励下的实测加速度响应识别了深圳356 m高气象梯度观测塔的模态参数,结合带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA⁃Ⅱ)对气象塔有限元模型进行修正。结果表明:气象塔模态非常密集,且纤绳模态的参与程度较为显著。气象塔X向和Y向的基频分别为0.614 Hz和0.603 Hz,其前3阶弯曲模态阻尼比在1%~2%之间。塔身密度、纤绳弹模对塔身模态频率和振型有显著影响,高层纤绳的线质量和塔身弹模对其也有一定影响,但纤绳张力的影响较低。气象塔有限元模型修正后的风致响应高于修正前,并更接近实测结果,验证了修正模型的准确性。

模型修正  /  风振响应  /  桅杆  /  模态识别  /  实测

Based on the measured acceleration response under Typhoon Kompasu,the modal parameters of the 356 m Shenzhen Meteorological Gradient Tower (SMGT) are identified. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ),which is a fast and elitist genetic algorithm,is applied to update the finite element (FE) model of SMGT. The results show that the vibration modes of SMGT are very dense,and the involvement of cable vibration modes is obvious. The fundamental frequencies of SMGT in X and Y directions are 0.614 Hz and 0.603 Hz,respectively,and the damping ratio of the first 3 order bending modes are about 1%~2%. The tower density and cable elastic modulus have a significant effect on the modal frequency and mode shape of SMGT,the lineic mass of high-rise cable and tower elastic modulus also have a certain influence,while the cable tension has a relatively low influence on the modes of SMGT. The wind-induced response of the updating FE model is higher than that of initial model,and closer to the actual measurement,which verifies the accuracy of the updating FE model.

model updating  /  wind vibration response  /  guyed mast  /  modal identification  /  field measurements
刘慕广, 乔磊, 王雷, 余先锋, 张春生, 谢壮宁, 张丽. 桅杆结构有限元模型修正与参数敏感性研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1107 -1114 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.003
Mu-guang LIU, Lei QIAO, Lei WANG, Xian-feng YU, Chun-sheng ZHANG, Zhuang-ning XIE, Li ZHANG. Finite-element model updating and parameter sensitivity research of high-rise guyed mast[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1107 -1114 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.003
精确的有限元模型对于研究土木结构的静动力响应和开展结构安全二级评估等至关重要。但是,由于土木结构体型庞大、参数繁多,且存在各类不确定性和非线性因素1,按照设计图纸建立的有限元模型不可避免地存在各种误差2,最终会影响到有限元模型分析结果的准确性。因此,极有必要以现场实测的数据为基准优化有限元模型,使有限元与实际结构的模态特征尽量吻合,这对于高耸或大跨等土木结构尤为重要。
有限元模型修正方法可分为矩阵优化法3和基于敏感性分析的参数型法4。矩阵优化法需要事先精确估计结构的质量、刚度矩阵,对于复杂工程,实际应用中通常难以满足5。相比来说,参数型方法以结构物理参数(如材料特性、几何特性、边界条件等)作为修正对象,以有限元响应特征值与实测值的残差为目标函数,运用优化算法迭代调整物理参数,使目标函数最优。该类方法具有明确的物理意义,在有限元修正中被较多采用。张建等6以2019年北京世界园艺博览会国际竹藤组织馆为实测对象,基于实测模态参数对该结构的有限元模型进行了修正。Saudi7基于一座90 m桅杆通信塔现场实测的固有频率修正了有限元模型,并进一步评估了桅杆的结构安全。Ni等8基于实测数据对广州塔有限元模型进行了修正。叶锡钧等9也以广州塔为实测对象,利用遗传算法对广州塔的初始参数进行了修正。Foti等10对一座意大利塔楼进行多次环境振动实测,基于实测模态采用敏感性参数分析法修正了有限元模型。Ren等11基于实测的固有频率构造二次多项式响应曲面,通过修正弹性模量、节点区域面积来优化有限元模型,并通过振动试验验证有限元修正的有效性。Brownjohn等12利用实测频率和振型,采用基于灵敏度的参数型修正方法修正桥梁有限元模型,且以修正模型为基准评估了实际结构的损伤状况。
本文以深圳市气象梯度观测塔这一高耸桅杆结构为研究对象,采用2021年台风“圆规”激励下现场实测的加速度信号识别塔身的模态参数。结合参数型模型修正方法,对影响桅杆结构模态特征的参数进行了敏感性研究,通过带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA⁃Ⅱ)13对有限元模型进行修正,并对修正前后的风致响应特征进行了初步对比分析。
深圳市气象梯度观测塔位于深圳市宝安区,是亚洲第一、世界第二高的桅杆格构塔。该塔高356 m,由5层纤绳固定,在东南西北各方向分别设置3个锚固点,如图1所示。塔身内部设置一台载重量为500 kg的齿条式升降机。塔身为桁架结构,采用Q345B热轧无缝钢管。塔身横断面为正方形,在地面0标高处为5 m5 m,至15 m标高处渐变为2.5 m2.5 m并保持不变。纤绳采用半平行镀锌钢丝拉索,与地面倾角在44°~56°范围内,在65,195和330 m各方向单根布置,在130,260 m各方向双根布置。
采用ANSYS建立气象塔有限元模型,原型中的观测平台、爬梯、电梯、螺栓、法兰板等附属设备未在模型中直接建模,而是通过对塔身密度适当放大来简化考虑。塔身各杆件采用BEAM188单元,弹性模量为206 GPa,考虑附属结构后的等效密度取7890 kg/m3。纤绳采用LINK180单元,弹性模量为185 GPa,每层纤绳线质量和张力如表1所示,有限元模型中通过施加初应变的方式来模拟纤绳的预张力。塔顶避雷针等设备通过质量单元MASS21施加在模型上。有限元模型共包含9555个单元、4190个节点、25116个自由度,如图2所示。
通过ANSYS的Block Lanczos大变形预应力模态分析法对有限元模型进行模态计算。表23分别给出了频率低于1.0 Hz的纤绳(南北向)和塔身模态分析结果。有限元结果表明,气象塔塔身的X向、Y向前3阶模态主要集中在0.7~0.9 Hz,纤绳在1 Hz以内出现了10多阶模态,且部分频率与塔身较为接近。虽然南北向和东西向纤绳地面标高不同(见图1)会导致两个方向的纤绳的模态频率略不同,但考虑到东西向纤绳频率与南北向差异并不大,表2中不再列出。
华南理工大学在气象塔塔身50,160,250,300和350 m 5个高度布置了XY双向加速度仪(LAC⁃Ⅱ型)。设备采样频率为25 Hz,其XY正向分别对应气象塔正东向和正北向。
2021年第18号台风“圆规”于10月8日下午在菲律宾以东洋面生成,10月13日5时,“圆规”加强为台风级,中心附近最大风力12级,10月13日15时40分前后,“圆规”在海南省琼海市沿海登陆。台风“圆规”的中心距离深圳气象梯度塔最近时不足400 km,且2021年10月12—13日,气象塔基本处于台风“圆规”的7级风圈内。图3为2021年10月12日0时至14日0时气象塔320 m高度处的风速和风向样本,图4为对应气象塔的加速度响应。由图3可见,自12日0时起,气象塔处风速稳步增大,在13日12时前后达到最大,对应的10 min平均风速为16 m/s,随后风速逐渐降低;风向则由12日0时的北风逐渐在13日下午变为东风。由图4可见,随风速增加,气象塔的加速度响应也逐渐增大,且响应总体随高度的增加而增大,平均风速最大时气象塔350 m处X向峰值加速度为19 cm/s2Y向峰值加速度为20 cm/s2。下文统一选取2021年10月12日22:00—24:00持续大风时段数据作为分析样本。
图5为各实测高度X向和Y向截止频率为1.0 Hz的加速度功率谱曲线。由图5可见,桅杆结构在X向和Y向分别呈现出近10个较为明显的能量峰值。结合表23的有限元结果,图5中桅杆的加速度功率谱中必然同时混杂了纤绳和塔身的振动信息。考虑到塔身振动的整体性和纤绳振动对塔身影响的局部性,利用稳定图14进一步剔除纤绳局部振动引起的虚假模态,由5个高度的加速度响应得到的频率稳定图如图6所示。
图6可见,X向、Y向分别有6个稳定的频率极点。对于X向、Y向0.58 Hz以内的频率,其能量峰仅在2,3个高度位置较为明显,进一步通过不同高度信号的互功率谱相位信息及振型特征,并结合表23中的有限元结果,推断出X向的0.182,0.238和0.576 Hz,Y向的0.210,0.239和0.573 Hz分别为不同锚固高度纤绳的频率。同理,可推断0.614,0.728和0.837 Hz分别为塔身X向前3阶模态;0.603,0.713和0.822 Hz分别为塔身Y向前3阶模态。图7给出了实测和有限元的振型对比,由图7可见,X向、Y向的前3阶实测振型与有限元结果具有较好的一致性。
表4中汇总了气象塔X向、Y向的前3阶弯曲模态频率实测结果,表中同时给出了基于随机子空间法识别的塔身模态阻尼比。由表4可见,塔身的前3阶阻尼比在1%~2%间变化,具有一定的离散性,这一结果与Harikrishna等15针对50 m高桅杆实测的1%~3%阻尼比相近,也接近中国规范16中钢塔架2%的阻尼比建议值。
另外,表4中对比了气象塔有限元模型与实测频率的误差及振型MAC(Modal Assurance Criterion)。由表4可见,有限元模型的前3阶模态均与实测存在较大差异,振型MAC值均在0.75以下,其X向、Y向最大频率误差分别为18.08%和19.24%,均出现在1阶模态。这些差异的出现可能是模型中各项设计参数与结构实际服役状态不符的缘故。为了得到一个比较理想的桅杆塔身动力模型,需要对初始有限元模型进行修正。
由于桅杆结构的非线性特征,其基本动力特性与结构组成形式、纤绳分布、结构刚度等相互关联17。结合桅杆结构的实际构造和工程实际,初步选定的影响参数主要有:塔身弹模Et、塔身密度ρ、第1~5层纤绳线质量ρ1~ρ5、第1~5层纤绳预张力F1~F5和纤绳弹模Er
首先分析塔身模态频率和振型对以上参数的敏感性。参数的敏感性研究实质上是函数对自变量求导的数学问题,有限元差分法是常用的灵敏度数值分析方法。利用摄动法使修正参数发生微小扰动,再根据一阶差分公式近似计算参数灵敏度,一阶差分公式为:
式中 模态特征量f可以是频率、振型MAC等;xi为修正参数;Δxi为摄动量,取设计值的10%;各参数的设计值如第1节所述。
模态特征量对各参数的灵敏度分析如图89所示。图中1,3,5阶模态分别对应Y向的1,2,3阶弯曲模态;2,4,6阶模态分别对应X向的1,2,3阶弯曲模态。从图8中频率的敏感性可以看出:1)塔身模态频率对塔身弹模和密度、纤绳弹模的敏感性最高,纤绳质量次之,纤绳张力最小;2)塔身密度和纤绳弹模对塔身X向、Y向的前3阶弯曲模态频率均有明显影响,但塔身弹模仅对X向、Y向的第3阶模态频率存在较大影响;3)3~5层纤绳的线质量和预张力对塔身模态频率影响较大,底部两层纤绳的影响很小。
图9中对模态振型的敏感性可以看出:1)塔身振型对塔身密度、3~5层纤绳线质量及纤绳弹模均具有较高的敏感性,塔身弹模和1层、2层纤绳线质量对塔身振型的影响不大;2)3~5层纤绳预张力对模态振型也有一定影响,底部两层纤绳的影响很小。
依据图89中灵敏度分析结果,下文选取塔身弹模、塔身密度、纤绳弹模及第3~5层纤绳的线质量和预张力作为修正参数,以实测结果为目标,对塔身X向、Y向的前3阶模态进行修正。
NSGA⁃Ⅱ算法降低了非劣排序的复杂性,具有运算速度快,解集收敛性好的优点13。本文通过设计MATLAB⁃ANSYS联合仿真优化程序,利用全局搜索和局部优化实现模型修正,每次迭代的参数由MATLAB导入ANSYS中,目标函数值通过MATLAB读取ANSYS输出文件进而分析优化。算法参数设置:初始种群500个,最大迭代次数20代,交叉概率0.7,变异概率0.02。根据工程经验并经初步试算,表5给出了各参数的初始值与变化范围。
通过定义频率误差平方和Q1、振型MAC之和Q2建立目标函数,构造的目标函数如下:
式中  分别为X向、Y向的第i阶有限元计算频率;分别为X向、Y向的第i阶实测频率;分别为X向第i阶有限元振型向量和实测振型向量(由于表4Y向振型MAC差别很小,目标函数Q2中仅考虑X向前3阶振型)。
NSGA⁃Ⅱ算法对目标函数的优化过程如图10所示。迭代至第9代满足收敛条件,对应目标函数Q1收敛至0.009,目标函数Q2收敛至2.8(各阶频率误差小于6%,各阶振型MAC大于0.9)。
表6为修正后的参数值及变化率,表7为修正后塔身X向、Y向的前3阶弯曲模态。由表6可见,纤绳线质量、张力及弹模变化最显著,塔身弹模和密度较参数初始值变化较小。另外,修正后塔身弹模和密度较初始值略有增大;对于纤绳,除第5层的线质量比初始值大外,其他参数均有较大程度的减小。纤绳参数的变化率表明实际服役纤绳的一些性能较设计值可能存在一定衰减。由表7可见,修正后有限元模型X向、Y向的前3阶频率与实测的误差均在5.31%以内,振型MAC不低于0.93,较表4中初始有限元模型有较大程度的改善,其相对误差可以接受18
为了进一步验证模型修正的合理性,本节对梯度塔有限元风振结果与实测数据进行对比。由于2021年10月12日多个风速仪的数据存在异常,本节选用13日12:00—12:10的大风数据及梯度塔加速度实测数据。将梯度塔不同高度13台超声风速计(0.1 Hz采样频率)的平均风速进行指数律拟合,得到梯度塔对应时刻的风速沿高度的分布,如图11所示。由于所选时段台风已登录海南,拟合到的剖面指数明显偏大。通过对10 Hz采样的实测风速数据进行频谱分析发现,实测风谱与von Karman谱较为吻合,如图12所示,图中Lu为湍流积分尺度,U为对应高度处风速。通过以上实测风场的分析,采用谐波叠加法,基于实测风速拟合剖面每10 m高度生成一个风速时程。风速谱采用von Karman谱,仅考虑塔身高度方向脉动风的相关性,相关函数采用Simiu建议值(Cz=10),脉动风间隔取0.1 s。
采用完全法进行瞬态动力分析,阻尼比按表4X向1阶模态0.0209取值。通过分析,得到有限元模型修正前、后塔身响应的加速度均方根,其X向结果与实测值的对比如图13所示。
图13可见,修正后模型加速度均方根要高于修正前,且更接近实测值。修正后上部四个测点值与实测值误差均小于5%,但在50 m处两者差异较为明显,其误差为-35.35%,这可能是因为实测中近地面风场更易受周边干扰,高湍流导致结构脉动响应偏大。
(1)深圳气象塔模态非常密集,且纤绳模态参与程度较为显著。X向、Y向的基频分别为0.614 Hz和0.603 Hz,结构阻尼比为1%~2%。
(2)塔身密度、纤绳弹模对动力特性有显著影响,塔身弹模、高层纤绳的线质量也存在一定程度的影响,纤绳张力对其影响较低。
(3)结合NSGA⁃Ⅱ算法修正了有限元模型的材料参数,修正后的塔身弹模和密度略有增大,纤绳张力、弹模等参数明显减小,说明实际服役纤绳的一些性能较设计值可能存在一定衰减。
(4)气象塔有限元模型修正后的风致响应高于修正前,并更接近实测结果,验证了修正模型的准确性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978285)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378514)
  • 广东省现代土木工程技术重点实验室基金资助项目(2021B1212040003)
  • 亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2021ZB11)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2024A1515011828)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2024A1515011525)
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2024年第37卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.003
  • 接收时间:2022-11-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-09
  • 修回日期:2023-01-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51978285)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52378514)
广东省现代土木工程技术重点实验室基金资助项目(2021B1212040003)
亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室开放基金资助项目(2021ZB11)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2024A1515011828)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金资助项目(2024A1515011525)
作者信息
    1华南理工大学土木与交通学院, 广东 广州 510641
    2亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室, 广东 广州 510641
    3广东省交通规划设计研究院集团股份有限公司, 广东 广州 510507
    4深圳市国家气候观象台, 广东 深圳 518040

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余先锋(1985―),男,博士,讲师。电话:(020)87110615;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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