Article(id=1228634263642370624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1653580800000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-27, revisedDate=1662825600000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858835373, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858835373, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858835373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858835373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1139, endPage=1150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634263894028866, articleId=1228634263642370624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Aerodynamic force evolution characteristics of parallel twin steel box girders during vertical bending vortex-induced vibration, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The long-span continuous beam bridge with parallel twin steel box decks is common in engineering practice,but the complex vortex shedding and interaction of parallel twin steel box girders may cause significant vortex-induced vibration (VIV),affecting the fatigue performance of the structure,driving comfort,and possibly causing social panic. This paper takes parallel twin box girders as the research background,and a large-scale segment model vibration and pressure measurement wind tunnel test is carried out. The evolution characteristics of the distributed aerodynamic force in the entire vertical bending vortex vibration process (before the vortex vibration,the ascending zone,the amplitude extreme point,the descending zone,and the end of the vortex vibration) under different spacings are compared,and effective aerodynamic measures to control the vortex vibration of the parallel twin box girders are proposed. The study shows that the vortex-induced vibration lock-in regime of the parallel twin steel box girders is long,the amplitude is large,+3° is the most unfavorable angle of attack (AOA) and the frequency multiplication effect of the vortex excitation force is related to the amplitude and the spacing between the box girders. When the spacing makes the inter-slot vortex fully developed,it significantly increases the pulsation of the aerodynamic force distributed near the slot. In the case of small spacing and low wind speed,the distributed aerodynamic force on the lee side of the upstream and downstream girders enhances the vortex-induced vibration. At large or small spacing with high wind speed,the distributed aerodynamic force on the upper surface near the slot and the position of the inclined web of the downstream girder plays a major role in enhancing the vortex-induced force,which is the inducement of the large amplitude of vortex-induced vibration of the parallel twin box girders. A comprehensive aerodynamic control measure of setting the apron between the slots and setting the wind fairing at both ends is proposed,which can cut off the propagation path of the vortex between the slots and reduce the contribution of the distributed aerodynamic force at the bridge deck. The measure can effectively reduce the vertical bending vortex-induced vibration of the parallel twin steel box girders.

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双幅钢箱梁桥是工程实践中一种常用的大跨度连续梁桥型式,但并列双箱复杂的旋涡脱落和交互作用可能引发显著的涡激振动现象,影响结构的疲劳性能和行车舒适性。本文以某六边形双幅钢箱连续梁桥为工程背景,对大比例节段模型开展了测振、测压风洞试验,对比了双幅钢箱梁在不同间距下竖弯涡振全过程(涡振前、上升区、振幅极值点、下降区及涡振结束)的分布气动力演变特点,提出了有效控制双幅钢箱梁桥涡振的气动措施。研究表明,双幅钢箱梁桥涡振锁定区间长、振幅大,+3°为最不利攻角,涡激力的倍频效应与间距和双幅箱梁涡振的振幅均有关。在小间距及低风速时,上、下游梁背风侧的分布气动力对涡激振动起到增强作用;在大间距或较小间距且高风速时,开槽附近上表面和下游梁斜腹板位置的分布气动力对涡激力起主要增强作用,也是双幅钢箱梁产生大幅涡激振动的诱因。提出了槽间裙板与两端风嘴组合的综合气动控制措施,通过切断槽间涡的传播途径从而降低桥面处分布气动力对涡激力的贡献,该措施可有效减弱双幅钢箱梁桥的竖弯涡振。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
方根深(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=h0XEcY13PMGMkujZf0FQfQ==, magXml=nqP7nDuNsxs1w38/9It6GA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=X7GkoBXIxFIZdTcPiD5HxQ==, pdfFileSize=6567908, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jxXv6cQlwE5vYlVVZtNnwA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rMya8tklajUT7xLEpViZDQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

徐胜乙(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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徐胜乙(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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徐胜乙(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Overview of main testing cases

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工况实桥间距/m试验缩尺间距/cm间距比d/B有效气动措施
10.5(最窄间距)1.670.025上、下游迎风侧风嘴
22.99.670.145上、下游迎风侧风嘴+槽间裙板
36.7(最宽间距)22.30.335上、下游迎风侧风嘴+槽间裙板
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主要工况概况

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工况实桥间距/m试验缩尺间距/cm间距比d/B有效气动措施
10.5(最窄间距)1.670.025上、下游迎风侧风嘴
22.99.670.145上、下游迎风侧风嘴+槽间裙板
36.7(最宽间距)22.30.335上、下游迎风侧风嘴+槽间裙板
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Main parameters of the segment model

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竖弯频率/Hz阻尼比/%质量/kg几何缩尺比风速比
5.250.380.01∶301∶4.7
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节段模型主要参数

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竖弯频率/Hz阻尼比/%质量/kg几何缩尺比风速比
5.250.380.01∶301∶4.7
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Representative wind speed of typical vortex-induced vibration stages

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涡振阶段序号间距比0.025特征点折减风速间距比0.145特征点折减风速间距比0.335特征点折减风速
1第一涡振锁定区间上升区1.78涡振前1.52涡振前1.57
2第一涡振锁定区间极值2.02快速上升区1.84快速上升区1.81
3第一涡振锁定区间下降区2.32缓慢上升区2.45缓慢上升区2.08
4第二涡振锁定区间上升区2.78上游振幅极值点2.60上游梁振幅极值点2.39
5第二涡振锁定区间上游梁极值3.02下游振幅极值点3.14下游梁振幅极值点2.46
6第二涡振锁定区间下游梁极值3.48下降区3.52下降区2.69
7第二涡振锁定区间下降区3.71涡振后3.83涡振后2.84
8涡振后4.02
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典型涡振阶段代表风速

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涡振阶段序号间距比0.025特征点折减风速间距比0.145特征点折减风速间距比0.335特征点折减风速
1第一涡振锁定区间上升区1.78涡振前1.52涡振前1.57
2第一涡振锁定区间极值2.02快速上升区1.84快速上升区1.81
3第一涡振锁定区间下降区2.32缓慢上升区2.45缓慢上升区2.08
4第二涡振锁定区间上升区2.78上游振幅极值点2.60上游梁振幅极值点2.39
5第二涡振锁定区间上游梁极值3.02下游振幅极值点3.14下游梁振幅极值点2.46
6第二涡振锁定区间下游梁极值3.48下降区3.52下降区2.69
7第二涡振锁定区间下降区3.71涡振后3.83涡振后2.84
8涡振后4.02
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双幅钢箱梁竖弯涡振气动力演变特性
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徐胜乙 1 , 方根深 1, 2 , 赵林 1, 2 , 宋神友 3 , 葛耀君 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1139-1150
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1139-1150
双幅钢箱梁竖弯涡振气动力演变特性
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徐胜乙1 , 方根深1, 2 , 赵林1, 2, 宋神友3, 葛耀君1, 2
作者信息
  • 1同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 2同济大学桥梁结构抗风技术交通行业重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 3深中通道管理中心,广东 中山 528400
  • 徐胜乙(1996—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

方根深(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:
Aerodynamic force evolution characteristics of parallel twin steel box girders during vertical bending vortex-induced vibration
Sheng-yi XU1 , Gen-shen FANG1, 2 , Lin ZHAO1, 2, Shen-you SONG3, Yao-jun GE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Wind Resistant Technology for Bridge Structures,Tongji University, Shanghai 200092,China
  • 3Shenzhen-Zhongshan Passageway Management Centre,Zhongshan 528400,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.006
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双幅钢箱梁桥是工程实践中一种常用的大跨度连续梁桥型式,但并列双箱复杂的旋涡脱落和交互作用可能引发显著的涡激振动现象,影响结构的疲劳性能和行车舒适性。本文以某六边形双幅钢箱连续梁桥为工程背景,对大比例节段模型开展了测振、测压风洞试验,对比了双幅钢箱梁在不同间距下竖弯涡振全过程(涡振前、上升区、振幅极值点、下降区及涡振结束)的分布气动力演变特点,提出了有效控制双幅钢箱梁桥涡振的气动措施。研究表明,双幅钢箱梁桥涡振锁定区间长、振幅大,+3°为最不利攻角,涡激力的倍频效应与间距和双幅箱梁涡振的振幅均有关。在小间距及低风速时,上、下游梁背风侧的分布气动力对涡激振动起到增强作用;在大间距或较小间距且高风速时,开槽附近上表面和下游梁斜腹板位置的分布气动力对涡激力起主要增强作用,也是双幅钢箱梁产生大幅涡激振动的诱因。提出了槽间裙板与两端风嘴组合的综合气动控制措施,通过切断槽间涡的传播途径从而降低桥面处分布气动力对涡激力的贡献,该措施可有效减弱双幅钢箱梁桥的竖弯涡振。

桥梁抗风  /  双幅钢箱梁  /  涡激振动  /  风洞试验  /  分布气动力  /  气动措施

The long-span continuous beam bridge with parallel twin steel box decks is common in engineering practice,but the complex vortex shedding and interaction of parallel twin steel box girders may cause significant vortex-induced vibration (VIV),affecting the fatigue performance of the structure,driving comfort,and possibly causing social panic. This paper takes parallel twin box girders as the research background,and a large-scale segment model vibration and pressure measurement wind tunnel test is carried out. The evolution characteristics of the distributed aerodynamic force in the entire vertical bending vortex vibration process (before the vortex vibration,the ascending zone,the amplitude extreme point,the descending zone,and the end of the vortex vibration) under different spacings are compared,and effective aerodynamic measures to control the vortex vibration of the parallel twin box girders are proposed. The study shows that the vortex-induced vibration lock-in regime of the parallel twin steel box girders is long,the amplitude is large,+3° is the most unfavorable angle of attack (AOA) and the frequency multiplication effect of the vortex excitation force is related to the amplitude and the spacing between the box girders. When the spacing makes the inter-slot vortex fully developed,it significantly increases the pulsation of the aerodynamic force distributed near the slot. In the case of small spacing and low wind speed,the distributed aerodynamic force on the lee side of the upstream and downstream girders enhances the vortex-induced vibration. At large or small spacing with high wind speed,the distributed aerodynamic force on the upper surface near the slot and the position of the inclined web of the downstream girder plays a major role in enhancing the vortex-induced force,which is the inducement of the large amplitude of vortex-induced vibration of the parallel twin box girders. A comprehensive aerodynamic control measure of setting the apron between the slots and setting the wind fairing at both ends is proposed,which can cut off the propagation path of the vortex between the slots and reduce the contribution of the distributed aerodynamic force at the bridge deck. The measure can effectively reduce the vertical bending vortex-induced vibration of the parallel twin steel box girders.

wind resistance of bridge  /  parallel twin steel box girders  /  vortex-induced vibration  /  wind tunnel test  /  distributed aerodynamic force  /  aerodynamic measures
徐胜乙, 方根深, 赵林, 宋神友, 葛耀君. 双幅钢箱梁竖弯涡振气动力演变特性. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1139 -1150 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.006
Sheng-yi XU, Gen-shen FANG, Lin ZHAO, Shen-you SONG, Yao-jun GE. Aerodynamic force evolution characteristics of parallel twin steel box girders during vertical bending vortex-induced vibration[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1139 -1150 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.006
涡振是一种在低风速下就很容易出现的风致振动现象,在特定风速下,气流流经结构会产生分离与再附,并形成周期性的脉动作用,当脉动力与结构频率接近时便会激发起结构产生较大幅度的振动,而结构的振动又会对周边气流形成某种反馈作用,表现出一定的气弹效应;涡激振动的气动阻尼随振幅增大会逐渐由负转正,从而限制振幅的持续增长,表现为一种限幅振动。长期的涡激振动会导致桥梁结构发生疲劳损伤,同时影响行车安全性和舒适性。开展桥梁结构涡振研究、提出合适的控制措施并探究涡振发生和控制的机理,是保证桥梁长期安全服役的关键内容。
现有桥梁涡激振动的主要研究方法包括物理风洞试验、计算流体力学、现场实测以及理论分析等,其中,风洞试验具有干扰因素少、结果真实可信的优势,是目前应用最为普遍的研究手段1。涡振的控制一般有三种措施:气动、机械和结构措施。其中,气动措施只需对断面外形进行优化,具有可操作性强、控制效果显著和节约成本等优势。虽然气动措施对于不同断面的控制效果有所差异,但在找到断面发生涡振的原因后,就能有针对性地选择对应的气动措施,有一定规律可循。
双幅钢箱梁桥可在提高交通运行效率的同时减少单跨吊装成本,目前已被大量应用于高速路网中。但双幅桥上、下两个桥面系统是分离的,流经上游断面的气流所产生的漩涡脱落直接作用在下游断面上,复杂的漩涡脱落和交互干扰作用极易激起涡激振动。Honda等2研究了三列钢箱连续梁的气动稳定性,发现在20~60 m/s风速区间内相继发生了9阶不同的竖弯涡振,并观察到气动干扰会放大涡振响应的现象。陈政清等3在并列双箱梁桥风洞试验中发现,双箱梁桥的气动干扰效应随双幅桥间距的增加而变化,进而影响涡激振动特性,同时发现增大阻尼可有效抑制双桥面涡激共振。刘志文等4发现双幅桥的气动干扰效应会降低下游梁的阻力系数,而对升力和升力矩系数影响较小,说明双幅桥的静风性能受气动干扰影响较小。文献[4]分别研究了双矩形断面和双流线型断面涡激振动的气动干扰效应,发现上游梁对下游梁的干扰效应与上游梁的振幅有关。朱乐东等5发现并列双箱会显著增大涡激振动的幅值和涡振锁定区间长度。Kim等6和Argentini等7研究了不同Sc数下双幅桥的涡振响应,发现仅上游梁Sc数增大时,上、下游梁的涡激振动振幅均会降低。Park等8研究了两座并列的、不同自振频率的桥梁,下游梁振动会包含自身频率以及上游梁的振动频率,并最终形成类似“拍”的振动模式。秦浩等9通过全桥气弹模型试验,发现了分离式双幅主梁存在多个涡振锁定区间,并识别了对应情况下的St数,通过附加阻尼的方式抑制涡振。谭彪等10系统研究了间距比对平行双幅叠合梁涡振的干扰效应,表明在小间距比(0.18~0.37)情况下上、下游梁的气动干扰效应最强,随着间距增加,其干扰效应开始减弱,但并不可忽略。
针对双幅桥的涡振问题,也有学者开展了机理分析,并提出气动措施。Meng等11采用CFD (computational fluid dynamics)方法分析了不同断面组合的双幅桥,发现桥梁背风侧存在三个明显的漩涡脱落区域,三处漩涡脱落位置脉动风压的频率均与桥梁频率接近,需要共同控制,提出了组合使用风嘴和风障的方法消除双幅桥扭转涡振并减小竖弯涡振。周奇等12采用CFD方法解释了双幅桥底板内侧悬吊多孔板抑制涡振的机理,并指出需要对不同外形的主梁断面进行风洞试验确定多孔板的具体安装位置和尺寸。Seo等13采用PIV(particle image velocimetry)方法研究了双幅桥在一个振动周期内槽间漩涡的变化情况及不同风嘴对涡振的抑制作用。杨群等14通过CFD方法对比了并列双钝体箱梁不同间距下上、下游箱梁的涡振振幅和涡振锁定区间,并从流场的角度进行机理分析。
中央开槽箱梁与双幅箱梁有相似性,学者针对中央开槽箱梁的多阶涡振现象及气动控制措施进行了详尽的研究,对双幅桥涡振现象的解释以及气动控制措施的研究有启示作用。Yuan等15通过PIV试验分析了分体箱梁在不同涡振锁定区间下涡振的诱因。李志国等16提出了在槽间布置格栅控制中央开槽箱梁涡振的方法,并通过CFD方法分析出断面涡脱位置,研究了格栅对漩涡尺度的影响。Laima等17通过PIV和测压试验分析了扶手、防撞护栏和检修轨道等附属构件对中央开槽断面涡振性能的影响,分别分析了桥梁断面的扭转涡振和竖弯涡振的诱因。张天翼等18提出了竖直裙板、隔流板、三角风嘴及多种有效气动措施相互组合的方法来控制双箱叠合梁涡振。段青松等19基于CFD方法分析了半开口和分离边箱开口断面主梁竖向涡振性能,并展示了其绕流形态。
针对双幅桥涡振,国内外学者已有丰富的研究成果,但主要关注双幅桥的涡振性能,或采用CFD和PIV方法通过流场形态判断双幅桥涡振的诱因,鲜有研究直接测量双幅箱梁的表面气动力或对其涡振过程的气动力演变特征进行量化。本文采用同步测压、测振试验,对某双幅钢箱连续梁的涡振性能及其涡振全过程气动力演变特性进行研究,总结了双幅桥由于气动干扰产生的表面压力和气动力演变特点,并结合涡振的诱因探讨了适用于双幅桥梁的气动控制措施,从气动力的角度进一步探究双幅桥涡振机理。
以某大跨度连续梁(单跨110 m)为工程背景,其断面为双幅六边形箱梁,断面尺寸如图1所示。为了研究双幅桥在不同间距下的涡振特点和气动力演变规律,根据实际桥梁布置情况,定义桥梁特征宽度为20 m,特征高度为4 m,设定三种典型间距比(双幅桥间距与单幅桥宽度之比)为0.025,0.145和0.335。根据不同间距比的涡振特点,有针对性地提出相应的气动措施。气动措施及节段模型三维效果图如图2所示,具体研究工况如表1所示。
试验模型几何缩尺比为1∶30,模型长度为3600 mm,由钢质骨架提供整体刚度,外衣采用轻质航空木板,行车道防撞栏杆采用有机玻璃柱和ABS圆管粘结而成。在模型1/4和1/2长度处分别沿断面布置3排测压孔,测点间距为20~30 mm,每排共92个测压点,图3为测点布置和风向示意图。测压管内径为1.1 mm,长度为1000 mm,测压管的长度和压力信号频率使得压力信号在测压管中发生一定程度的衰减。图4为测压管长度为1000 mm时的脉动压力传递函数的相位差和幅值比,传递函数(其中为扫描阀测得风压,为测压孔处风压)。可知在涡振范围附近,测压管路对系统频响特性的影响较小。
试验在同济大学TJ⁃3大气边界层风洞进行,该风洞为竖向布置的闭口回流式风洞,试验段宽15 m、高2 m、长14 m,电机总功率为315 kW,试验风速在1~17.6 m/s范围内连续可调,试验区流场的速度不均匀性小于2%、湍流度小于2%、平均气流偏角小于,节段模型风洞试验概况如图56所示。
双幅桥节段模型安装在内置于风洞的双层端墙上,两层端墙相互隔离,分别使用千斤顶固定于风洞壁,使双幅桥之间仅存在气动干扰,避免由端墙产生的机械干扰。模型端部与端墙的间距足够小且试验时不会发生接触,避免模型端部产生三维绕流效应。每幅桥两端与吊臂相连,吊臂通过上、下4根弹簧与端墙相连接,形成弹簧悬挂系统,每根吊臂两侧对称布置激光位移传感器。节段模型主要参数如表2所示。根据《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》(JTG/T 3360⁃01—2018)确定阻尼比取值20
采用日本Panasonic公司HL⁃C235CE⁃W型激光位移传感器,测量范围为350±50 mm,分辨率为0.5 ,线性度误差在±0.08%以内,采样频率为256 Hz。表面压力测试使用美国Pressure Systems Inc公司生产的ESP⁃64HD型电子压力扫描阀,每个模块具有64个测点,使用同一公司生产的DTC Initium数据采集系统采集数据,采样频率为300 Hz,采样时间为60 s。共布置8个激光位移传感器和6个ESP压力扫描阀模块。
试验风速区间为2.0~14.0 ,风攻角为0°和±3°,分幅双箱梁在-3°攻角下未观察到涡振现象,而在0°和+3°攻角下出现大幅度涡激共振,+3°攻角为最不利攻角,因此本文均基于+3°攻角展开分析。从图7中可以看出,双幅桥在不同间距比下呈现出不同的振动特点,但是任一间距比的涡振锁定区间内,模型的振动频率均与其竖弯基频(5.3 Hz)相同。工况1存在两个竖弯涡振锁定区间,可能是具有不同St数的两个独立气流涡脱导致的。随着间距比增加,起振风速基本不变,说明原断面本身可以诱发涡振,与间距无关,可以推测第一个St数仅与断面外形有关;工况1和2中,下游梁的振幅响应曲线呈不规则演变趋势,其单个涡振锁定区间较长,但是总锁定区间缩短。与工况1的振动特点对比,推定工况2和3的涡振锁定区间较长是由于第二个涡振锁定区间前移,与第一个涡振锁定区间产生交集,且涡振锁定区间随间距变化,间距越大,工况1中出现的第二涡振锁定区间前移越明显,这说明第二个涡振锁定区间的St数与上、下游梁之间的气动干扰有关。从振动相位来看,随着风速增大,上、下游梁从几乎同相位发展至反相位振动。但是当涡振阶段发生变化时,例如表3中工况1涡振锁定区间变化时,以及工况2和3处于不同涡振阶段时,相位差随折减风速的变化趋势也有所改变,甚至在工况3中出现相位差短暂减小再增大的情况。相位差变化速率的波动同样可以说明驱动上、下游梁振动的诱因发生变化。为进一步研究涡振锁定区间内整体气动力和箱梁表面分布气动力的演变特点,下文将选取典型风速点作为研究对象,如表3所示,若无特别说明,均以上述风速点代替涡振的不同阶段。
图8所示,体轴坐标系下,模型每延米所受的气动力可表达为:
式中  为测点总数;为壁面法线方向的单位向量在模型体轴竖向与水平方向的分量;为测点压力时程;分别为体坐标系下的升力和阻力;为测压点i处对应的长度。
风轴坐标系下,模型所受气动力可表达为:
式中  为风轴坐标系与体轴坐标系之间的夹角,以逆时针为正;分别为风轴坐标系下的阻力和升力。
采用极大重叠离散小波变换模型(MODWT)去除升力时间序列中的直流成分,即可得到作用于模型上的涡激力,其数学表达式为:
式中  为涡激力;为风轴坐标系下的升力中的直流部分。
图9给出了工况3中下游梁振幅达到极值点时的涡激力时程曲线及其功率谱密度,可见整体涡激力并非简单的正弦曲线,其幅值并不稳定且含有部分高次谐波的成分。
图10分别给出了不同间距比下,不同涡振状态时的整体气动力幅频特性,特征序号与表3对应。不同间距下各阶段发生涡振时的一阶谐波频率均与桥梁竖弯基频(5.3 Hz)吻合;在涡振锁定区间各特征点涡激力均存在明显的二阶谐波和三阶谐波,整体涡激力呈现出随着风速增加先增大后减小的趋势,在振幅随风速增加而增大的振幅上升区,高阶谐波的占比较小,随着风速逐渐增大,高阶倍频气动力占比逐渐增大,但始终小于一阶基频占比。
比较不同间距下涡激力的幅频情况,工况3在振幅极值点及下降区倍频效应非常明显,说明相比振幅上升区,振幅极值点和下降区中,断面中部分位置产生了新的压力脉动。通过比较所有工况下二阶倍频与一阶基频幅值之比,可以看出二阶倍频占比在涡振的演化过程中,均表现出先增加后减小的总体趋势,但是振幅极值点并非二阶谐波与一阶谐波比值最大点。上游梁的倍频效应随着间距的增大而增大,表明上游梁同样会受到槽间的气动干扰,而下游梁的倍频效应与间距无显著关联。这也说明双幅桥涡激力非线性效应与间距、折减风速等因素均有关。窄间距工况下,当风速超过锁定区间时,双幅桥的气动力力谱恢复宽频特性,而工况3在涡振后,气动力脉动频率变化为7.6 Hz,节段模型依旧持续受到强迫振动。
分布气动力即风压系数,定义模型振动过程中测点风压系数为测点风压与来流动压之比:
式中  测点的风压系数时程;测点的风压时程,压力为正,吸力为负;为空气密度;为来流在参考点的平均风速,对于均匀流场,即为来流风速。
风压系数在一段时间内的均值即为平均风压系数,可以反映断面绕流的整体特征,判断空气流动的分离和再附。定义曲线画在箱梁内部表示正压,画在箱梁外部表示负压。
图11展示了不同间距下断面平均风压系数的分布规律。由图可知,同一间距下平均风压系数在不同涡振过程中几乎不变。从整体趋势分析,仅上游迎风侧直腹板和下游迎风侧斜腹板处为正压,说明这两个位置是+3°来流主要作用位置,其余位置均为负压。从不同区域负压值变化分析得出上游迎风侧桥面发生明显流动分离,在背风侧发生再附。双幅桥间距越大,下游梁桥面迎风侧的分离现象越明显。对于工况1,下游梁上表面气流的负压略小于大间距(工况2和3)情况。上游梁迎风侧下表面和斜腹板折角位置同样存在明显的负压区,下游梁迎风侧斜腹板的正压区范围和风压系数随着间距的增加而增大。
脉动压力系数即各测点风压系数的根方差,可以反映断面不同位置压力脉动的强弱,进一步得出断面特定位置对空气流动的干扰效果。图12给出了不同间距下箱梁表面脉动压力系数的演化特征。对比不同风速下脉动压力系数的变化,涡振发生前,风速较低,节段模型几乎静止,脉动较小,仅在槽间位置产生明显的脉动,随着风速的增加,桥梁断面上、下表面的脉动都显著增加,且在涡振幅值达到最大时脉动压力系数达到最大。
从整体情况分析,小间距下的风速脉动明显弱于大间距,工况1的第一个涡振锁定区间内上、下游梁上表面脉动压力系数均在背风侧更大(区域⑥和⑫左侧),当进入第二涡振锁定区间后,上表面脉动压力系数在槽边两侧桥面最大(区域⑥和⑫内侧),也说明了工况1的两个竖弯涡振锁定区间的诱因是不同的。各个间距在涡振前,下游梁斜腹板迎风位置(区域⑨,⑩和⑪)始终存在明显的脉动压力,涡振期间,压力脉动进一步放大。下游梁迎风侧斜腹板具有显著脉动的位置从窄间距工况下的区域⑩中部,随着间距扩大转移至区域⑩与⑪交界处。这说明,+3°攻角下,上游梁产生涡脱会直接作用于下游梁斜腹板,同样可以推断,若双幅桥间距进一步扩大,上游梁的涡脱将逐渐从斜腹板完全转移至竖腹板的位置,下游梁所受的竖向脉动力应有一定程度的减小。涡振之后,窄间距断面周围脉动值显著减小,而工况3主梁在桥面与槽间斜腹板处依旧存在较大的脉动压力。
脉动压力系数的大小并非是决定断面是否涡振的唯一因素,涡振的发生与脉动频率密切相关。图13分别给出了不同间距下在不同涡振阶段采取气动措施前后的分布气动力卓越频率。在涡振发生前,各测点的频率与结构竖弯频率不一致,且卓越频率没有固定值,具有随机振动的特点。发生涡振时,由于结构运动带动结构与流体的相互作用,整个断面周围的分布气动力脉动频率为结构竖弯频率,这是涡振的显著特点,但难以判断导致涡振的具体位置。工况3结果显示了二阶谐波主要在槽间两侧斜腹板位置产生,该位置分布的气动力二阶谐波幅值已大于一阶谐波,可以解释该间距下振幅极值点以及振幅下降区二阶谐波占比较大的现象。窄间距下二阶谐波成分占比较小,说明二阶谐波的产生与槽间的漩涡发展状态有关。在涡振后,窄间距下的分布气动力卓越频率转换为宽频,而工况3下气动力卓越频率升高但全断面的卓越频率基本相同,说明断面在做高频强迫振动但无法激发大幅涡激振动。大间距下显著的同频脉动气动力是上、下游梁相互影响的结果,同时也是导致风致振动的潜在风险。
采取气动措施后,能够使得各区域的卓越频率分布更加离散,上游迎风侧个别区域在原涡振锁定区间虽然达到了对应的频率,但已经无法激起涡激振动。工况2下依旧存在小幅涡振现象,施加一定紊流后涡振消失。
通过计算振动过程中分布气动力与涡激力的相位差,由相位差的正负判断分布气动力对涡激振动是激发或是抑制作用。分布气动力在计算过程中参照涡激力的提取方法,消除信号中的直流成分,确保相位计算的准确性。从图14可知,断面不同位置的相位差存在显著差异。在涡振发生区域①~⑤分布气动力与涡激力的相位差几乎不变,且其中区域①~④的相位差均在90°之内,说明这些区域在不同涡振阶段对激发涡振均提供正贡献。而其他位置的相位差具有随风速变化的演化特性,尤其是工况2和3的区域⑨和⑩(下游梁底板及槽间斜腹板),快速上升区相位差接近0°,进入缓慢上升区后相位差接近90°,说明当涡振状态发展至缓慢上升区时,该区域分布气动力对涡激力的正贡献就降低了,导致了下游梁振幅⁃风速曲线的斜率出现显著变化。在工况1中,气动力相位差在不同涡振阶段演化规律较为明显的位置是区域⑫和⑨(下游梁桥面和底板),在第一涡振锁定区间与第二涡振锁定区间该区域相位差曲线差异较大:第一涡振锁定区间中,背风侧桥面和底板的分布气动力对激发涡振起正作用,而第二涡振锁定区间中,下游梁迎风侧桥面位置分布气动力对激发涡振起正作用,底板位置分布气动力对激发涡振的正作用减小。
相位差可以分析分布气动力对涡激力的正、负面作用,但由于不同位置分布气动力的绝对值大小不同,无法定量分析不同位置分布气动力对涡振的作用。通过引入分布气动力与涡激力的相关系数和脉动大小,定义分布气动力对涡激力的贡献为21
式中  表示第个测点的脉动风压的均方根值;表示第个测点处分布气动力的脉动值与涡激力的相关系数;代表涡激力;分别表示的标准差。
贡献值与分布气动力的脉动风压的均方根值以及与涡激力的相关系数有关,能直接展现分布气动力在整体涡激力中贡献的大小,可以直接判断涡振的诱因。由图15可见,涡振前和涡振后分布气动力对整体气动力几乎无贡献。工况1中,上、下游梁分布气动力的贡献值分布相似,均在梁底以及桥面背风侧偏大。而在第二个涡振锁定区间,斜腹板位置和开槽附近桥面处分布气动力对涡激力的贡献值增大,说明出现第二个涡振锁定区间的主要诱因为槽间涡的脉动。如图7(a)所示,当间距比为0.025时,两涡振锁定区间之间存在涡振响应先减小后增大的情况,且在折减风速为2.5时涡振响应几乎消失。这是由于风速越过第一涡振锁定区间振幅极值点后,两幅桥桥面背风侧及梁底脉动对激发涡振的贡献逐渐减小,使得涡振振幅减小。随着风速进一步增大,槽间涡的脉动才达到了激发涡振的条件,两涡振锁定区间产生的诱因不同,且涡振锁定区间未重合。当间距拉开后,在整个涡振锁定区间都以开槽附近的分布气动力脉动对涡激力的贡献为主,且贡献值比小间距下更大,说明槽间涡导致的上、下游相互干扰是双幅钢箱梁产生涡振的重要诱因。因此除下游梁底板和腹板交界处涡激力产生负贡献外(由于相位差大于90°),其余分布气动力脉动剧烈的位置都能够产生对涡激力较大的正贡献。如图10所示,工况3在涡振后,分布气动力与整体涡激力都以更高频率脉动,该高频脉动力对涡振无贡献。
双幅箱梁与单幅箱梁的差异在于双幅桥为独立振动的两座桥。刘圣源等22在分体式箱梁扭转涡振的研究中发现,分布气动力对涡激力的贡献主要集中于下游箱梁背风侧以及下游箱梁下表面;Hu等21对单箱梁的研究结果也表明分布气动力的贡献主要集中于背风侧桥面处,如图16所示。这与双幅桥在间距比为0.025情况下的第一个竖弯涡振锁定区间的特点类似,说明当双幅桥间距较小,上游梁的涡脱不足以导致上、下游箱梁之间剧烈的气动干扰时,其桥面分布气动力对涡激力的贡献与单箱及分体式箱梁类似。单箱梁在涡振锁定区间始终在梁底背风侧对涡激力存在负贡献,而双幅桥上游梁梁底几乎全部为正贡献,且下游梁在涡振锁定区间内下表面分布气动力存在显著的演变特性,在不同的特征点位置存在正、负贡献的转化。例如在间距比为0.145,从振幅快速上升区过渡到缓慢上升区时,下游梁迎风侧底板与斜腹板位置的分布气动力对涡激力的贡献由正转负。在较大间距比情况下(0.145和0.335),在涡振前槽间下游斜腹板上缘产生脉动风压,并在涡振锁定区间内对涡激力产生显著正贡献,上游梁断面周围分布气动力的贡献值也明显增大。双幅桥涡振中对涡激力贡献值的演变特性,是双幅桥产生多个涡振锁定区间以及在涡振锁定区间中振幅不随风速变化的原因。槽间较大贡献值是其产生大幅涡激共振的原因。说明上、下游箱梁之间出现剧烈的气动干扰,提高了涡振分布气动力的贡献,增强了整体涡激力,使其涡振特性与单幅桥存在显著差异。
本文利用测压、测振试验,研究了双幅钢箱梁桥在不同间距情况下竖弯涡振的性能,分析了其上、下游梁的气动力特点,结合表面分布气动力分析了不同涡振阶段中分布气动力的演化特点及其对涡激力的影响,对比了双幅桥涡振与单幅桥涡振的异同,揭示了双幅桥梁涡振的诱因和机理,进一步提出有效抑振方案。主要结论如下:
(1)双幅钢箱梁桥涡振锁定区间长,振幅大,+3°为最不利攻角。涡激力的倍频效应是由于槽间斜腹板处分布气动力的产生,整体体现出随着风速和振幅增加先增大后减小的趋势,也与双幅桥间距有关。
(2)当双幅桥间距增大进而使得槽间涡充分发展时,会显著提高开槽附近分布气动力的脉动。
(3)在大间距或高风速的情况下开槽附近上表面和下游梁斜腹板位置的分布气动力对涡激力的增强起到主要作用。开槽处以及桥面处的脉动力是诱发双幅桥涡振的诱因。双幅桥上游梁下表面对涡激力产生正贡献,与单箱梁的涡激力贡献存在显著差异,也是双幅桥涡振效应相较单幅桥强的原因,下游梁下表面在不同折减风速下分别体现出增强涡振和抑制涡振的演变特性,这是下游梁涡振振幅增长率在上升阶段突变的原因。
(4)针对上、下游相互干扰放大涡振效应的情况提出使用槽间裙板气动措施隔离槽间涡,对于桥面背风侧的分布气动力提出使用风嘴的气动措施,有效抑制了涡振,进一步验证了涡振诱因的正确性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108469; 52278520)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程资助项目(2023QNRC001)
  • 上海市教育委员会晨光计划资助项目(22CGA21)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(22120220577)
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2024年第37卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.006
  • 接收时间:2022-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-27
  • 修回日期:2022-09-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52108469; 52278520)
中国科协青年人才托举工程资助项目(2023QNRC001)
上海市教育委员会晨光计划资助项目(22CGA21)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(22120220577)
作者信息
    1同济大学土木工程防灾减灾全国重点实验室,上海 200092
    2同济大学桥梁结构抗风技术交通行业重点实验室,上海 200092
    3深中通道管理中心,广东 中山 528400

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方根深(1992—),男,博士,助理研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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