Article(id=1228634263160025660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697558400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-18, revisedDate=1702569600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858835257, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858835257, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858835257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858835257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1169, endPage=1181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634263382323774, articleId=1228634263160025660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Statics and dynamics analysis of bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A theoretical model for statics and dynamics of bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates is established. Three equilibrium states are determined by curing analysis in statics. Meanwhile the super-critical pitchfork bifurcation with temperature difference as the control parameter is explicated in the process of curing. Two stable states and one unstable state are demonstrated by stability analysis. The potential energy curve with two potential wells is depicted,which can contribute to studying dynamic snap-through. Moreover,the dynamic bifurcation for the equilibrium points is induced by introducing damping in dynamics. The influence of the base excitation frequency on the dynamics is discussed by numerical simulation. When the excitation frequency is located in a certain range,the large-amplitude dynamic snap-through and nonlinear vibrations with two potential wells can occur. The dynamics behaviors of the bistable system are overwhelmingly dominated by periodic vibration,quasi-periodic vibration and chaotic vibration. The certain frequency range,where the large-amplitude dynamic snap-through and nonlinear vibrations with two potential wells can occur,can be defined as a certain frequency broadband which proofs bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates to be applicable to bistable energy harvesters.

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建立了非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学和动力学模型。通过固化分析确定了三个平衡状态,展示了以温差绝对值为控制参数的超临界叉形分岔。通过稳定性分析确定了三个平衡状态为两个稳定平衡状态和一个不稳定平衡状态。通过静力学分析确定了双势阱势能曲线,这有助于对动态跳跃现象的研究。通过在动力学分析中引入阻尼,分析了平衡点的动态分岔。通过数值模拟讨论了基础激励频率对动力学特性的影响。当激励频率处于一定范围内时,系统会发生双势阱大振幅动态跳跃和非线性振动,此频率范围可以被设定为特定频率带宽。双稳态系统的主要动力学特性表现为周期振动、概周期振动和混沌振动。

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董 挺(1988―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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郭振坤(1989—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

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非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学与动力学分析
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郭振坤 1 , 徐佳乐 1 , 董挺 2
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1169-1181
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1169-1181
非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学与动力学分析
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郭振坤1 , 徐佳乐1, 董挺2
作者信息
  • 1北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院,北京 100044
  • 2中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
  • 郭振坤(1989—),男,博士,讲师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

董 挺(1988―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Statics and dynamics analysis of bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates
Zhen-kun GUO1 , Jia-le XU1, Ting DONG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044,China
  • 2China North Vehicle Research Institute,Beijing 100072,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.009
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建立了非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学和动力学模型。通过固化分析确定了三个平衡状态,展示了以温差绝对值为控制参数的超临界叉形分岔。通过稳定性分析确定了三个平衡状态为两个稳定平衡状态和一个不稳定平衡状态。通过静力学分析确定了双势阱势能曲线,这有助于对动态跳跃现象的研究。通过在动力学分析中引入阻尼,分析了平衡点的动态分岔。通过数值模拟讨论了基础激励频率对动力学特性的影响。当激励频率处于一定范围内时,系统会发生双势阱大振幅动态跳跃和非线性振动,此频率范围可以被设定为特定频率带宽。双稳态系统的主要动力学特性表现为周期振动、概周期振动和混沌振动。

非线性振动  /  复合材料层合方形板  /  双稳态  /  三种平衡状态  /  动态跳跃

A theoretical model for statics and dynamics of bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates is established. Three equilibrium states are determined by curing analysis in statics. Meanwhile the super-critical pitchfork bifurcation with temperature difference as the control parameter is explicated in the process of curing. Two stable states and one unstable state are demonstrated by stability analysis. The potential energy curve with two potential wells is depicted,which can contribute to studying dynamic snap-through. Moreover,the dynamic bifurcation for the equilibrium points is induced by introducing damping in dynamics. The influence of the base excitation frequency on the dynamics is discussed by numerical simulation. When the excitation frequency is located in a certain range,the large-amplitude dynamic snap-through and nonlinear vibrations with two potential wells can occur. The dynamics behaviors of the bistable system are overwhelmingly dominated by periodic vibration,quasi-periodic vibration and chaotic vibration. The certain frequency range,where the large-amplitude dynamic snap-through and nonlinear vibrations with two potential wells can occur,can be defined as a certain frequency broadband which proofs bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates to be applicable to bistable energy harvesters.

nonlinear vibration,composite laminated square plates  /  bistable state  /  three equilibrium states  /  dynamic snap-through
郭振坤, 徐佳乐, 董挺. 非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学与动力学分析. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1169 -1181 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.009
Zhen-kun GUO, Jia-le XU, Ting DONG. Statics and dynamics analysis of bistable asymmetric cross-ply composite laminated square plates[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1169 -1181 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.009
非对称纤维铺设的层合板在从高温冷却到室温的过程中会产生残余热应力1。由于残余热应力和几何非线性的共同作用,非对称层合板冷却到室温时会产生两个稳定平衡状态和一个不稳定平衡状态,从而形成双稳态复合材料层合板。这两个稳定平衡状态分别表现为主曲率沿xy方向的两个圆柱壳,这两个圆柱壳在没有能量输入的情况下就能够被维持,而当有足够的能量输入时,其可以通过跳跃(snap-through)实现相互之间的转换。不稳定平衡状态表现为两个微小曲率分别沿xy方向的大小相等、符号相反的马鞍形双曲壳。双稳态复合材料层合板作为自适应变形结构,在航空航天工程领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。
双稳态复合材料层合板的静态跳跃现象已经得到广泛的研究2-8,Guest等9通过调整材料参数和纤维铺设方式获得了多个稳定构型。有趣的是,反对称复合材料层合板或壳体也呈现出两个带有卷曲半径的稳定构型10。除了直接提供机械力和力矩的机械加载装置外11,形状记忆合金能够提供准静态力,从而很好地控制静态跳跃12-13。Mattioni等14提出多种构型、可跳跃的变形机翼的应用概念。Pirrera等15提出了更精确的位移场,改进了双稳态复合材料层合板的高阶多项式函数。与形状记忆合金相似,含准静态电压的压电纤维更适合与双稳态复合材料层合板集成使用16-17。此外,Seffen等18进行了磁力驱动跳跃的研究;Zhang等19通过磁流变弹性体驱动多稳态跳跃现象;Chillara等20建立了一个传感器系统的理论模型。
近年来,一些学者研究了双稳态复合材料层合板的动力学问题。Saberi等21分析了双稳态复合材料层合板的自由振动;Senba等22利用丰富的动力学特性改进驱动机构。Arrieta等23-24研究了阱间动力学特性即跳跃特性,并采用气动力来驱动跳跃。Emam等25通过实验的方法研究了动态跳跃。Carrella等26建立了双稳态系统的杜芬方程。Lee等27研究了动态跳跃的抑制策略。Habibzadeh等28建立了双稳态板的静力学和动力学的半解析模型。
到目前为止,关于非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学和动力学建模方面的工作是极少的。本文建立了非对称双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的力学模型及方程,忽略惯性项、阻尼项和外激励项得到静力学方程。通过求解静力学方程进行固化分析,确定了双稳态板的三个平衡点。通过稳定性分析确定了三个平衡点为两个稳定平衡点和一个不稳定平衡点。通过求解动力学方程阐述了非对称双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的双势阱动态跳跃和非线性振动。动态跳跃往往伴随着混沌振动,而非线性振动表现为周期振动、概周期振动和混沌振动。
图1(a)所示为中心固定支撑、四边自由的非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板,其材料成分为石墨/环氧树脂,其非对称铺层顺序如图1(b)所示,总层数为n=2NN=2,3,4),前N层纤维铺设方向为0°,后N层纤维铺设方向为90°,单层纤维的厚度为h,长度、宽度和总厚度分别为2Lx,2Ly和2HH=Nh);IxIyIz表示板在3个方向的惯性量。双稳态板受到基础激励Y的作用。两个稳定平衡状态分别表现为主曲率沿xy方向的两个圆柱壳,不稳定平衡状态表现为两个微小曲率分别沿xy方向的大小相等、符号相反的马鞍形双曲壳,如图2所示。
Reddy三阶剪切位移场uvw可以分别表示为29
式中  u0v0w0分别表示层合板中面上任意一点沿xyz方向的位移;φxφy分别表示中面法线绕y轴和x轴的转角。
非线性应变-位移关系为:
其中:
其中,
应力-应变关系如下:
式中  分别表示纤维沿xy轴的热膨胀系数,;等效刚度系数Qij为:
式中  分别为纵向和横向弹性模量;分别表示纵向和横向泊松比;分别表示纵向和横向剪切模量。
非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的势能为:
非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的动能为:
哈密顿原理为:
为方便起见,建立一个低阶模型,根据中心固定支撑、四边自由的边界条件,低阶位移为18
式中  分别表示xy方向的曲率。
将式(8)在平面域(x ∈ [‒Lx Lx]和y ∈ [‒Ly Ly])中积分,并只考虑双稳态系统的横向振动,确定二自由度常微分方程为:
引入无量纲表达式:
因此,式(10)可以写成无量纲的形式:
基于式(12),可以分析出非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学和动力学特性。
通过固化分析可以确定三种平衡状态。忽略式(10)中的惯性、阻尼和动态激励项,得到非线性静平衡方程:
在固化过程中,非对称复合材料层合板从制造温度冷却至室温。设室温与制造温度之间的差值为ΔT,并以温差绝对值|ΔT|作为控制参数。改变|ΔT|,通过求解式(13)可绘制静态分岔图,如图3所示。
图3(a)中,黑线、蓝线和红线分别表示非对称铺设顺序为(0°/0°/90°/90°),(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°)和(0°/0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°/90°),尺寸为300 mm×300 mm的双稳态板。由图可知,平衡解的数目随着|ΔT|的变化从1变到3,这表明静态分岔的类型是超临界叉形分岔。
图3(b)表示非对称铺设顺序为(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°),尺寸为300 mm×300 mm的双稳态板的固化过程。板在点A处是一个平面板。在点B处,温度-位移关系曲线分岔出分支BC,BD和BE。沿分支BC,正位移的大小随着参数|ΔT|(ΔT的符号为负)的增加而增加;沿分支BD,位移保持在接近于零的水平;沿分支BE,负位移的大小随着参数|ΔT|的增加而增加。在分支BE,沿x方向的曲率占主导地位,而沿y方向的曲率接近于零,这代表第一稳定状态;在分支BD,沿xy方向的曲率大小相等、符号相反,这代表不稳定平衡状态;在分支BC,沿y方向的曲率占主导地位,而沿x方向的曲率接近于零,这代表第二稳定状态。
本节中,首先研究式(10)是否有三个平衡点,然后通过稳定性分析判断式(10)是否有两个稳定平衡点和一个不稳定平衡点。分别考虑无阻尼和有阻尼的情况,其中,无阻尼情况对应静态分析,有阻尼情况对应动态分析。
在本节中,非对称铺设顺序为(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°),尺寸为300 mm×300 mm,ΔT为-90 ℃。令,将式(10)转化为状态空间的形式:
其中:
雅可比矩阵为:
其中:
为确定三个平衡点,去掉阻尼和外激励项,并令式(14)中的,得到:
通过求解式(19)得到三个平衡解:
c1=0,c2=0,并将式(20)中的第一个平衡点代入雅可比矩阵(16),则J1被表示为:
对应J1的特征方程为:
特征值为:
由于λ11λ12是一对共轭纯虚特征值,λ13λ14也是一对共轭纯虚特征值,所以式(20)中的第一个平衡点是一个中心点且该点是稳定的。
c1=0,c2=0,并将式(20)中的第二个平衡点代入雅可比矩阵(16),则J2被表示为:
对应J2的特征方程为:
特征值为:
由于λ21λ22是一对符号相反的实特征值,λ23λ24是一对共轭纯虚特征值,所以式(20)中的第二个平衡点是鞍中心点且该点是不稳定的。
c1=0,c2=0,并将式(20)中的第三个平衡点代入雅可比矩阵(16),则J3被表示为:
对应J3的特征方程为:
特征值为:
由于λ31λ32是一对共轭纯虚特征值,λ33λ34也是一对共轭纯虚特征值,所以式(20)中的第三个平衡点是中心点且该点是稳定的。
考虑阻尼并将式(20)中的第一个平衡点代入雅可比矩阵(16),则雅可比矩阵被确定为:
对应J1的特征方程为:
特征值为:
由于λ11λ12是一对共轭复特征值,λ13λ14也是一对共轭复特征值,所以式(20)中的第一个平衡点不再是中心点而是焦点。一旦c1c2被确定,f1c1c2)就可以被计算出来。
考虑阻尼并将式(20)中的第三个平衡点代入雅可比矩阵(16),则雅可比矩阵被确定为:
对应J3的特征方程为:
特征值为:
由于λ31λ32是一对共轭复特征值,λ33λ34也是一对共轭复特征值,所以式(20)中的第三个平衡点不再是中心点而是焦点。一旦c1c2被确定,f2c1c2)就可以被计算出来。
c1=c2=c,以阻尼为控制参数,得到动态分岔图,如图45所示。
图4为特征值λ1λ2λ3λ4与阻尼c的关系曲线,图中,Re()表示特征值实部,Im()表示特征值虚部。由图4可知,当c>0时,所有特征值实部为负,说明平衡点是一个稳定的焦点;当c<0时,所有特征值的实部为正,说明平衡点是一个不稳定的焦点。可以得出结论,当阻尼c的符号从负变到正时,所有特征值实部的符号从正变到负,而虚部的大小和符号几乎保持不变,即平衡点从一个不稳定的焦点变为一个稳定的焦点。
图5为平衡点的动态分岔图。如图5所示,当阻尼c从零变为非零时,平衡点从中心点变为焦点。图5(a)说明,当c>0时,平衡点为稳定焦点;图5(b)说明,当c<0时,平衡点为不稳定焦点。可以得到结论,平衡点的动态分岔随着阻尼c的变化而发生。
对于动力学特性分析,双稳态系统必须要有外部能量输入,以克服其自身的势能。基于式(14),势能为:
非对称铺设双稳态板的势能曲线如图6所示。图中,黑线表示(0°/0°/90°/90°),蓝线表示(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°),红线表示(0°/0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°/90°)。图67中的横坐标表示角(LxLy)的位移w,纵坐标表示能量U。双稳态板的尺寸为300 mm×300 mm,ΔT为-90 ℃。
通过分析图7,(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°)双稳态板的势能曲线有两个势阱和一个势垒,这有助于研究动态跳跃和非线性振动。由图7可知,双稳态系统需要足够的能量输入来驱动其从一个稳定平衡状态跳跃到另一个稳定平衡状态。也就是说,需要向双稳态系统施加足够的能量,以驱动其挣脱某一个势阱的束缚,并跨过隔离两个势阱的势垒,进入到另外一个势阱。当能量输入不足时,动态响应将被限制在某一个稳定状态附近的小范围内。
为研究非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的动力学特性,设置控制参数为:
式中  f表示激励振幅;Ω表示激励频率。
式(12)被用作频率-位移响应函数。选择三组控制参数,分别为p1=(4,90,0.75,1,Ω),p2=(6,90,0.75,0.6,Ω),p3=(8,90,0.75,0.3,Ω)。利用Runge-Kutta法进行扫频,得到非对称铺设顺序分别为(0°/0°/90°/90°),(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°),(0°/0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°/90°),尺寸为300 mm×300 mm的双稳态板的频率-位移响应图,如图8所示。
选择一组控制参数(6,90,0.75,0.6,Ω),得到非对称铺设顺序为(0°/0°/0°/90°/90°/90°),尺寸为300 mm×300 mm的双稳态板的频率-位移响应,如图9所示。
图8中,纵坐标为角(LxLy)的横向位移w,横坐标为频率Ω。横向位移w采用以下无量纲形式:
图9(a)中,纵坐标为x方向的曲率,横坐标为频率Ω;在图9(b)中,纵坐标为y方向的曲率,横坐标为频率Ω
图89可以被用来分析非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板在扫频过程中的振动形式。为全面分析动力学特性,图10展示了一系列平面上的庞加莱截面图,它们表明了双稳态系统的振动形式。图10(a)说明了当Ω=14.46时,系统在第一稳定状态附近的周期性振动;图10(b)说明了当Ω=16.68时,系统在两个稳定平衡状态之间的连续动态跳跃和混沌振动;图10(c)说明了当Ω=17.16时,系统在第二稳定状态附近的概周期振动;图10(d)说明了当Ω=17.52时,系统在两个稳定平衡状态之间的动态跳跃和混沌振动;图10(e)说明了当Ω=17.64时,系统在第一稳定状态附近的概周期振动;图10(f)说明了当Ω=17.88时,系统在第二稳定状态附近的周期振动。
基于图10中的庞加莱截面图,图89可以被描述为如下的流程:
(1)系统在某一个稳定平衡状态附近的振动→系统在两个稳定平衡状态之间的动态跳跃→系统在某一个稳定平衡状态附近的振动;
(2)系统在第一个稳定平衡状态附近的周期振动→系统在两个稳定平衡状态之间的连续动态跳跃→系统在第二个稳定平衡状态附近的概周期振动→系统在两个稳定平衡状态之间的动态跳跃和混沌振动→系统在第二个稳定平衡状态附近的混沌振动→系统在第一个稳定平衡状态附近的概周期振动→系统在第二个稳定平衡状态附近的周期振动;
(3)单势阱小振幅振动→单势阱大振幅振动→双势阱大振幅振动和非线性振动→单势阱大振幅振动→单势阱小振幅振动。
通过扫频可知,双稳态板首先在某一个稳定平衡状态附近发生轻微振动,然后在两个稳定平衡状态之间发生剧烈跳跃,最后又在某一个稳定平衡状态附近发生轻微振动。
所有能引起双势阱大振幅动态跳跃和非线性振动的激励频率构成了一个特定的范围,这个特定范围实际上有助于双稳态能量采集器的设计,且会随着层合板层数的增加而减小。随着总厚度2H的增加,动态跳跃将被限制在一个非常窄的频率带内。
图10(a)和(e)所示,沿y方向的曲率振幅占主导地位,而沿x方向的曲率振幅几乎为零,也就是说,图10(a)和(e)显示的位移为正,这表示系统在第一稳定状态附近振动。类似地,如图10(c)和(f)所示,沿x方向的曲率振幅占主导地位,而沿y方向的曲率振幅几乎为零,也就是说,图10(c)和(f)中显示的位移为负,这表示系统在第二稳定状态附近振动。通过比较图1112所示的w1w2的动态响应可以发现,在振动过程中,当某一个方向的曲率趋于零,而另一个方向的曲率迅速增加时,系统发生动态跳跃。基于庞加莱截面图可知,动态跳跃往往伴随着混沌振动,也就是说,混沌振动是动态跳跃发生的有利条件。
本文建立了非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的静力学和动力学模型。在静力学分析中,进行了固化分析、稳定性分析和能量曲线分析;在动力学分析中,研究了基础激励频率对非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的影响。
通过固化分析确定了双稳态板的三个平衡位置,并阐明了以温差绝对值为控制参数的超临界叉形分岔。通过稳定性分析确定了三个平衡位置为两个稳定平衡位置和一个不稳定平衡位置。通过在动力学分析中引入阻尼,分析了平衡点的动态分岔,其中,稳定平衡点不再是中心点而是焦点。利用静平衡方程绘制了带有两个势阱的势能曲线,这有助于对动态跳跃现象的研究。
以基础激励频率为控制参数的理论模型论证了非对称铺设双稳态正交复合材料层合方形板的双势阱动态跳跃和非线性振动。只有当激励频率位于一定范围内时,系统才会发生双势阱大振幅动态跳跃和非线性振动,否则只会发生单势阱小振幅振动。动态跳跃往往伴随着混沌振动。混沌振动是动态跳跃发生的有利条件。非线性振动往往表现为周期振动、概周期振动和混沌振动。在动态跳跃过程中,沿一个方向的曲率趋于零,而沿另一个方向的曲率迅速增加。所有能引起双势阱大振幅动态跳跃和非线性振动的激励频率构成了一个特定的范围,这个特定范围实际上有助于双稳态能量采集器的设计,且会随着层合板层数的增加而减小。随着厚度的增加,动态跳跃将被限制在一个非常窄的频率带内。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12102031)
  • 北京建筑大学“金字塔人才培养工程”项目(JDYC20220828)
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2024年第37卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.009
  • 接收时间:2023-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-18
  • 修回日期:2023-12-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12102031)
北京建筑大学“金字塔人才培养工程”项目(JDYC20220828)
作者信息
    1北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院,北京 100044
    2中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072

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董 挺(1988―),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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