Article(id=1228634261822046387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1660665600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-17, revisedDate=1669910400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770858834939, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770858834939, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770858834939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770858834939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228634261138374834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2024', volume='37', issue='7', pageStart='1089', pageEnd='1268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770858834775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770859016311, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228635022622654928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228634261138374834, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1161, endPage=1168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228634262065316021, articleId=1228634261822046387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Nonlinear dynamics of vibration wheel contact with compacted pavement in the middle and late stages of vibration compaction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the dynamic behavior mechanism between vibrating wheels and compacted pavement during subgrade vibration compaction. To provide theoretical support for continuous compaction monitoring technology and intelligent compaction of pavement. Based on the consideration of the mass of the vibrating soil,a 3-degree-of-freedom vibratory roller-soil coupling dynamic model is established. The nonlinear dynamic response characteristics of the vibratory roller vibration wheel in the compaction process are studied by analyzing the time-frequency domain plot of the vibrating wheel,Poincaré Map,Largest Lyapunov Exponent,and the dynamic contact force of the wheel-soil. The numerical simulation results show that with an increase of subgrade compaction,the motion of the vibrating wheel evolves from a single cycle to a multi-cycle motion,and finally enters a chaotic state. In the process of evolution,the vibration wheel acceleration frequency domain characteristics from the initial single fundamental frequency to the fundamental frequency accompanied by an integral frequency harmonic transition. In the end,the fundamental frequency and 1/2 times the subharmonic are the main parts. After entering the chaotic state,reducing the excitation force and increasing the excitation frequency can make the chaotic state degenerate to approximately a single cycle motion. Among them,the response characteristics of reducing the excitation force are weak 1/3×,2/3× and high harmonics in the frequency domain response. Among the response characteristics of increasing the excitation frequency,the single cycle of the compaction movement of the vibrating wheel is more obvious.

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在考虑随振土体质量的基础上,建立三自由度振动压路机-土耦合动力学模型,通过分析振动轮的时频域图、Poincaré截面图、最大Lyapunov指数和轮-土动态接触力等响应,研究振动压路机振动轮在压实过程中的非线性动力学响应特性。数值仿真结果表明,随着路基压实度的增大,振动轮由单一周期运动演变为多周期运动,最终进入混沌状态;在演变过程中,振动轮加速度的频域特征由最初的单一基频向基频伴随有整倍频谐波过渡,最终以基频和1/2倍次谐波为主要部分;在进入混沌状态后减小激振力和增大激振频率都可以使混沌状态退化至近似单一周期运动,其中减小激振力对响应特征的影响为:频域响应存在较弱的1/3倍、2/3倍及高倍次谐波;而增大激振频率对响应特征的影响为:振动轮压实运动的单一周期更为明显。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
路永婕(1981―),女,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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刘景旭(1999—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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刘景旭(1999—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

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振动压实中后期振动轮与压实路面的接触非线性动力学研究
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刘景旭 1 , 路永婕 2 , 王建西 3 , 商祥志 1
振动工程学报 | 2024,37(7): 1161-1168
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振动工程学报 | 2024, 37(7): 1161-1168
振动压实中后期振动轮与压实路面的接触非线性动力学研究
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刘景旭1 , 路永婕2 , 王建西3, 商祥志1
作者信息
  • 1石家庄铁道大学机械工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043
  • 2省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050043
  • 3石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043
  • 刘景旭(1999—),男,硕士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

路永婕(1981―),女,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Nonlinear dynamics of vibration wheel contact with compacted pavement in the middle and late stages of vibration compaction
Jing-xu LIU1 , Yong-jie LU2 , Jian-xi WANG3, Xiang-zhi SHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behaviour and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 3School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.008
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在考虑随振土体质量的基础上,建立三自由度振动压路机-土耦合动力学模型,通过分析振动轮的时频域图、Poincaré截面图、最大Lyapunov指数和轮-土动态接触力等响应,研究振动压路机振动轮在压实过程中的非线性动力学响应特性。数值仿真结果表明,随着路基压实度的增大,振动轮由单一周期运动演变为多周期运动,最终进入混沌状态;在演变过程中,振动轮加速度的频域特征由最初的单一基频向基频伴随有整倍频谐波过渡,最终以基频和1/2倍次谐波为主要部分;在进入混沌状态后减小激振力和增大激振频率都可以使混沌状态退化至近似单一周期运动,其中减小激振力对响应特征的影响为:频域响应存在较弱的1/3倍、2/3倍及高倍次谐波;而增大激振频率对响应特征的影响为:振动轮压实运动的单一周期更为明显。

非线性振动  /  振动轮  /  振动压实  /  非线性接触  /  混沌

To explore the dynamic behavior mechanism between vibrating wheels and compacted pavement during subgrade vibration compaction. To provide theoretical support for continuous compaction monitoring technology and intelligent compaction of pavement. Based on the consideration of the mass of the vibrating soil,a 3-degree-of-freedom vibratory roller-soil coupling dynamic model is established. The nonlinear dynamic response characteristics of the vibratory roller vibration wheel in the compaction process are studied by analyzing the time-frequency domain plot of the vibrating wheel,Poincaré Map,Largest Lyapunov Exponent,and the dynamic contact force of the wheel-soil. The numerical simulation results show that with an increase of subgrade compaction,the motion of the vibrating wheel evolves from a single cycle to a multi-cycle motion,and finally enters a chaotic state. In the process of evolution,the vibration wheel acceleration frequency domain characteristics from the initial single fundamental frequency to the fundamental frequency accompanied by an integral frequency harmonic transition. In the end,the fundamental frequency and 1/2 times the subharmonic are the main parts. After entering the chaotic state,reducing the excitation force and increasing the excitation frequency can make the chaotic state degenerate to approximately a single cycle motion. Among them,the response characteristics of reducing the excitation force are weak 1/3×,2/3× and high harmonics in the frequency domain response. Among the response characteristics of increasing the excitation frequency,the single cycle of the compaction movement of the vibrating wheel is more obvious.

nonlinear vibration  /  vibrating wheel  /  vibration compaction  /  non-linear contact  /  chaos
刘景旭, 路永婕, 王建西, 商祥志. 振动压实中后期振动轮与压实路面的接触非线性动力学研究. 振动工程学报, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1161 -1168 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.008
Jing-xu LIU, Yong-jie LU, Jian-xi WANG, Xiang-zhi SHANG. Nonlinear dynamics of vibration wheel contact with compacted pavement in the middle and late stages of vibration compaction[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2024 , 37 (7) : 1161 -1168 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.008
中国公路建设仍处于高速发展中,截至“十三五”末全国公路总里程达到519.8万公里,较“十二五”末增长62.1万公里1。振动压路机作为压实设备广泛地应用在公路的建设过程中;在施工过程中路面的压实度决定了路面的使用性能2-4,而在路基压实后期由振动轮的接地非线性行为产生的跳振工况会造成路基的过压和反压现象,致使压实效率低下甚至路面压实作业验收不达标等,最终在交付使用时容易使路面产生差异沉降问题,对车辆的安全运行带来严重影响5-6。振动压路机的压实作业质量和压实效率与振动压路机和路基之间的动态相互作用有密切关联。国内外学者提出了很多耦合模型,对振动压实行为考虑的侧重点不同,所建立的表征模型也有所差别。路基的压实是一个复杂的力学耦合行为,压实模型是正确理解、表征振动轮和压实路面之间的相互作用行为的基础,也是研究路面智能压实(IC)的前提。振动压路机振动轮的动力学特性离不开随振土体的参与,因此,将参振土体耦合到振动压实动力学模型中,完整把握(描述、表征)振动压实施工全过程的动力学特性非常有必要。
国内外学者对振动轮在压实过程中的动态特性进行了大量研究。Yoo等7通过简化振动压路机的振动轮和路基,提出了经典的二自由度线性压实模型。后来许多学者8-11提出了各种压实模型,其中有非线性弹性模型、黏弹塑性振动压实模型和各种带有非线性滞回力的压实模型等。Dobrescu等12利用流变模型来描述振动压路机冲击载荷下的土体响应参数,优化了压实工艺。文献[913]基于非对称滞回振动压实模型,研究了压实系统的混沌振动响应,论证了跳振行为会使路基表层松散,降低压实效率。Van Susante等14使用集总参数的方法建立了振动轮和土壤的耦合系统模型,通过仿真研究了系统复杂的非线性行为。此外,Kenneally等15利用有限元模型分析研究了振动轮与路基土壤层之间的相互作用,展示了振动轮的混沌和横摆行为。马涛等16基于有限元模型分析出跳振行为不仅会引起次谐波分量,同时会导致谐波分量值的减小。另外,Yang等17基于振动压路机作业现场的试验数据,研究分析了振动压实过程中振动波的传播和演化特征。Mooney等18-20通过现场试验研究了振动压路机的振动特性与路基刚度参数之间的关系。为了评估压实效率,学者们提出了各种压实指数21-23,该指数通过改变振动压路机的操作参数来最大限度地提高压实效率。文献[24-25]研究了振动压路机的非线性振动特性,并且对振动压路机的控制参数提出了一些建议。还有一些学者25-27研究了激励振幅和频率以及土壤参数对振动轮动力学特性的影响。振动轮的动态行为可分为 (a)周期线性行为,振动轮始终与地面保持接触;(b)周期非线性接触行为,振动轮周期性地与土壤脱离接触;(c)跳振行为,振动轮非周期性地与土壤脱离接触,进入混沌状态。从以上这些研究中可以看出,尽管其中一些研究涉及振动压路机的动态特性,但在考虑参振土体的基础上对振动轮与土壤的动态行为研究较少。由于混沌状态的跳振行为对路面压实有危害作用,因此应对跳振行为进行适当的抑制。抑制跳振行为的前提是正确认识跳振行为的起因,即振动轮与土壤间的非线性接触行为24
本文建立三自由度振动压路机-土壤动力学模型,通过采用分段线性函数描述振动轮与参振土体之间的动态力,研究振动压路机在对土壤压实进行到中后期时振动轮的非线性接触动力学行为。此外,分析了增大振动轮激振频率或减小振动轮的激振力对振动轮“跳振”行为的抑制作用,以期为连续压实监测技术和路面智能压实提供理论参考。
由于接触非线性引起的跳振工况多属于垂向动力学范畴,因此本文建立振动轮-土体垂向动力学模型,如图1所示。在建立模型之前应保证以下假设成立28-29
a)振动轮中滑动偏心块以角速度绕轮心轴旋转,为一常数;
b)振动轮与机架被看成质量集中的质量块;
c)在振动轮-土模型中所有用到的阻尼元件和弹性元件都是无质量的;
d)振动轮的偏心块旋转运动产生的离心力作用在模型上只有垂直方向的分量;
e)随振土体的质量为0.3倍振动轮质量20(经过试算,该值在0.3附近波动对振动轮的响应特征影响很小,基于篇幅的限制,本文选择忽略该影响)。
对振动轮在不同接地工况进行受力分析,以土壤尚未变形的位置为系统零点,得到动力学方程:
式中  为压路机上机架的质量和位移;为机架和振动轮之间的减振器的刚度和阻尼;为振动轮的质量和位移;为随振土体的质量和位移;为土壤的刚度和阻尼;为振动轮的激振力幅值和激振频率;为振动轮与地面接触的动态作用力;为机架、振动轮、参振土体的速度;为机架、振动轮、参振土体的加速度。
振动轮的非线性行为主要由振动轮和土壤之间的单侧约束引起,即振动轮只能向土壤传递压力。在振动轮动态压实的过程中,由于土壤压实度和振动轮参数(如激振力、激振频率等)的动态变化导致土壤作用于振动轮的反作用力的大小不定,一般在压实的中后期振动轮会周期性地从路基上微幅“弹起”,即产生了非线性接触现象。此时可以通过振动轮的频域响应来识别振动轮与土体的非线性接触行为,即振动轮频域响应的频率为激振频率的整数倍24-25。当压实进行到后期时,振动轮的响应频率会出现激振频率及激振频率的1/2,1/4,1/8等,也称为振动轮的亚谐振动。如图2所示,T为周期,f为振动轮的激振频率。
当振动压路机与被压实材料在相互接触时,存在,则。消去可得接地时的动态作用力方程为:
当振动轮发生跳振时,振动轮与路基存在不接触的情况,此时二者不存在力学关系,即
因此,可得当振动轮处于跳离被压实土体表面时会出现振动轮的接触非线性现象,因此动态力的分段非线性函数方程可以写为:
本文以Sakai SV 510D振动压路机为研究对象,根据文献[20]设定耦合动力学模型的各项参数,车体的振动参数分别为:激振力的幅值为,机架质量为 ,振动轮质量为、随振土体的质量为,机架与振动轮之间的缓冲减振器刚度和阻尼分别为,振动轮的激振频率为20。土壤的刚度会随着土壤密度的增加而提升,而施工路面的土壤的密度又与压实度呈正相关30,所以可得土壤的刚度与压实度呈正相关,因此我们选取不同的压实阶段的土壤参数来研究振动压实行为。土壤在真实压实过程中,周围土体对参振土体存在一定的黏聚力,在动态力的仿真过程中仅考虑参振土体与振动轮间的动态接触压应力。
在土壤压实初期,土壤刚度为、土壤阻尼为10,由式(1)可求得在振源公式与之前保持不变)作用下振动轮的时域、频域、相图、Poincaré截面图和轮-土动态接触力如图3所示。
图3可知,振动轮加载时的位移响应为,而卸载时的位移未达到土壤未压实的初始表面位置。从轮-土的动态接触力响应可以看出此时振动轮与土壤间偶有接触力为0的现象,从整体上看轮-土动态接触力仍呈现出与振动轮位移响应相仿的正弦周期状态,说明此阶段振动轮偶有与土壤脱离接触的现象并未影响到振动轮整体压实行为的稳定性。振动轮的相图为“单线环状”,Poincaré截面图为重叠在一起的单点状,可以看出此时振动轮的确处于稳定的单周期运动,此阶段土壤的压实度还较低,振动轮的压实过程整体还处于稳定的接地压实状态,并未出现谐波现象,在振动轮的频谱图中仅出现基频的振动频率。
随着土壤压实度的增加,土壤的刚度会进一步增大,相应地,其土壤的阻尼会进一步减小。图4中土壤的刚度为、土壤阻尼为图5中土壤的刚度为、土壤阻尼为。振动轮的时域、频域、相图、Poincaré截面图和轮-土动态接触力如图45所示。
图45可知,在振动压实处于中期到后期的过渡阶段时,振动轮加载时的时域响应幅值逐渐增大,卸载时振动轮的位移跳离了未压实土壤的初始平面,压实过程中振动轮的响应由近似单一周期向多周期过渡。在频域特征中可以看出,压实运动从仅有基频频率状态(图4(b))过渡到含有1/3次、2/3次以及高倍次谐波状态(图5(b))。此时的相图在图4(c)中虽整体保持密实的“单环状”但已经可以看出有趋于多环的发散趋势,在图5(c)中可以看出此时振动轮相图已经发散为了“多环状”,同样也反映出了振动轮已处于多周期的压实状态。同样地,其相图对应的Poincaré截面图也由图4(d)的聚集形态过渡到了图5(d)的相对离散形态。从轮-土的动态接触力可以看出随着土壤刚度的增加,以同样的压实力和压实频率进行压实作业时振动轮与被压实土壤的脱离接触时刻逐渐增多(如图4(e)所示),继续增加土壤的刚度时可以明显看出此时的轮-土动态接触力曲线出现了“被削底”的情况(如图5(e)所示),说明轮-土周期性地进入脱离状态,最大Lyapunov指数(25 Hz时)也由图4(f)中的负值变为图5(f)中的0.08,可以印证出中后期过渡阶段振动轮压实状态由近似单一周期进入多周期。
当处于压实后期时,土壤的刚度为、土壤阻尼为。振动轮的时域、频域、相图、Poincaré截面图和轮-土动态接触力如图6所示。
在压实达到后期阶段时振动轮的时域响应如图6(a)所示,已经呈现出非周期状态,振动轮的相图从过渡阶段的“多环状”演变为了凌乱的“多弧线环状”,相应的Poincaré截面图也由过渡时期相对聚集的点状分布形态演变到了压实后期的离散分布形态,即此时的振动轮进入了混沌状态。而此时的轮-土动态接触力图像也出现了更为明显的“被削底”情况,说明轮-土脱离接触的频次更高了,也即振动轮进入严重的“跳振”状态。频域图中出现在过渡阶段的高次谐波仍存在,但相对较弱,除了基频的振动频率外,其1/2次谐波占主要部分,在图6(f)的最大Lyapunov指数图中也可以看出横坐标为25 Hz时的指数为正值,其表征当前压实阶段振动轮的响应为混沌状态。此时以不变的激振力和压实频率进行压实作业时对土壤的压实效率很低,甚至会出现反压实现象。
在振动压实后期易出现混沌的、非周期的压实行为,黄杰2和沈培辉等30通过实验证明了这种压实行为不仅会使已经趋于密实的已压实路面产生过压现象,而且在压实作业过程中会降低操作员的舒适性和压路机零部件的使用寿命,使得被压实的表层路基松散,甚至使更深层次的路基压实密度下降,导致最终验收压实作业不合格区域增加。通常在振动压实后期结束的时候会采用振动轮静压来进行收尾工作以补压路基表面层松散的反压实行为,但这样操作增加了压实工艺流程,使得压实作业的效率降低。因此在压实后期应当采取合适的压实参数来抑制混沌现象的产生,本文通过采用调节振动轮的激振力和激振频率等措施来抑制压实后期的混沌行为,经过多次试算,在压实后期将激振力幅值减小至,振动轮的响应如图7所示。
图7可以看出在减小了激振力后振动轮的时域图由图6(a)的混沌状态演变到了多周期的动压实状态,此时的频域图7(b)除了基频外还存在较弱的1/3次谐波、2/3次谐波以及高倍次谐波。动态接触力同样回归了轮-土周期性的脱离接触状态,从相图上也可以看出此时的振动轮处于多周期的振动状态,相较于混沌的压实状态有了一定的改善效果。
在压实后期土体参数不变,仅改变振动轮的激振频率值为时,其相应的振动轮响应如图8所示。
图8可以看出在提高激振频率后,振动轮跳离未压实土壤表面的幅度大幅减小,且从后期的混沌压实行为演变为了近似单一周期振动的压实行为,在频域图8(b)中可看出混沌状态的1/2次谐波被有效地抑制了,高次谐波也有所减弱。从轮-土动态接触力图8(c)可以看出振动轮和土壤从混沌状态的“随机”脱离接触到此时的周期性脱离接触,相图也由混沌状态的“凌乱”状态演变为了此时的环形较为相似的“多环状”。通过提高激振频率较好地改善了混沌压实状态,这与文献[2530]得出的结论一致。
本文建立了振动压路机振动轮与土体的耦合非线性动力学模型,获得了振动轮响应的时域图、频域图、相图、Poincaré截面图、最大Lyapunov指数和轮-土动态接触力,研究了振动轮的非线性动力学特性,进行了激振力参数对振动轮混沌压实状态的抑制行为特征研究。主要结论如下:
(1)随着被压实土壤逐渐趋于密实,土壤的刚度逐渐增大,土壤的阻尼相应地逐渐减小。振动轮的压实行为从单一周期运动过渡为多周期运动,最终进入混沌运动。在此过程中,振动轮经历了从接触、周期性失去接触到最终“跳振”状态的变化,振动轮压实运动的频域特征由最初的单一基频向基频伴随有整倍频谐波过渡,最终以基频和0.5倍次谐波为主要组成部分。
(2)在改变单一激振力参数的情况下,减小激振力和增大激振频率都可以使混沌状态退化至近似单一周期运动,其中减小激振力时,响应特征为除了基频外存在较弱的1/3倍次谐波、2/3倍次谐波以及高倍次谐波,增大激振频率时,响应特征为运动的单一特征明显且频域响应的倍频谐波更弱。
(3)本文在考虑参振土体的基础上主要对振动压实的中后期非线性接触工况进行了分析,但接触力在峰值阶段偶见为零的动力学特性需要相关实验进行补充论证;实际路基材料为颗粒状的黏聚体,与本文参振土体的均质、各向同性和理想的弹塑特性等假设不甚符合,实际的非线性接触工况更为复杂。
(4)后续研究可以考虑连续路基与振动压路机模型的耦合,以及振动轮激励参数的优化(压实效率)策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072204)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(A2020210039)
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2024年第37卷第7期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2024.07.008
  • 接收时间:2022-08-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-17
  • 修回日期:2022-12-02
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12072204)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(A2020210039)
作者信息
    1石家庄铁道大学机械工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043
    2省部共建交通工程结构力学行为与系统安全国家重点实验室,河北 石家庄 050043
    3石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043

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路永婕(1981―),女,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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