Article(id=1228295924812808982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1684425600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-19, revisedDate=1697385600000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778169110, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778169110, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778169110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778169110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295917908980268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778167464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949125482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=517, endPage=528, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295925190296361, articleId=1228295924812808982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Shimmy characteristics of dual-wheel nose landing gear considering the axial and longitudinal motions of strut, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The axial compression of the landing gear strut can directly lead to the change of system stiffness and rotational inertia,but the effect of strut axial displacement is mostly ignored in existing models of nose landing gear shimmy. A nonlinear dynamic model of six-degree-of-freedom dual-wheel nose landing gear shimmy with axial displacement and longitudinal bending of struts is established. The bifurcation theory is applied to study the effect of introducing axial displacement on the shimmy region,and the maximum compression stroke of the buffer is combined with sliding speed,vertical load,and wheel rotational inertia,respectively. The combined parameters are analyzed by two parameter bifurcation. The fourth order Runge-Kutta method and fast Fourier transform are used to calculate the time-frequency characteristics in the stable shimmy region,and the interaction between the degrees of freedom of torsion,lateral bending,and longitudinal bending of the strut is studied. The results show that under certain conditions,considering the influence of axial displacement of the strut,the areas of torsional and lateral shimmy of the strut have a tendency to shrink. In the bistable region of double wheel nose gear shimmy,when the initial excitation is close to zero equilibrium state,the longitudinal shimmy occurs near 2 times the natural frequency of torsional vibration. When the initial excitation is far from the zero equilibrium state,longitudinal shimmy occurs near 2 times the natural frequency of lateral vibration.

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起落架支柱轴向压缩将直接导致系统刚度和转动惯量发生变化,但现有前起落架(nose landing gear,NLG)摆振模型中大多忽略支柱轴向位移的影响。建立了考虑支柱轴向位移和纵向弯曲的六自由度双轮前起落架摆振非线性动力学模型。应用分岔理论研究了支柱轴向位移对摆振区域的影响,并将缓冲器最大压缩行程分别与滑跑速度、垂向载荷和机轮转动惯量进行组合,对组合参数进行双参数分岔分析。采用四阶Runge-Kutta法和快速傅里叶变换在摆振稳定区内进行时频特性计算,研究了支柱扭转、侧向弯曲和纵向弯曲摆振自由度之间的相互作用。结果表明:在一定工况下,考虑支柱轴向位移影响后,支柱扭转摆振和侧向摆振区域均有缩小趋势。双轮前起落架摆振双稳态区域内,当初始激励接近零平衡状态时,纵向摆振发生在2倍扭转振动固有频率附近;而当初始激励远离零平衡状态时,纵向摆振发生在2倍侧向振动固有频率附近。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卢翔(1969—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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高相国(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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高相国(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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Journal of Vibration and Shock2022,41(2):1-10., articleTitle=Hysteresis and the bifurcation mechanism of 1/2 order subharmonic resonances in varying compliance vibration of a ball bearing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228312975346430826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924812808982, awardId=U2033209, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2033209), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228312975434511210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924812808982, awardId=2022YJS041, language=CN, fundingSource=中国民航大学研究生科研创新项目(2022YJS041), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228312963329749659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924812808982, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228312963342332571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924812808982, companyId=1228312963329749659, language=EN, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312975019275107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924812808982, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters and their values of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
几何结构参数机械稳定距e/m0.12
前倾角ϕ/rad0.157 1
起落架安装高度l0/m2.5
支柱侧向刚度系数Kδ/(N·m·rad-1)6.1×106
支柱纵向刚度系数Kβ/(N·m·rad-1)3×107
支柱扭转阻尼系数Cθ/(N·m·s·rad-1)300
支柱侧向阻尼系数Cδ/(N·m·s·rad-1)300
支柱纵向阻尼系数Cβ/(N·m·s·rad-1)300
支柱绕S轴的转动惯量Iθ/(kg·m2)100
轮胎参数轮胎松弛长度σ/m0.3
轮胎触地线半长h/m0.1
机轮半径R/m0.362
两轮间距D/m0.2
极限侧偏角αm/rad0.174 5
轮胎扭转回正系数Kα/(m·rad-1)1.0
轮胎侧向回正系数Kλ/(m·rad-1)0.002
轮胎扭转阻尼系数Cλ/(N·m2·rad-1)270
轮胎垂向刚度Kv/(N·m-1)4×106
缓冲器参数预应力F0/N10 000
多变指数修正系数ca1
多变指数n1.18
平方阻尼系数d1/(N·s2·m-2)7.5×105
延拓参数缓冲器最大压缩行程Um/m0 ~ 1.5
机轮转动惯量I/(kg·m2)0 ~ 1.4
垂向载荷FZ/kN0 ~ 1 200
滑跑速度V/(m·s-1)0 ~ 300
), ArticleFig(id=1228312975115744101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924812808982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数及其取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
几何结构参数机械稳定距e/m0.12
前倾角ϕ/rad0.157 1
起落架安装高度l0/m2.5
支柱侧向刚度系数Kδ/(N·m·rad-1)6.1×106
支柱纵向刚度系数Kβ/(N·m·rad-1)3×107
支柱扭转阻尼系数Cθ/(N·m·s·rad-1)300
支柱侧向阻尼系数Cδ/(N·m·s·rad-1)300
支柱纵向阻尼系数Cβ/(N·m·s·rad-1)300
支柱绕S轴的转动惯量Iθ/(kg·m2)100
轮胎参数轮胎松弛长度σ/m0.3
轮胎触地线半长h/m0.1
机轮半径R/m0.362
两轮间距D/m0.2
极限侧偏角αm/rad0.174 5
轮胎扭转回正系数Kα/(m·rad-1)1.0
轮胎侧向回正系数Kλ/(m·rad-1)0.002
轮胎扭转阻尼系数Cλ/(N·m2·rad-1)270
轮胎垂向刚度Kv/(N·m-1)4×106
缓冲器参数预应力F0/N10 000
多变指数修正系数ca1
多变指数n1.18
平方阻尼系数d1/(N·s2·m-2)7.5×105
延拓参数缓冲器最大压缩行程Um/m0 ~ 1.5
机轮转动惯量I/(kg·m2)0 ~ 1.4
垂向载荷FZ/kN0 ~ 1 200
滑跑速度V/(m·s-1)0 ~ 300
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考虑支柱轴向位移和纵向弯曲的双轮前起落架摆振特性分析
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高相国 1 , 卢翔 2 , 单泽众 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(3): 517-528
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(3): 517-528
考虑支柱轴向位移和纵向弯曲的双轮前起落架摆振特性分析
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高相国1 , 卢翔2 , 单泽众1
作者信息
  • 1.中国民航大学航空工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2.中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 高相国(1997—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

卢翔(1969—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Shimmy characteristics of dual-wheel nose landing gear considering the axial and longitudinal motions of strut
Xiangguo GAO1 , Xiang LU2 , Zezhong SHAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aeronautical Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2.School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.008
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起落架支柱轴向压缩将直接导致系统刚度和转动惯量发生变化,但现有前起落架(nose landing gear,NLG)摆振模型中大多忽略支柱轴向位移的影响。建立了考虑支柱轴向位移和纵向弯曲的六自由度双轮前起落架摆振非线性动力学模型。应用分岔理论研究了支柱轴向位移对摆振区域的影响,并将缓冲器最大压缩行程分别与滑跑速度、垂向载荷和机轮转动惯量进行组合,对组合参数进行双参数分岔分析。采用四阶Runge-Kutta法和快速傅里叶变换在摆振稳定区内进行时频特性计算,研究了支柱扭转、侧向弯曲和纵向弯曲摆振自由度之间的相互作用。结果表明:在一定工况下,考虑支柱轴向位移影响后,支柱扭转摆振和侧向摆振区域均有缩小趋势。双轮前起落架摆振双稳态区域内,当初始激励接近零平衡状态时,纵向摆振发生在2倍扭转振动固有频率附近;而当初始激励远离零平衡状态时,纵向摆振发生在2倍侧向振动固有频率附近。

前起落架  /  非线性摆振  /  六自由度模型  /  双参数分岔  /  振动频率

The axial compression of the landing gear strut can directly lead to the change of system stiffness and rotational inertia,but the effect of strut axial displacement is mostly ignored in existing models of nose landing gear shimmy. A nonlinear dynamic model of six-degree-of-freedom dual-wheel nose landing gear shimmy with axial displacement and longitudinal bending of struts is established. The bifurcation theory is applied to study the effect of introducing axial displacement on the shimmy region,and the maximum compression stroke of the buffer is combined with sliding speed,vertical load,and wheel rotational inertia,respectively. The combined parameters are analyzed by two parameter bifurcation. The fourth order Runge-Kutta method and fast Fourier transform are used to calculate the time-frequency characteristics in the stable shimmy region,and the interaction between the degrees of freedom of torsion,lateral bending,and longitudinal bending of the strut is studied. The results show that under certain conditions,considering the influence of axial displacement of the strut,the areas of torsional and lateral shimmy of the strut have a tendency to shrink. In the bistable region of double wheel nose gear shimmy,when the initial excitation is close to zero equilibrium state,the longitudinal shimmy occurs near 2 times the natural frequency of torsional vibration. When the initial excitation is far from the zero equilibrium state,longitudinal shimmy occurs near 2 times the natural frequency of lateral vibration.

nose landing gear  /  nonlinear shimmy  /  6-degree-of-freedom model  /  two-parameter bifurcation  /  vibration frequency
高相国, 卢翔, 单泽众. 考虑支柱轴向位移和纵向弯曲的双轮前起落架摆振特性分析. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (3) : 517 -528 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.008
Xiangguo GAO, Xiang LU, Zezhong SHAN. Shimmy characteristics of dual-wheel nose landing gear considering the axial and longitudinal motions of strut[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (3) : 517 -528 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.008
前起落架摆振将导致起落架结构磨损、机轮使用寿命降低及飞行仪表读取误差等[1]。前起落架系统中存在多个振动自由度耦合,同时也存在结构间隙、库仑摩擦、二次项阻尼等众多非线性因素[2],是一种高维且高度非线性系统。近年来,针对前起落架摆振问题的非线性动力学研究方法主要有:灵敏度分析法[3]、多体动力学仿真[4]和分岔理论(bifurcation method)分析等。采用分岔分析方法,可以分析前起落架系统组合参数对摆振的影响,能进一步了解摆振机理。为了有效防止摆振,改进机轮摆振设计,深入研究摆振发生机理具有重要意义[25]
学者们采用分岔分析的方法对前起落架非线性摆振进行了一系列研究。针对前起落架三自由度摆振模型,THOTA等[6]以单轮前起落架为对象,建立了含有支柱扭转、侧向(横向)弯曲和轮胎侧向偏移的三自由度摆振数学模型,并选取滑跑速度和垂向载荷作为延拓参数对模型进行了双参数分岔分析。在此基础上,THOTA等[7-8]在模型中增加了支柱的纵向(航向)弯曲自由度,建立了单轮前起落架四自由度模型,对非线性摆振模型进行频谱分析,发现支柱的纵向摆振不会主动影响其他类型摆振(扭转和侧向摆振)。
此外,THOTA等[9]以双轮前起落架为对象,建立了包含支柱扭转、侧向弯曲和两个轮胎侧向偏移的四自由度摆振数学模型,应用分岔理论分析了双轮轮间距和机轮转动惯量等参数对摆振稳定性的影响,同时进行了余维3分岔分析,发现轮间距和转动惯量在一定范围内增加均会使侧向摆振变得更加稳定。CHENG等[10]基于THOTA的双轮前起落架摆振数学模型,研究了双Hopf分岔问题,在Neimark-Sacker分岔曲线上检测到1:3和1:4的强共振点;并且由于高阶项的影响,经双Hopf分岔点延拓出的Neimark-Sacker曲线将摆振双稳区的范围进行了重新划分。冯飞等[11]考虑双轮是否共转,建立了双轮前起落架四自由度摆振模型,应用分岔理论分析了轮间距和双轮共转对摆振稳定性的影响。
针对六自由度起落架摆振模型,RAHMANI等[12-13]根据THOTA的双轮模型,并结合油气式缓冲器的试验数据,建立了含有支柱纵向弯曲和轴向位移的六自由度摆振模型,应用灵敏度分析方法,研究了结构中自由间隙对摆振的影响,并且发现库仑摩擦力是影响摆振起始点和类型的关键因素。HOWCROFT等[14-15]以双轮主起落架为对象,考虑支柱的扭转、侧向、纵向、轴向四个自由度和两个轮胎的变形,建立了六自由度摆振数学模型,采用分岔理论分别研究了模型有无结构间隙时的摆振动力学行为。
目前,国内外学者主要针对飞机前起落架的扭转和侧向摆振进行了分岔研究,并且在双轮模型中大多只考虑支柱的扭转和侧向弯曲两个摆振自由度。HOWCROFT等[12-13]和RAHAMNI等[14-15]的双轮模型虽然考虑了支柱的纵向弯曲和轴向位移,但前者的模型对象为主起落架,后者对前起落架摆振模型没有进行分岔分析,并且模型中仅考虑了缓冲器的压缩行程,没有考虑行程变化对系统刚度的影响,模型相对不够完善。基于此,本文结合文献[9]和[13],建立含有支柱扭转、侧向弯曲、纵向弯曲和轴向位移以及双轮侧向偏移的前起落架摆振六自由度模型,同时考虑轴向位移对系统刚度的影响。应用该模型,研究了支柱轴向位移对摆振的影响;对比分析了六自由度模型和传统四自由度模型的摆振分岔曲线图,并选取缓冲器最大行程、滑跑速度、垂向载荷和机轮转动惯量作为延拓参数,进行双参数Hopf分岔分析。最后,采用四阶Runge-Kutta法和快速傅里叶变换,详细分析了摆振双稳态区域内的频域特性。
起落架系统各自由度如图1图2所示。其中包含4个起落架结构自由度,即支柱扭转角θ、侧向弯曲角δ、纵向弯曲角β和支柱轴向位移U,以及2个轮胎侧向偏移自由度λλLλR)。
图1(a)FZ表示垂向作用在支柱顶端的集中载荷,S表示支柱的中心轴线,lg为前起落架的实际高度,γ为机轮平面的侧倾角,FZLFZR分别为左、右前轮受到地面的支持力;图1(b)中的D为轮间距;图1(c)中的ϕ为支柱的前倾角,e为机械稳定距(机轮中心点到支柱轴线S的距离),eeff为有效稳定距。
本文对轮胎进行动力学分析时,应用了von Schlippe张线理论模型,如图2所示。图中α为侧偏角;hσ分别为轮胎触地线长度的一半和轮胎的松弛长度;θ1为机轮的偏航角,由于考虑了支柱前倾角和纵向弯曲角,因此机轮偏航角θ1要略小于支柱扭转角θ,二者之间的关系为θ1=θcos(β+ϕ)。
图1图2V为飞机滑跑速度。
在建立模型之前,需要进行下列几点假设与定义:
(1)假设轮胎不出现滚动滑移;
(2)不考虑机身运动对前起落架摆振的影响;
(3)用支柱顶端的垂向集中载荷代替前起落架所承受的机体载荷;
(4)忽略轮胎变形对支柱轴向位移的影响,用缓冲器行程表示支柱的轴向位移;
(5)忽略支柱压缩行程对起落架侧向和纵向刚度的影响。
根据动力学平衡原理和Von Schlippe张线理论,建立了双轮前起落架摆振的六自由度动力学模型。描述支柱的扭转、侧向弯曲、纵向弯曲和轴向位移的方程分别为:
式中,MKαL/R为扭转回正力矩,MDλL/R分别为左右轮胎与地面之间的扭转阻尼力矩;MKθ = Kθθ分别表示支柱扭转过程中的刚度力矩和阻尼力矩。
描述左、右前轮轮胎侧向偏移的方程分别为:
由于考虑了支柱的前倾角和纵向弯曲角度,故在计算过程中稳定距使用有效稳定距eeff,其表达式为:
计算时将前起落架系统简化为弹簧和阻尼结构。
机轮扭转(偏航)时,轮胎侧偏会产生轮胎拖距,在地面支持力FZL/R的作用下进而产生扭转回正力矩MKαL/R[9]
式中,Kα为轮胎的回正力矩系数,αL/R为左/右轮胎的侧偏角。侧偏角αL/R在从零度逐渐增加到极限侧偏角αm的过程中,回正力矩M KαL/R的大小先增加后减小,当αL/R约为αm的一半时达到最大,当αL/R超过αm后趋于零。
式(1)中的MDλL/R受到轮胎胎面宽度、支柱前倾角和滑跑速度等影响,可以表示为:
前轮滑跑时可能会出现侧向倾斜,导致左右两轮受到地面的支持力FZLFZR不相等:
式中,机轮平面的侧向倾斜角度γ = θ sin (ϕ + β);Kv为轮胎的垂向刚度,其值与轮胎的充气压力有关;F1为机轮受到的垂向力。在不考虑支柱轴向位移的模型中,机轮受到的垂向力可直接用垂向载荷FZ表示。由于本文模型中考虑了支柱的轴向位移,在支柱轴向运动时存在惯性力,使得机轮受到的垂向力并不等于垂向载荷FZ。在轮胎发生侧向偏移时,地面同样会给轮胎一个侧向回复力FKλL/R,左、右两轮受到的侧向回复力为:
式中,Kλ为轮胎侧向回正系数。
式(1)中的为机轮自转在支柱扭转方向上产生的陀螺力矩。
同样,在支柱侧向弯曲和纵向弯曲时也分别存在刚度力矩和阻尼力矩
在地面支持力FZL/R的作用下,机轮会受到地面作用的侧向回复力FkλL/R,同时在支柱侧向弯曲和纵向弯曲方向上会产生回复力矩MλδL/RMλβL/R
式中,lg为支柱顶端与地面间的实际高度(支柱高度),其值要小于支柱的安装高度l0
式(2)中的为机轮自转在支柱侧向弯曲方向上产生的陀螺力矩,机轮自转在支柱纵向弯曲方向上的陀螺力矩为零。
本文根据起落架中油气式缓冲器的受力情况来计算轴向位移。Fa为油气式缓冲器中的空气弹簧力,根据文献[16]中所描述的空气弹簧力,其表达式为:
式中,F0为缓冲器中的预应力;Um为缓冲器最大压缩行程;n为多变指数;ca为其修正系数。
缓冲器中节流孔的阻尼力Fd为:
式中,d1为阻尼系数。本文在对油气式缓冲器进行受力分析时,假设只存在空气弹簧力和阻尼力。
机轮受到的垂向力F1可以表示为:
支柱高度lg的表达式为:
计算过程中将起落架系统质量分成三部分:支柱内筒及其连接件质量M 1=40 kg、支柱外筒及其连接件质量M 2=120 kg、两个机轮总质量M 3=60 kg。由于本文考虑了支柱轴向位移,因此起落架系统在纵向和侧向的转动惯量会随着支柱长度变化而变化。在计算过程中将前起落架支柱部分简化为质量均匀的细杆结构,将机轮部分简化为质量均匀的圆柱体,得到起落架侧向(绕X轴)的转动惯量Iδ和纵向(绕Y轴)的转动惯量Iβ
式中,R=lg-rR1为支柱顶端到机轮中心的距离R1=lg-R
支柱轴向位移的变化也会影响系统刚度(刚度系数),其中影响较大的是系统扭转刚度系数Kθ 。为简化计算,本文忽略了轴向位移变化对侧向刚度系数Kδ和纵向刚度系数Kβ的影响,仅考虑了对 Kθ的影响。令Kδ=6.1×106 N·m/rad,Kβ=3×107 N ·m/rad。
文献[17]中提到支柱扭转刚度的计算公式为:
式中,Fx为航向载荷。并且其与缓冲器行程有近似线性关系,文献[13](起落架模型结构参数与本文基本一致)中计算得到,当垂向载荷为50 kN时,轴向位移压缩了0.42 m,系统稳定后扭转摆振角度θ=0.1°。当垂向载荷为0时,扭转刚度系数Kθ=3.8×105 N·m/rad。
经过计算,估算出扭转刚度系数与轴向位移之间的关系为:
图2所示,轮胎的侧偏角αL/R可以用侧偏位移来表示:
上述参数的意义及其取值均在表1[913]中列出。为了得到相对完善的分岔图,一些参数(滑跑速度、缓冲器的最大行程等)的选取可能高于实际范围。
在进行分岔分析之前,需要先将建立的双轮前起落架摆振六自由度动力学模型改写为一阶状态方程:
式中,函数f光滑,yRn表示摆振变量,在本文中a表示方程中所涉及的摆振延拓参数。当连续地改变参数a的值,如果系统(25)相轨迹的拓扑结构在a=a0处发生突然变化,则称系统(25)在a=a0处发生分岔,称a0为一个分岔值[18]
对于简单的连续时间系统,可以在其平衡点附近拓扑等价出极坐标形式的标准型,来研究极限环的稳定性。但对于复杂的非线性系统,极坐标形式的标准型将变得繁冗[19],这时将引入Poincaré规范形来进行研究。
假设l次齐次多项式构成的线性空间。足够光滑的微分方程组(ODEs)表示为:
式中,l≥2,A为ODEs在平衡点处的Jacobi矩阵。
通过引入新变量yRn,并使用线性算子对系统(26)进行简化,可以得到系统(25)的Poincaré规范形[18]为:
式中,l = 2,3,4,…,m为所定义算子在线性空间中的补空间。式(27)为动力系统中一般形式的Poincaré规范形,在进行Hopf分岔研究时只需要规范形理论的部分内容[20]。下面以二维动力系统为例,来分析Hopf分岔的稳定性。
在平衡点附近,对动力学系统依次进行参数的时间线性尺度化、非线性时间重参数化和线性坐标尺度化,可得到Hopf分岔的Poincaré规范形为 [20]
式中,i为虚数单位;p为复坐标;τā分别为参数化过程中引入的新的时间和控制参数,控制参数的实函数l1称为第一Lyapunov系数。动力系统中Jacobi矩阵的某一对特征值满足λ1,2 =±iωω > 0时,系统出现Hopf分岔。并当sign (l1)为负时,系统产生稳定的极限环;反之,产生不稳定的极限环。
Hopf分岔曲线上极限环的失稳会产生Bautin分岔。一维动力系统Bautin分岔的局部轨道等价为[20]
式中,i为虚数单位;pb为新的复坐标;τbā1分别为新的时间和控制参数;实函数l1l2分别为第一和第二Lyapunov系数。l2取正和负时的分析过程类似[20],下面取l2<0进行稳定性分析。将式(29)表示为极坐标形式后可得到Bautin的分岔图,如图3所示。
图3中,T为极限环的非退化折分岔曲线,红色虚线所在的参数范围内,系统存在单个稳定平衡点。从该区域范围开始,逆时针方向观察,当红色虚线穿过l1的负半轴时,系统存在唯一的稳定极限环(绿色虚线参数范围);当绿色虚线穿过l1的正半轴时,系统出现两个稳定性相反的极限环(蓝色虚线参数范围);当蓝色虚线穿过曲线T时极限环消失,留下单个稳定平衡点。
上述理论分析过程提供了摆振稳定分析的基本思路。由于Neimark-Sacker分岔在摆振问题中为亚临界的,系统可能出现的多倍周期和拟周期运动是短暂的[8],此处不对其进行具体分析。
根据本文所计算的分岔曲线,分岔分析基本流程如图4所示。本文具体对摆振进行分岔计算时使用了Matlab中的Matcont工具箱。鉴于本文模型的动力学方程较为复杂,为了保证模型计算精度,在Matcont中选用了变步长ODE45延拓算法。
在相同工况条件下,通过双参数分岔曲线图,将本文六自由度模型与THOTA四自由度模型进行比较,分析了增加轴向位移对扭转和侧向摆振区域的影响。此外,分别选取滑跑速度V、垂向载荷FZ和机轮转动惯量I作为延拓参数,与缓冲器最大压缩行程Um组合进行双参数分岔分析。
根据图4所示的分析流程,选取滑跑速度V和垂向载荷FZ为延拓参数,对本文模型进行双参数分岔计算,并与文献[9]中THOTA传统四自由度模型进行比较。
各摆振参数取值按表1进行选取,除本文增加的参数外,其余参数的取值均与文献[9]相同,其中Um=0.6 m,I=0.1 kg·m2。计算得到的动力学模型分岔图如图5所示。可以看出,本文模型的扭转摆振曲线相比四自由度模型有缩小趋势,侧向摆振曲线有向上移动趋势。发生该变化主要是因为在考虑支柱轴向位移的同时,起落架扭转刚度Kθ、侧向转动惯量Iδ和纵向转动惯量Iβ也发生了变化。下面将从KθIδIβ这三个参数来分析六自由度模型摆振曲线变化的原因。
首先计算不同Kθ时摆振曲线的分岔图。由于暂时只观察Kθ所带来的影响,为控制其他参数不变,故选用THOTA四自由度模型来进行计算。根据式(23)可知,在考虑支柱轴向位移时,起落架扭转刚度最大值约为1.1×106 N·m/rad,因此在3.8×105和1.1×106之间等间距选取Kθ值进行计算,结果如图6中实线所示。图6中虚线为THOTA四自由度模型在Kθ=3.8×105 N·m/rad时的摆振曲线。
图6中可以看出,随着扭转刚度Kθ增加,扭转摆振曲线有明显缩小的趋势,并且侧向摆振曲线向下移动。当Kθ值超过9.2×105 N·m/rad时,将不会出现扭转摆振曲线,侧向摆振曲线也不再向下移动。
在仅观察不同Iδ值对摆振曲线影响时,同样可以使用传统四自由度模型;而观察不同Iβ值的影响时,则需要使用考虑支柱纵向弯曲的五自由度模型,即式(1)~(6)。此外根据式(20)和(21)发现,IβIδ的值可以相互表示,因此在此处改变IδIβ值,同时计算传统四自由度和五自由度模型摆振分岔曲线,在轴线位移变化范围内,起落架侧向转动惯量约在300~600 kg·m2范围内变动,计算结果如图7所示。
图7中(a1)、(b1)和(c1)为只考虑Iδ变化的四自由度模型摆振曲线;(a2)、(b2)和(c2)为考虑IβIδ变化的五自由度模型摆振曲线。可以看出,随着Iδ值的变小,扭转摆振曲线有扩大趋势,侧向摆振曲线有向上移动趋势。考虑支柱纵向弯曲后发现,扭转摆振曲线和侧向摆振曲线几乎没有变化,这也符合文献[8]中纵向摆振不主动参与其他类型摆振的结论。
增加支柱轴向位移后,随着缓冲器的压缩量增加,起落架扭转刚度增大,而起落架侧向和纵向转动惯量减小。当Um取0.6 m时,在图6图7中可以看出,扭转刚度引起扭转摆振曲线缩小程度比侧向和纵向转动惯量引起扭转摆振曲线扩大程度更加明显;相反,转动惯量变化引起的侧向摆振曲线向上移动程度比刚度程度更明显。因此,图5所示六自由度模型的扭转摆振曲线会呈缩小趋势,侧向摆振曲线会呈向上移动趋势,即扭转摆振和侧向摆振区域均缩小。
在动力系统中,当速度项和加速度项同时为零时,动力系统达到平衡状态。在前起落架摆振动力学方程(1)~(6)中,需要满足各摆振变量的一阶导与二阶导同时为零,如下式所示:
据此可以得到摆振系统达到平衡状态时的动力学方程为:
式(32)~(36)表明,系统的平衡状态与延拓参数UmFzlg有关,但与延拓参数VI无关。在摆振分岔分析中,只需考虑系统的零平衡状态,虽然系统平衡状态与参数VI无关,但应用Hurwitz准则可以得出零平衡状态的稳定性与所有延拓参数均有关[10]。其中lg可以用轴向位移表示,这里不作单独分析。前起落架系统在稳定后的轴向位移接近缓冲器最大行程Um,可以用Um间接反映支柱轴向位移,因此选取参数UmVFZI进行摆振双参数分岔分析。
选取缓冲器最大行程Um和滑跑速度V作为延拓参数进行双参数分岔计算。其中,FZ=2.86×105 N,I=0.8 kg·m2。双参数分岔图如图8所示。
图8l1l2为Hopf分岔曲线,中间阴影区域为扭转摆振稳定区,两侧空白区域不发生摆振。为了更加直观地理解各区域的摆振类型,分别在图8中选取点A1(5,0.9),B1(75,0.6)和C1(175,0.5)对支柱的四个自由度进行了相平面和时间历程的计算,如图9所示。
图9(a1)~(a3分别为各点的扭转侧向摆振相图9(b1)~(b3)和(c1)~(c3为纵向弯曲和轴向位移的时间历程。从相图中可以看出,两侧空白区域内的A1和C1两点处扭转和侧向摆振角度最终都趋于0°,不发生摆振。而中间阴影区域内的B1点处扭转摆振幅值约为0.14 rad(8.02°),侧向摆振幅值很小可将其忽略,主要发生扭转摆振;图9(b1)~(b3中支柱纵向偏转角仅有0.001 rad(0.06°)左右也可忽略,但能看出B1、C1点偏转角度比A1点大,出现这一现象的原因是起落架支柱高度不同,相同工况下高度越高,纵向偏转角度越大;在图9(c1)~(c3轴向位移时域图中能看出,轴向位移的大小最终将接近缓冲器最大压缩行程。
选取缓冲器最大行程Um和垂向载荷FZ作为延拓参数进行双参数分岔计算,其中V=180 m/s,I=0.8 kg·m2FZ-Um的双参数分岔图如图10所示。
图10中的lAlB分别为侧向摆振和扭转摆振的Hopf分岔曲线。由分岔曲线划分得到的区域①不发生摆振,区域②发生扭转摆振,区域③和④发生小幅扭转侧向摆振。
各区域内相图如图11所示,在区域①内相图可以看出支柱扭转和侧偏摆振角度都趋于0 rad;区域②内扭转摆振角度明显大于侧偏摆振角度且角度仅有0.005 rad(0.29°),可视为该区域内发生扭转摆振,工程中应尽量避免在区域②内取值;区域③和④内扭转和侧偏摆振角度相差不大,发生较小幅度的扭转侧偏摆振。
选取缓冲器最大行程Um和转动惯量I作为延拓参数进行双参数分岔计算,其中V=180 m/s,FZ=2.86×105 N,I-Um的双参数分岔图如图12所示。
图12l为Hopf分岔曲线,空白区域为不摆振区域,阴影部分为扭转侧向摆振稳定区域。分别选取A2和B2点进行数值计算,得到图13所示随时间变化的相图。由图13(a)中可以看出,在给定初始激励后,空白区域内A2处随时间变化两种摆振角度均趋于0 rad,图13(b)在阴影区域内B2处两种摆振角度最终呈稳定的周期变化。为了减少摆振的发生,在工程中IUm参数值应尽量避免在阴影区域内选取。
本节主要研究增加支柱纵向弯曲自由度后的摆振特性,故本节模型不考虑支柱轴向位移变化对起落架扭转刚度、侧向转动惯量和纵向转动惯量的影响,令Kθ =3.8×105 N·m/rad,Iδ =600 kg·m2Iβ =750 kg·m2
虽然现有学者分析支柱纵向弯曲对摆振的影响,但大多基于单轮前起落架模型。在双轮前起落架中,由于机轮平面的侧倾,使得两轮的几何滚动半径不同[5],这将影响摆振发生的频率[19],因此有必要使用双轮前起落架模型分析支柱纵向弯曲自由度对摆振的影响。由于支柱纵向弯曲刚度较大,摆振幅值较小,为了体现支柱纵向弯曲自由度的摆振特性,本节将使用时频分析方法进行研究。首先对模型进行双参数分岔计算,划分出摆振稳定区,之后在双稳态区域内选取工况点来进行摆振时频分析。
图14为双轮前起落架摆振双参数分岔图。其中I=0.1 kg·m2,其余参数的取值均与表1相同。图中左斜线的区域Ⅰ以扭转摆振为主,为扭转摆振稳定区;阴影区域Ⅱ为摆振双稳区,其稳定后的摆振类型与初始激励有关;右斜线的区域Ⅲ为侧向摆振稳定区;空白的区域Ⅳ不发生摆振。
图14CL为侧向摆振的Hopf分岔曲线,CT为扭转摆振的Hopf分岔曲线。曲线CT上检测出两点退化的Hopf分岔点PGH1和PGH2,该两点将扭转摆振曲线分成了两部分,实线部分存在稳定的极限环,而虚线部分为不稳定的极限环。曲线CLCT的交点PHH1和PHH2是双Hopf分岔点,经过该两点进行两次Hopf分岔延拓,可以得到两条Neimark-Sacker(N-S)分岔曲线CNS1CNS2,并且在N-S曲线上可以检测到三个1:3强共振点PR3和两个1:4强共振点PR4、PR3和PR4点附近会出现短暂的周期3和周期4的扭转侧向摆振现象。曲线CGC是由点PGH1和PGH2延拓的极限环分岔曲线,其与N-S曲线相切于极限环的分岔点PLPNS,并且共同组成了双稳态区域的边界。
在摆振稳定区内选取工况点计算时发现,扭转摆振稳定区Ⅰ内的时频特性与双稳态区域初始激励接近零平衡状态时相同;侧向摆振稳定区Ⅲ内的时频特性与双稳态区域初始激励远离零平衡状态时相同。因此本文不再详细分析扭转和侧向摆振稳定区内的时频特性。下面主要对摆振双稳态区域进行时频特性分析。
前起落架系统摆振是高度非线性系统,其在严格意义上不存在固有频率[21],本节不考虑结构变形所带来的刚度变化,并忽略了耦合项的作用,分别对支柱扭转、侧向弯曲和纵向弯曲的单个自由度摆振固有频率fθfδfβ进行了估算,表达式为[19]
式(37)所使用的FZ值为2.86×105 N,计算得到fθ=9.71 Hz,fδ=15.3 Hz,fβ=31.5 Hz。
在双稳态区Ⅱ内选取点A(80,450000)进行计算,其中I=0.1 kg·m2Um=0.6 m。在该区域内给定了两种初始激励,初始激励一(接近零平衡点)的角度θ=0.01 rad,δ=0.01 rad和β=0.01 rad,其余初值均为零;初始激励二(远离零平衡点)的角度θ=0.01 rad,δ=0.2 rad和β=0.01 rad,其余摆振变量(U除外)初值均为零。
图15(a)~(f)为双稳态区域内且在初始激励一时的时间历程和频谱图。图15(a)、(c)和(e)分别为支柱扭转、侧向和纵向振动时间历程图。选取开始发生振动的0~10 s、稳定振动的40~50 s和90~100 s三个时间段进行频域变换,得到图15(b)、(d)和(f)所示的频谱图。
图15(b)为扭转振动频谱图,支柱扭转振动频率始终在11.2 Hz附近,接近扭转摆振固有频率估计值fθ=9.71 Hz,并且在33.7 Hz(约为3倍扭转振动频率)附近还伴有极小振幅的振动。需要说明的是,由于影响结构固有频率的因素有很多,当改变滑跑速度和垂向载荷时,结构的固有频率也有可能发生变化,所以B点稳定后的扭转摆振频率为11.2 Hz,与计算的固有频率略有不同。图15(d)为侧向振动频谱图,开始振动时,侧向摆振发生在16.1 Hz和11.2 Hz附近,即在侧向固有频率和扭转固有频率附近,稳定后侧向振动发生在扭转固有频率附近。图15(f)为纵向振动频谱图,开始振动时,纵向摆振发生在31.5 Hz附近,即纵向固有频率附近,稳定后纵向振动发生在2倍扭转固有频率附近。
图16的(a)~(f)为双稳态区域内且在初始激励二时的时间历程和频谱图。由图16(a)、(c)和(e)的时间历程图中可以看出,初始侧向摆振角δ取0.2 rad(远离零平衡点)时,侧向摆振出现了较明显的振幅,纵向不发生摆振。双稳态区域内发生较小振幅的扭转侧向摆振。
图16(b)为扭转摆振在0~100 s内的频谱图,从图中可以看出,在0~10 s内,扭转振动的频率出现了10.2、16.1、48.2 Hz三种频率的叠加,但振动主要发生在16.1 Hz附近,其中10.2 Hz接近扭转摆振的固有频率,16.1 Hz接近侧向摆振的固有频率,48.2 Hz接近3倍的侧向固有频率。在40~50 s和90~100 s内,扭转振动的频率为16.1 Hz主要发生在侧向摆振固有频率附近;图16(d)为侧向摆振在0~100 s内的频谱图,在0~100 s内,侧向振动始终发生在16.1 Hz附近(侧向固有频率附近)。图16(f)为纵向摆振在0~100 s内的频谱图,在0~10 s内,纵向振动频率主要在纵向摆振固有频率31.5 Hz附近。在40~50 s和90~100 s内,纵向振动的频率在32.1 Hz附近,主要发生在2倍侧向摆振固有频率附近。
综上分析,在双稳态(初始激励接近零平衡状态时)区域内稳定后,扭转和侧向振动都发生在扭转固有频率附近,同时扭转振动还在3倍扭转固有频率附近存在极小振幅的振动,纵向振动发生在2倍扭转摆振固有频率附近;在双稳态(初始激励远离零平衡状态时)区域内,扭转摆振的频率主要发生在侧向固有频率附近,并且在3倍侧向固有频率附近也伴有小幅的振动。侧向摆振的频率始终发生在侧向固有频率附近。纵向摆振稳定后的频率发生在2倍的侧向固有频率附近。
上述摆振稳定区之间的振动频率规律与文献[8]和[19]中单轮前起落架的研究结果相似,即纵向自由度不会主动影响其他摆振自由度。不同的是在单轮前起落架摆振双稳态区域内,纵向振动仅发生在2倍的扭转固有频率附近。而在双轮模型的双稳态区域内,当初始激励接近零平衡状态时,纵向摆振发生在2倍扭转振动固有频率附近;初始激励远离零平衡状态时,纵向摆振发生在2倍侧向振动固有频率附近。
本文建立了含有支柱轴向位移和纵向弯曲的六自由度双轮前起落架摆振模型,对增加轴向位移带来的影响进行了双参数Hopf分岔分析,并应用四阶Runge-Kutta法和快速傅里叶变换详细分析了摆振双稳态区域内的时频特性。主要结论如下:
(1)在一定工况条件下,考虑支柱轴向位移的六自由度模型相比THOTA传统四自由度模型,扭转摆振区域和侧向摆振区域都有缩小趋势。
(2)在单轮和双轮前起落架中支柱纵向摆振的发生频率带并不完全相同。双轮前起落架在双稳态区域(初始激励接近零平衡状态)内,纵向摆振发生在2倍扭转固有频率附近;在双稳态区域(初始激励远离零平衡状态)内,纵向摆振发生在2倍的侧向固有频率附近。
(3)垂向载荷FZ和缓冲器最大行程Um的共同作用对摆振影响较明显,并且在FZUm值都较大的区域内发生明显的扭转摆振,工程中应尽量避免FZUm值出现在该区域内。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2033209)
  • 中国民航大学研究生科研创新项目(2022YJS041)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.008
  • 接收时间:2023-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-19
  • 修回日期:2023-10-16
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U2033209)
中国民航大学研究生科研创新项目(2022YJS041)
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    1.中国民航大学航空工程学院,天津 300300
    2.中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院,天津 300300

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卢翔(1969—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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