Article(id=1228295924435321605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676563200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-17, revisedDate=1687190400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778169020, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778169020, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778169020, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778169020, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295917908980268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778167464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949125482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=507, endPage=516, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295924737311507, articleId=1228295924435321605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Identification method of in-service TMD and structural inherent parameters based on NSGA-Ⅱ, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The vibration reduction efficiency of a tuned mass damper(TMD)is closely related to the inherent parameters of the structure and TMD. Accurate identification of the structure and TMD inherent parameters from the response of the structure-TMD coupling system is necessary for the evaluation of the vibration reduction performance of in-service TMD. This paper offers a parameter identification approach based on NSGA-Ⅱ(Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm)that can identify the parameters of‘bare structure’ and‘bare TMD’ from the coupled structure-TMD response in order to solve the issue of state evaluation of TMDs in service. The structure-TMD coupling equation is constructed. It is reduced and transformed into a two-degree-of-freedom system of the structure-controlled mode and TMD coupling. Two objective functions are constructed by means of the system state space matrix. The genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution corresponding to the minimum error between the theoretical value and the experimental value,so as to identify the modal parameters of the structure and TMD. The numerical simulation analysis of parameter identification of single-degree-of-freedom structure-TMD coupling system and multi-degree-of-freedom structure-TMD coupling system is carried out. The results show that the proposed method can accurately identify the inherent parameters of structure and TMD from the dynamic system response of the coupling system.

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调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)的减振效率与结构和TMD的固有参数相关,准确从结构-TMD耦合系统响应中识别结构和TMD固有参数是对在役TMD减振性能评价的必要条件。提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ(非支配排序遗传算法,nondominated sorting genetic algorithm)的参数识别方法,从结构-TMD耦合运动响应中识别“裸结构”和“裸TMD”的固有参数,进而实现对在役状态TMD的减振性能评估。该方法构建了结构-TMD耦合运动方程,并将其减缩和转化为结构被控模态和TMD耦合的两自由度系统,借助系统状态空间矩阵搭建两个目标函数,通过遗传算法寻找理论值与试验值的最小误差所对应的最优解,从而识别结构和TMD的固有参数。开展了单自由度结构-TMD耦合系统和多自由度结构-TMD耦合系统参数识别数值仿真分析,结果表明:提出的方法可以从耦合系统动力响应中准确识别结构和TMD的固有参数。

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温青(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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赵文韬(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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赵文韬(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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赵文韬(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer,2000:849-858., articleTitle=A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization:NSGA-Ⅱ, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228312967637299926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=414, pageEnd=422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=32, authorNames=HAN L, SHI X J, ZHAI Y Y, journalName=Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN LSHI X JZHAI Y Y. Test optimization selection method based on NSGA-3 and improved Bayesian network model[J]. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University2021,39(2):414-422., articleTitle=Test optimization selection method based on NSGA-3 and improved Bayesian network model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228312958720209404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, awardId=51708208, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51708208), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228312958837649921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, awardId=2021JJ10003, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JJ10003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228312960276296200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, awardId=2021JJ40208, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JJ40208), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228312960381153803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, 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articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Parameter identification results of the first-order vertical bending mode of the bridge, figureFileSmall=dJFjFTqPEXyTgEV1Kl30zw==, figureFileBig=ow2nCWKit8bV2ipnslxJjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956761469323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=图11, caption=桥梁1阶竖弯模态的参数识别结果, figureFileSmall=dJFjFTqPEXyTgEV1Kl30zw==, figureFileBig=ow2nCWKit8bV2ipnslxJjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956878909840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Set values of modal parameters under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况号模态参数
μ/%f1/Hz ζ1/%f0/Hzζ0/%
1.65
1.8510.45
3.002.000.502.26
1.00
1.948.62
13.25
1.001.986.09
3.002.000.501.9410.45
5.001.9013.36
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957008933273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同工况下模态参数设定值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况号模态参数
μ/%f1/Hz ζ1/%f0/Hzζ0/%
1.65
1.8510.45
3.002.000.502.26
1.00
1.948.62
13.25
1.001.986.09
3.002.000.501.9410.45
5.001.9013.36
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957105402275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The result of parameter identification without noise

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模态参数Qopt1Qopt2
μ/%f1/Hzζ1/%f0/Hzζ0/%
3.002.000.501.6510.440.0056.1×10-5
3.002.000.531.8510.490.0165.4×10-7
3.082.000.472.2610.360.0184.2×10-6
2.942.010.531.930.960.0452.3×10-5
3.032.000.511.948.780.0472.0×10-5
3.102.000.481.9413.680.1294.4×10-5
1.012.000.511.986.100.0125.6×10-5
3.002.000.501.9410.440.0039.2×10-6
5.042.000.481.9013.430.0146.5×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957210259882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

无噪声情况下参数识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况模态参数Qopt1Qopt2
μ/%f1/Hzζ1/%f0/Hzζ0/%
3.002.000.501.6510.440.0056.1×10-5
3.002.000.531.8510.490.0165.4×10-7
3.082.000.472.2610.360.0184.2×10-6
2.942.010.531.930.960.0452.3×10-5
3.032.000.511.948.780.0472.0×10-5
3.102.000.481.9413.680.1294.4×10-5
1.012.000.511.986.100.0125.6×10-5
3.002.000.501.9410.440.0039.2×10-6
5.042.000.481.9013.430.0146.5×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957298340272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The result of parameter identification with noise

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态参数理论值R1=70R1=50R1=30
R2=70R2=50R2=30R2=70R2=50R2=30R2=70R2=50R2=30
μ/%3.003.002.973.023.003.033.002.983.003.06
f1/Hz2.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.00
ζ1/%0.500.500.510.520.510.480.530.540.510.53
f0/Hz1.941.941.941.941.941.941.941.941.941.94
ζ0/%10.4510.4610.3410.5810.4610.5310.5210.3710.4010.73
Qopt25.2×10-67.9×10-52.4×10-62.4×10-61.2×10-42.3×10-73.7×10-53.4×10-42.1×10-3
Qopt10.0050.0440.2580.0260.0660.1580.3560.0930.606
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957474501047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

有噪声情况下参数识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态参数理论值R1=70R1=50R1=30
R2=70R2=50R2=30R2=70R2=50R2=30R2=70R2=50R2=30
μ/%3.003.002.973.023.003.033.002.983.003.06
f1/Hz2.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.002.00
ζ1/%0.500.500.510.520.510.480.530.540.510.53
f0/Hz1.941.941.941.941.941.941.941.941.941.94
ζ0/%10.4510.4610.3410.5810.4610.5310.5210.3710.4010.73
Qopt25.2×10-67.9×10-52.4×10-62.4×10-61.2×10-42.3×10-73.7×10-53.4×10-42.1×10-3
Qopt10.0050.0440.2580.0260.0660.1580.3560.0930.606
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957575164346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Modal parameters of the structure and structure with TMD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原结构模态参数结构-TMD耦合系统
阶次f/Hzζ/%模态质量/kg振型阶次f/Hz ζ/%
10.940.591000.71∶1∶0.7110.874.60
21.004.57
21.741.10100−1∶0∶131.741.10
32.271.43100−0.71∶1∶−0.7142.281.53
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957700993473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

原结构以及安装TMD后耦合系统的模态参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原结构模态参数结构-TMD耦合系统
阶次f/Hzζ/%模态质量/kg振型阶次f/Hz ζ/%
10.940.591000.71∶1∶0.7110.874.60
21.004.57
21.741.10100−1∶0∶131.741.10
32.271.43100−0.71∶1∶−0.7142.281.53
), ArticleFig(id=1228312957856182732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameter identification results of working condition(1)~(4)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态参数理论值初始条件
工况(1)工况(2)工况(3)工况(4)
μ/%2.001.991.972.032.05
f1/Hz0.940.940.950.940.94
ζ1/%0.590.600.570.600.63
f0/Hz0.920.920.930.920.91
ζ0/%8.578.518.828.758.88
Qopt24.2×10-52.1×10-43.7×10-53.1×10-4
Qopt10.0111.4621.2451.812
), ArticleFig(id=1228312958015566296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

工况(1)~(4)的参数识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态参数理论值初始条件
工况(1)工况(2)工况(3)工况(4)
μ/%2.001.991.972.032.05
f1/Hz0.940.940.950.940.94
ζ1/%0.590.600.570.600.63
f0/Hz0.920.920.930.920.91
ζ0/%8.578.518.828.758.88
Qopt24.2×10-52.1×10-43.7×10-53.1×10-4
Qopt10.0111.4621.2451.812
), ArticleFig(id=1228312958120423901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Controlled modal parameters of the bridge and parameters of TMD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次桥梁被控模态参数TMD参数
fmo/Hzζmo/%Mmo/tfd/Hzζd/%μ/%
1阶竖弯模态1.020.30890.621.016.091.00
2阶竖弯模态1.540.30974.801.526.091.00
3阶竖弯模态3.160.30960.913.136.091.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228312958242058723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

桥梁被控模态参数以及TMD的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次桥梁被控模态参数TMD参数
fmo/Hzζmo/%Mmo/tfd/Hzζd/%μ/%
1阶竖弯模态1.020.30890.621.016.091.00
2阶竖弯模态1.540.30974.801.526.091.00
3阶竖弯模态3.160.30960.913.136.091.00
), ArticleFig(id=1228312958367887852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Parameter identification results of different modal orders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态参数1阶模态2阶模态3阶模态
理论值识别值理论值识别值理论值识别值
μ/%1.001.001.001.011.001.02
fmo/Hz1.021.021.541.543.163.16
ζmo/%0.300.300.300.310.300.33
fd/Hz1.011.011.521.523.133.13
ζd/%6.096.096.096.276.096.33
Qopt21.0×10-41.4×10-63.5×10-4
Qopt16.8×10-30.6170.861
), ArticleFig(id=1228312958460162545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295924435321605, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同模态阶次的参数识别结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态参数1阶模态2阶模态3阶模态
理论值识别值理论值识别值理论值识别值
μ/%1.001.001.001.011.001.02
fmo/Hz1.021.021.541.543.163.16
ζmo/%0.300.300.300.310.300.33
fd/Hz1.011.011.521.523.133.13
ζd/%6.096.096.096.276.096.33
Qopt21.0×10-41.4×10-63.5×10-4
Qopt16.8×10-30.6170.861
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基于NSGA-Ⅱ的在役状态TMD和结构固有参数识别方法研究
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赵文韬 1 , 温青 1 , 孙洪鑫 1 , 王修勇 1 , 华旭刚 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(3): 507-516
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(3): 507-516
基于NSGA-Ⅱ的在役状态TMD和结构固有参数识别方法研究
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赵文韬1 , 温青1 , 孙洪鑫1, 王修勇1, 华旭刚2
作者信息
  • 1.湖南科技大学结构抗风与振动控制湖南省重点实验室,湖南 湘潭411201
  • 2.湖南大学风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙410082
  • 赵文韬(1994—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

温青(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
Identification method of in-service TMD and structural inherent parameters based on NSGA-Ⅱ
Wentao ZHAO1 , Qing WEN1 , Hongxin SUN1, Xiuyong WANG1, Xugang HUA2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory for Wind and Bridge Engineering of Hunan Province,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.007
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调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)的减振效率与结构和TMD的固有参数相关,准确从结构-TMD耦合系统响应中识别结构和TMD固有参数是对在役TMD减振性能评价的必要条件。提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ(非支配排序遗传算法,nondominated sorting genetic algorithm)的参数识别方法,从结构-TMD耦合运动响应中识别“裸结构”和“裸TMD”的固有参数,进而实现对在役状态TMD的减振性能评估。该方法构建了结构-TMD耦合运动方程,并将其减缩和转化为结构被控模态和TMD耦合的两自由度系统,借助系统状态空间矩阵搭建两个目标函数,通过遗传算法寻找理论值与试验值的最小误差所对应的最优解,从而识别结构和TMD的固有参数。开展了单自由度结构-TMD耦合系统和多自由度结构-TMD耦合系统参数识别数值仿真分析,结果表明:提出的方法可以从耦合系统动力响应中准确识别结构和TMD的固有参数。

参数识别  /  结构-TMD耦合系统  /  NSGA-Ⅱ

The vibration reduction efficiency of a tuned mass damper(TMD)is closely related to the inherent parameters of the structure and TMD. Accurate identification of the structure and TMD inherent parameters from the response of the structure-TMD coupling system is necessary for the evaluation of the vibration reduction performance of in-service TMD. This paper offers a parameter identification approach based on NSGA-Ⅱ(Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm)that can identify the parameters of‘bare structure’ and‘bare TMD’ from the coupled structure-TMD response in order to solve the issue of state evaluation of TMDs in service. The structure-TMD coupling equation is constructed. It is reduced and transformed into a two-degree-of-freedom system of the structure-controlled mode and TMD coupling. Two objective functions are constructed by means of the system state space matrix. The genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution corresponding to the minimum error between the theoretical value and the experimental value,so as to identify the modal parameters of the structure and TMD. The numerical simulation analysis of parameter identification of single-degree-of-freedom structure-TMD coupling system and multi-degree-of-freedom structure-TMD coupling system is carried out. The results show that the proposed method can accurately identify the inherent parameters of structure and TMD from the dynamic system response of the coupling system.

parameter identification  /  structure-TMD coupling system  /  NSGA-Ⅱ
赵文韬, 温青, 孙洪鑫, 王修勇, 华旭刚. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ的在役状态TMD和结构固有参数识别方法研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (3) : 507 -516 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.007
Wentao ZHAO, Qing WEN, Hongxin SUN, Xiuyong WANG, Xugang HUA. Identification method of in-service TMD and structural inherent parameters based on NSGA-Ⅱ[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (3) : 507 -516 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.007
调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)对于结构的人致振动和风致振动都有良好的抑制效果[1-8],已被广泛应用于工程实际中。TMD主要由质量块、弹簧元件和阻尼元件三部分组成,其减振效率与质量比、频率、阻尼比等参数相关[9]。在实际工程中,TMD的参数会因为设计误差、安装误差以及长期使用造成的疲劳损伤而偏离最优设计参数,影响其减振性能[10]。广大学者对其减振性能评估问题展开了深入探讨,现有的做法是通过对比锁定前后结构的动力响应特性,进而间接评估其减振性能。这种做法耗时耗力,且无法准确评估其固有动力参数,无法为现场精准调谐提供理论指导。因此,探索从结构-TMD耦合系统动力响应中识别TMD和被控结构固有参数的方法,具有重要的工程应用价值,既可以避免频繁锁定TMD,也能为减振性能评估提供理论基础。
在役状态TMD减振性能评估问题的难点在于从结构- TMD耦合系统中评估“裸结构”和“裸TMD”的固有动力参数特性。目前只有少数研究涉及此类参数估计方法,HWANG等[11]提出了一种基于H最优模型降阶和系统识别的参数识别方法,可以评估“裸结构”的模态质量;HAZRA等[12]提出了一种时域算法估计“裸结构”的模态特性,并可以通过此算法对TMD进行二次调谐;KANG等[13]采用系统辨识和逆模态风荷载估计的方法探究TMD在台风作用下的动力特性,并对其减振性能进行了评价;温青等[14-15]提出了一种基于随机子空间系统识别的模态参数识别方法,可以评估结构和TMD的模态参数,并通过单层框架试验加以验证。
这些针对在役状态TMD的性能评估研究存在一定的局限性,识别参数不全,无法实现TMD的现场调谐,或识别方法受主观判断影响较大。鉴于此,本文从信号处理和数据拟合的角度出发,提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ的结构和TMD固有参数识别方法,首先,构建多自由度结构-TMD耦合运动方程,将其减缩和转化为结构被控模态和TMD耦合的两自由度系统连续状态空间模型;然后,构建状态空间方程与耦合运动响应以及耦合频率的函数关系,进而建立两个目标函数,并采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法寻找理论计算值与试验值之间相差最小时所对应的最优解集,从而得出参数识别结果;最后采用数值仿真验证该方法的可行性,并探究了噪声以及多模态耦合对于该方法的影响程度。该方法理论简单、识别误差可以由目标函数值直观反映,且参数识别结果受人为判断影响较小。
假定一个N自由度结构,采用单个TMD控制其第r阶模态振动,为了保证良好的减振效果,将其放置在结构第r阶模态振型的最大位移处,由此组成具有N+1个自由度的结构-TMD耦合系统,其力学简图如图1所示。为了方便计算,结构阻尼采用Rayleigh阻尼,则上述系统的自由运动方程可以表示为:
式中,MCKNN列的矩阵,分别表示结构的质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵;δN行的列向量,表示TMD的安装位置;mdkdcd分别表示TMD的质量、刚度和阻尼系数。
采用正则坐标变换将式(1)解耦:
式中,Φ为模态矩阵;q为振型坐标。
采用最大位移值的归一化方法对模态振型进行标准化,即:
式中,Mr是解耦后的振型质量矩阵,是一个对角阵,其对角线上的元素为不同模态阶次下系统的模态质量。
将式(2)代入式(1),并左乘,化简得:
式中,qr为第r阶模态坐标,r为模态阶次;mrMr矩阵中对角线上的元素,为结构的第r阶模态质量;ζrωr分别为结构第r阶模态阻尼比和模态频率;φr为第r阶模态的振型;φnrφr的第n个元素;ζdωd分别为TMD的阻尼比和频率。
在式(4)中既有模态坐标又有绝对坐标,因此需要将模态坐标统一成绝对坐标,假定结构动力响应只考虑TMD和第r阶模态参与振动,则由式(2)可得:
将式(5)代入式(4)可得;
式(6)为被控结构第r阶模态和TMD耦合振动系统,其状态方程可以表示为:
式中,y为结构位移、TMD位移、结构速度、TMD速度组成的列向量;A为系统状态矩阵,其表达式为:
式中,,因为TMD安装在结构模态振型位移最大值处,所以φnr为1,则μ为TMD质量与结构模态质量的比值。
在式(8)中的系统状态矩阵A中含有5个待评估的参数,分别为质量比μ、结构频率ωr、TMD频率ωd、结构阻尼比ζr、TMD阻尼比ζd。以上未知参数无法直接获取,需要结合实际动力试验才能准确识别,由结构-TMD耦合运动系统的自由振动试验,可以获取结构和TMD的位移、速度、加速度等观测数据,通过功率谱分析还可以得到耦合系统的两阶模态频率,由此可以将结构和TMD固有参数的识别转化为寻找试验数据与理论值之间误差最小时的解。因此,需要建立系统状态矩阵A与系统响应计算值及模态频率计算值之间的关系,进而构建目标函数。
通过求解式(7)可得:
式中,t表示实际采样过程中某一个时间点;T为采样时间间隔。式(9)表明了前一时刻与后一时刻动力响应的函数关系,结合初始条件便可得到自由运动下结构和TMD响应的理论解,进而可以构建目标函数1:
式中,k为某一个采样点;Ng为采样点的总个数;yk)和y΄(k)分别表示第k个采样点的观测数据和理论值。
将目标函数1进行无量纲化,即可得到Qopt1
对系统状态矩阵A进行特征值分解:
式中,ψ为复特征向量矩阵;V为由复数特征值λl组成的对角矩阵,λl可以表示为:
式中,ζlωl分别表示耦合系统的模态阻尼比和模态频率。由式(13)可得,耦合系统模态频率计算值可以表示为:
由此可以构建目标函数2:
将目标函数2进行无量纲化,即可得到Qopt2
式中,ω1ω2分别表示实测模态频率和模态频率理论值。
参数识别的具体流程如图2所示。
图2可知,本文提出的参数识别方法的关键工作之一是多参数目标函数优化。对于这种优化参数较多且目标函数较为复杂的模型,难以获得目标函数的导数,不适应于梯度优化方法,传统的最小二乘法受初值选取的影响较大,容易陷入局部最优,故本文选用具有全局搜索能力的遗传算法进行参数识别。
遗传算法是一种基于生物自然选择与遗传机理的概率搜索方法[16-17]。随着遗传算法的发展,遗传算法也应用于多目标优化领域,有众多学者提出了基于Pareto最优概念的多目标遗传算法,例如NSGA[18]、NSGA-Ⅱ[19-20]、NSGA-Ⅲ[21]等,其中,NSGA-Ⅱ通过引入快速非支配排序算法、精英策略、拥挤度比较算子,降低了算法的计算复杂度,保证了种群的多样性,且具有较好的算法鲁棒性,故本文采用NSGA-Ⅱ多目标遗传算法寻找最优解,流程图如图3所示,其主要步骤如下:
(1)设定种群大小以及5个待识别参数的上下限范围,随机生成初始种群;其中ωrωd的参数上下限可以参考实测耦合模态频率ω1ω2,根据TMD减振理论,ωrωd在数值大小上总是处于ω1ω2之间,且ω1ω2之间的数值差异性会随着结构和TMD的阻尼比增大而减小。通常TMD的阻尼比较大,所以上述设定可以有效缩小ωrωd的搜索范围,极大提高计算效率。结构阻尼比ζr通常较小,可以设定在0~2%,TMD阻尼比ζd可以设定在2%~15%,质量比μ可以设定在0~5%,上述参数设定范围也可以根据寻优结果逐步缩小搜索范围。
(2)计算每个种群个体所对应的两个目标函数值Qopt1Qopt2,依据目标函数值对种群个体进行快速非支配排序,并对每个非支配层的个体进行拥挤度计算。
(3)支配等级代表了种群个体的优劣性,目标函数值越小,支配等级越高,所对应的次序号越小;而拥挤度值则反映了种群的分布性和多样性,拥挤度值越高,说明种群个体的聚集密度越小。选择初代种群中优秀且聚集密度较小的个体执行交叉和变异操作,产生新的一代种群,并与初代种群合并,再次进行快速非支配排序和拥挤度计算,得到新一代种群。
(4)设定最大进化代数作为收敛准则,满足收敛条件则得到寻优结果,否则继续进行循环。由于是多目标寻优,而两个目标函数值难以同时达到最小,即没有最优解,只能得到两个目标函数相对均衡的Pareto解集,其中,Qopt1表明了理论响应与实际响应之间的差异性,差异性会随着迭代次数增加而不断被放大,而Qopt2仅表示理论耦合模态频率与实际耦合模态频率的差异性,因此,二者在数值上可能存在数量级的差异性。由于Qopt2数值极小,最优个体之间以此为参照,意义较小。因此,本文选取Qopt1为最优个体的评判标准,且通过量化评判标准也可以减小人为判断对寻优结果的影响。
为了验证本文提出的参数识别方法的可行性和有效性,分别以单自由度结构-TMD耦合系统以及多自由度结构-TMD耦合系统为研究对象,首先给定耦合系统的相关参数,并计算其在自由振动情况下的动力响应,以此作为观测数据,然后采用上述参数识别方法从观测数据中识别系统模态参数,通过与设定值对比,验证参数识别方法的可行性,同时探究了噪声以及多模态耦合对于参数识别结果的影响。
建立单自由度结构-TMD耦合系统,其力学简图如图4所示。假定结构的质量m1、刚度k1和阻尼系数c1分别为50 kg、7895.70 N/m和6.28 N·s/m。由此可以得出结构的频率f1 与结构阻尼比ζ1 分别为2 Hz和0.5%,按照Den Hartog提出的经典TMD优化理论确定TMD的设计参数,假定质量比为μ,则f0=f1/(1+μ),,然后根据质量比以及TMD的频率f0和阻尼比ζ0可以得到TMD的质量m0、刚度k0以及阻尼系数c0。考虑到数值仿真的完备性,依据结构与TMD是否调谐以及不同质量比等情况共设定9组工况,具体参数如表1所示。在仿真分析时,设定采样频率为100 Hz,结构和TMD的初始位移分别为0.01 m和0,初始速度均为0。
以工况Ⅷ为例,依据设定的系统参数,采用龙格-库塔法计算结构和TMD在自由振动下的动力响应数值解,动力响应及其功率谱图如图5所示。由功率谱图中的峰值点对应的横坐标可知,结构-TMD耦合系统的两阶模态频率实测值分别为1.8298和2.1098 Hz。以上述动力响应数值解和模态频率实测值作为观测值,采用第1节参数识别方法识别结构和TMD的模态参数。在仿真过程中,设定遗传算法的种群大小为75,最优个体系数为0.2,交叉率为0.8,变异率为0.05,最大进化代数为300,模态参数(ω1ω0ζ1ζ0μ)的上下限分别为(1.8298×2π、18298×2π、0、0.03、0.005)和(2.1098×2π、2.1098×2π、0.02、0.15、0.05)。
由于设定的种群大小为75,最优个体系数为0.2,因此形成了由15个最优个体组成的Pareto解集,如图6所示。图6(a)~(e)给出了工况Ⅷ中每个最优个体的参数识别值及其误差棒图,可知:(1)种群中的15个最优个体之间数值差异性较小,参数识别结果稳定,既表明了种群中优秀个体基因得以保留也表明了算法的稳定性;(2)参数识别结果与真实值近乎重合,表明方法可以有效并准确地识别结构和TMD的模态参数;(3)图6(c)中结构阻尼比的识别误差棒较为明显,由式(8)可知,结构阻尼比ζr在系统矩阵A中只有1项,且识别精度与ωrωdμζd相关,因此,这些参数的识别误差都会传递给ζr,造成其识别误差相对较大。图6(f)中给出了每个最优个体所对应的Qopt1(目标函数1)和Qopt2(目标函数2)的值,由图中的横、纵坐标轴可以直观了解到参数识别的精度较高,且Qopt2在数值上远远小于Qopt1,所以选取Qopt1作为评判标准更为合理。
在无噪声情况下,以上9个工况的参数识别结果如表2所示。可以得出,该方法在不同质量比以及TMD频率失谐或阻尼比失谐的情况下,都具有较高的参数识别精度。且TMD和结构的频率识别误差小于1%,质量比和TMD阻尼比识别误差小于3%,结构的阻尼比识别误差小于6%,完全满足TMD的现场调试需求,上述结果表明该方法理论正确、切实可行。
在实际工程中,噪声的影响不可避免,包括由外界环境激励引起的激励噪声以及采集数据时仪器自身产生的测量噪声。在仿真过程中,以零均值的高斯白噪声模拟激励噪声R1和测量噪声R2,将其叠加于结构和TMD的响应中,噪声的强度由信噪比SNR确定,SNR=101g(Ps/Pn),其中PsPn分别表示信号的能量和噪声的能量,Ps可以由原信号与其平均值的差值平方和确定,Pn可以由原信号与带噪声的信号的差值平方和确定,信噪比越高,噪声越小。为了探究噪声对参数识别精度的影响,以工况Ⅷ为例,通过对比不同信噪比情况下的参数识别结果,分析测量噪声和激励噪声对于参数识别精度的影响并评估该参数识别方法的抗干扰能力。表3给出了有噪声情况下的参数识别结果,识别结果表明,随着信噪比的减小,Qopt1无明显变化趋势,Qopt2有显著的增大趋势,主要因为噪声的干扰增大了理论值与实际响应的误差,但即便在有较大噪声干扰的情况下,该方法依然能准确识别结构和TMD的模态参数,在信噪比大于30的范围内,固有参数识别的误差没有因噪声的影响而增大,表明提出的参数识别方法具有较好的抗噪能力。
为了模拟该方法在实际工程结构中应用的可行性,以如图7所示的3自由度结构-TMD耦合系统为例开展了仿真分析。结构的物理参数如下:m1=m2=m3=50 kg,ki=3000 N/m,ci=6 N·s/m,i=1,2,3,4。为了控制结构的一阶模态振动,将TMD安装在结构的1阶振型的最大位移处,即质量块m2上,设定TMD的质量比为2%,即m0为2 kg,TMD的频率和阻尼比分别为0.92 Hz和8.57%,由此组成3自由度结构-TMD耦合系统,表4给出了原结构以及附加TMD耦合系统的模态参数,可知,TMD对于原结构的第1阶模态影响较大,且产生了较大的附加模态阻尼比,对原结构的第2、3阶模态影响较小。
在理论推导过程中,式(5)的成立条件为振动必须只有TMD和被控模态参与,显然在多自由度情况下不完全成立,多自由度结构的动力响应是由多模态叠加而成,因此会受到其他模态的干扰,为了探究该参数识别方法在多模态耦合情况下的适用性,设定4种工况:(1)TMD的初始位移x0=1 cm,质量块m1m2m3的初始位移x1x2x3皆为0;(2)TMD的初始位移x0=1 cm,质量块m1的初始位移x1=1 cm,其他质量块的初始位移为0;(3)TMD的初始位移x0=1 cm,质量块m2的初始位移x2=1 cm,其他质量块的初始位移为0;(4)TMD的初始位移x0=1 cm,质量块m3的初始位移x3=1 cm,其他质量块的初始位移为0。
图8给出了工况(2)~(4)结构的位移响应以及其功率谱图,从图中可以看出每个工况都至少有两阶模态参与其中。在不同的多模态参与下,各工况的识别结果如表5所示,从表中可以看出,多模态振动对参数识别结果影响较小,且TMD和结构的频率识别误差小于1%,质量比和TMD阻尼比识别误差小于3%,TMD阻尼比识别误差小于6%,结果表明在多自由度结构多模态干扰的情况下,该方法依然适用。
为了探究上述参数识别方法在实际工程结构中的适用性,以厦门某人行天桥为工程背景,建立其ANSYS有限元模型并进行数值模拟分析。该桥主跨长90 m,桥面宽4.845 m,主跨采用张弦桁架结构体系,上弦杆采用钢桁架,下部设置双柔索,中部与外部斜撑杆连接,形成整体应力自平衡体系。主梁采用钢桁架形式,由上弦杆、下弦杆、腹杆和中间斜杆组成,桥面铺装采用钢格栅。图9为桥梁有限元模型示意图。模拟过程中,采用Beam188单元模拟钢桁架杆件和斜撑,采用Link8单元模拟缆索,栏杆等附属结构的质量通过Mass21单元施加到主梁上,桥面铺装采用Shell63单元模拟。由于直接采用桥梁的有限元模型计算时,自由度较多,工作量很大,为了减少计算自由度,引入了模态综合技术,首先通过模态分析求解桥梁的模态频率和振型,然后利用振型的正交性将耦联的方程解耦,得到互相独立的模态方程,且由于桥梁的结构振动响应以低阶为主,所以只需要考虑较少的振型就可以获得较高的计算精度,极大地减小了计算量。本文提取桥梁的前20阶振型,构建桥梁的广义坐标方程,并采用3种不同参数的TMD分别安装在桥梁前3阶竖弯模态的振型最大位移处,进而控制桥梁前3阶竖弯模态振动,桥梁的前3阶竖弯被控模态参数以及TMD的参数如表6所示。
类似于在实桥试验中激振TMD带动桥梁结构运动,在仿真过程中,可以分别给定TMD初始位移,通过数值仿真获取结构-TMD耦合动态响应,图10给出了在不同模态阶次下的结构响应及其功率谱图。为了探究被控模态对于参数识别方法的影响,对不同模态阶次下的结构-TMD耦合系统分别做了参数识别,参数识别结果如表7所示,由表可知,对1阶竖弯模态的参数识别精度明显优于对2、3阶竖弯模态的识别精度,主要原因是由于耦合程度的差异性,从图10可以看出,1阶模态仅与第3阶模态耦合,耦合程度较小,而2、3阶模态的耦合程度较高,从而造成识别精度的差异性。但总体识别精度依然较高,对于TMD和结构的频率、质量比最大参数识别误差小于2%,对于TMD和结构的阻尼比最大参数识别误差小于5%。且从图11可以看出,Pareto解集中个体差异性较小,有较好的算法稳定性,由此反映出在多模态参与的情况下,该方法依然能准确识别结构和TMD的固有参数。
本文提出了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ的在役状态结构和TMD固有参数识别方法,通过数值仿真分析了该方法的可行性,研究结果表明:
(1)该方法可以有效识别结构和TMD的固有参数,固有频率识别误差小于1%,质量比识别误差小于3%,阻尼比的识别误差不超过6%;
(2)该方法具有良好的抗噪和抗干扰能力,在信噪比大于30的范围内,参数识别精度不会因噪声的存在而下降。
论文通过数值仿真分析研究了一种基于NSGA-Ⅱ的在役状态结构和TMD固有参数识别方法的可行性,后续将开展相关的试验和工程应用研究。研究成果对在役状态TMD的性能评价和减振效率提升具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51708208)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JJ10003)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JJ40208)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2021JM-606)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.007
  • 接收时间:2023-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-17
  • 修回日期:2023-06-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51708208)
湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JJ10003)
湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JJ40208)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2021JM-606)
作者信息
    1.湖南科技大学结构抗风与振动控制湖南省重点实验室,湖南 湘潭411201
    2.湖南大学风工程与桥梁工程湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙410082

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温青(1985—),男,博士,副教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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