Article(id=1228295920190681665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706112000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-25, revisedDate=1718640000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778168008, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778168008, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778168008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778168008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295917908980268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778167464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949125482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=631, endPage=636, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295920442339910, articleId=1228295920190681665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Dynamic behaviors of a bouncing ball-thin plate system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conveying can be achieved through the motion of objects on vibrating structural surfaces. With the rapid development of mechanical automation and intelligence,this technology is facing more requirements and challenges. This type of conveying equipment can generally be simplified as a motion model of bouncing balls on a vibrating thin plate surface. This article designs and builds an experimental platform for the dynamic behavior of a bouncing ball-thin plate system at a micro/macro-scale using an ideal ball-thin plate collision theoretical model. By using sound pressure sensors and data acquisition instruments to extract and process the sound signal of the ball hitting the thin plate,the effects of excitation frequency,amplitude,and ball mass on collision interval and strength are analyzed. The results show that the collision interval and collision strength between balls and thin plates are not fixed values,but exhibit a state with a single peak value. As the frequency and amplitude increase,the collision interval and collision intensity between balls and thin plates increase. Increasing the mass of the ball results in a decrease in both the collision interval and collision intensity,and such a change is a relative trend reflected by the mean,rather than a strictly absolute change. Specifically,it is found in the experiment that the waveform of the collision time between the ball and the thin plate is not instantaneous,but has a period of time effect,which is related to not only the coupling effect of the collision between the ball and the thin plate,but also the attenuation of the forced vibration of the thin plate under the impact of the ball.

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通过物体在振动结构表面上的运动可实现输送,随着机械自动化与智能化的快速发展,这项技术面临着更多的要求和挑战。此类输送 设备一般可简化为弹跳小球在振动薄板表面上的运动模型。本文在细/宏观尺度下,建立了理想情形下的小球-薄板碰撞理论模型,设计并搭建了弹跳小球-薄板系统动力学行为实验平台,通过声压传感器和数据采集仪获取并处理小球撞击薄板的声信号,分析激振频率、振幅和小球质量对碰撞间隔和强度的影响。结果表明,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度不是一个固定值,呈现出带有单峰值的状态;随着频率和振幅的增大,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度均提高;增大小球的质量,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度均降低,并且该变化是一种相对趋势的变化即均值体现,而非严格的绝对变化。特别地,在实验中发现小球与薄板的碰撞时刻波形并不是瞬时的,而是有一段作用时间,这与小球与薄板相撞的耦合作用以及薄板受小球冲击的受迫振动的衰减有关。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李成(1983—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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陈玲(1991—),女,硕士,讲师。E-mail:

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陈玲(1991—),女,硕士,讲师。E-mail:

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陈玲(1991—),女,硕士,讲师。E-mail:

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弹跳小球-薄板系统的动力学行为研究
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陈玲 1 , 李双 2 , 李成 2, 3 , 范学良 2 , 蔡建文 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(3): 631-636
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(3): 631-636
弹跳小球-薄板系统的动力学行为研究
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陈玲1 , 李双2, 李成2, 3 , 范学良2, 蔡建文3
作者信息
  • 1.江苏联合职业技术学院苏州建设交通分院轨道交通工程学院,江苏 苏州 215104
  • 2.苏州大学轨道交通学院,江苏 苏州 215131
  • 3.常州工学院汽车工程学院,江苏 常州 213032
  • 陈玲(1991—),女,硕士,讲师。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李成(1983—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Dynamic behaviors of a bouncing ball-thin plate system
Ling CHEN1 , Shuang LI2, Cheng LI2, 3 , Xueliang FAN2, Jianwen CAI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Rail Transit Engineering,Branch of Suzhou Construction & Communications,Jiangsu Union Technical Institute,Suzhou 215104,China
  • 2.School of Rail Transportation,Soochow University,Suzhou 215131,China
  • 3.School of Automotive Engineering,Changzhou Institute of Technology,Changzhou 213032,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.020
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通过物体在振动结构表面上的运动可实现输送,随着机械自动化与智能化的快速发展,这项技术面临着更多的要求和挑战。此类输送 设备一般可简化为弹跳小球在振动薄板表面上的运动模型。本文在细/宏观尺度下,建立了理想情形下的小球-薄板碰撞理论模型,设计并搭建了弹跳小球-薄板系统动力学行为实验平台,通过声压传感器和数据采集仪获取并处理小球撞击薄板的声信号,分析激振频率、振幅和小球质量对碰撞间隔和强度的影响。结果表明,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度不是一个固定值,呈现出带有单峰值的状态;随着频率和振幅的增大,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度均提高;增大小球的质量,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度均降低,并且该变化是一种相对趋势的变化即均值体现,而非严格的绝对变化。特别地,在实验中发现小球与薄板的碰撞时刻波形并不是瞬时的,而是有一段作用时间,这与小球与薄板相撞的耦合作用以及薄板受小球冲击的受迫振动的衰减有关。

薄板  /  振动  /  弹跳小球  /  声压传感器  /  实验

Conveying can be achieved through the motion of objects on vibrating structural surfaces. With the rapid development of mechanical automation and intelligence,this technology is facing more requirements and challenges. This type of conveying equipment can generally be simplified as a motion model of bouncing balls on a vibrating thin plate surface. This article designs and builds an experimental platform for the dynamic behavior of a bouncing ball-thin plate system at a micro/macro-scale using an ideal ball-thin plate collision theoretical model. By using sound pressure sensors and data acquisition instruments to extract and process the sound signal of the ball hitting the thin plate,the effects of excitation frequency,amplitude,and ball mass on collision interval and strength are analyzed. The results show that the collision interval and collision strength between balls and thin plates are not fixed values,but exhibit a state with a single peak value. As the frequency and amplitude increase,the collision interval and collision intensity between balls and thin plates increase. Increasing the mass of the ball results in a decrease in both the collision interval and collision intensity,and such a change is a relative trend reflected by the mean,rather than a strictly absolute change. Specifically,it is found in the experiment that the waveform of the collision time between the ball and the thin plate is not instantaneous,but has a period of time effect,which is related to not only the coupling effect of the collision between the ball and the thin plate,but also the attenuation of the forced vibration of the thin plate under the impact of the ball.

thin plate  /  vibration  /  bouncing ball  /  sound pressure sensor  /  experiment
陈玲, 李双, 李成, 范学良, 蔡建文. 弹跳小球-薄板系统的动力学行为研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (3) : 631 -636 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.020
Ling CHEN, Shuang LI, Cheng LI, Xueliang FAN, Jianwen CAI. Dynamic behaviors of a bouncing ball-thin plate system[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (3) : 631 -636 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.020
受脉冲载荷作用的薄板是多种工程问题的简化模型。振动给料机(输送机)、汽车车辆包括轨道交通机车自动组装设备中的部件运输、固体颗粒的传递和分离等都是利用物体在振动表面的运动来实现输送的功能。这些系统可模型化为弹跳小球在振动薄板表面的运动行为,因此开展其动力学行为研究对相关工程应用有一定的指导意义。
自20世纪80年代起,人们即对一个刚性小球在做周期振动的台面上的弹跳运动开展了一些研究[1-2]。EVERSON[1]描述了一个在振动平台上反弹的完全弹性球受到周期性作用力的系统,揭示了小球的准周期运动。NAYLOR等[3]发现小球在垂直于振动平台上的弹性反弹会产生混沌现象。AYMAR等[4]用手持球拍有节奏地弹球使其达到预设的幅度,发现恢复系数的变化会导致球的振幅变化。LEONEL等[5]通过使用速度变量和离散时间建立了粒子反弹系统的二维动力学理论。DA COSTA等[6]研究了弹跳球模型中的经典粒子系统及其与能量扩散有关的统计性质。FEOLI等[7]从经典和量子角度阐述了弹跳球的动力学性能,分别分析了惯性质量和引力质量的作用,刻画了不同质量的粒子在均匀引力场中的行为。MARÒ[8]考虑弹跳球的自由落体运动和反弹后的垂直运动,导出了正则周期函数的二阶导数,给出了任意大幅度运动和混动的充分条件。JIANG等[9]开展了弹跳球的混沌动力学实验,讨论了能级跃迁的概率和规则,分析了小球碰撞过程中的能量耗散。
不过,尽管已有部分学者对弹跳小球的运动开展了若干研究,但是关于小球和薄板系统耦合振动的研究并不多。HILL等[10]对单个弹性球在振荡板上的反弹进行了初步探索,证明在某些情况下球可以先进行大反弹,然后开始小反弹。JIANG等[11]分析了完全非弹性球在垂直振动板方向上的弹跳行为,发现小球在振动板上会发生一系列次谐波分叉。
已有的部分研究运用了理论与数值分析,或在理论模型建立后进行了计算机模拟仿真,鲜有文献直接搭建合适的实验平台,再对弹跳球-薄板的运动过程进行采集和分析,因此实验测试数据很少见。不同于已有文献采用的研究手段[12-18],本文通过设计并搭建实验平台,采用声压传感器和DASP数据采集仪捕获小球与薄板碰撞瞬间的动力学行为,精确度比以往文献常采用的高速相机更高。考虑了频率、振幅对系统的作用效果,具体分析了各参数对小球-薄板碰撞间隔和碰撞强度的影响。研究结果可为智能机械化工程及后续进一步的微/纳观实验提供参考。
首先在理想情况下建立弹跳小球-薄板系统的理论模型[19-20]。假设振动薄板受外界正弦激励,并且其质量远大于小球质量,小球和振动薄板之间的碰撞是瞬时的,即薄板的运动不受碰撞冲击的影响。此外,碰撞通常是非弹性的,即每次碰撞中都有能量损失。若能量没有损失,则碰撞是弹性的[21-22]
碰撞属于非连续和非光滑过程,因为本文考虑的小球-薄板系统不计摩擦作用,同时小球与薄板进行的是一个正碰撞行为,涉及到的非线性因素较少,因此非光滑因素在本文模型中的影响不大,可以忽略。考虑小球在碰撞前、后的速度变化,在静止薄板上,令分别为第k次碰撞薄板前、后瞬间小球的速度,则:
式中,α为恢复系数,用来衡量每一次碰撞后能量的损失程度,如果α=1,则该系统是保守的且碰撞是弹性的。
图1所示,薄板在外激励下以正弦方式振动,uk为地面参考系中薄板的速度。分别表示以薄板为参考系时,在第k次碰撞薄板前、后瞬间小球的速度,在薄板参考系中有:
在地面参考系中,小球碰撞薄板前、后的速度为:
根据式(2)可得:
变换式(4)即可得到第k次碰撞后瞬间以地面为参考系的小球的速度:
式(5)即为碰撞关系,它表明,薄板的碰撞给小球贡献了(1 + α) uk的速度。值得一提的是,此处仅通过相对运动前、后的速度关系直接建立碰撞关系,比较简洁明了。实际上,本文所考虑碰撞理论模型还可满足动力学中的动量守恒定律。
当小球和薄板碰撞时,小球和薄板之间的距离为零,并且在两次碰撞之间,小球以恒定加速度g上升或下降,因此,引入一个二次函数:
式中,xk表示第k次碰撞后小球的位置;tk表示第k次碰撞后的时间。
式(6)表示小球在第k次碰撞之后的位移关于时间t的函数。令薄板位移s[19-20]
式中,A为薄板振幅;ω为外激励圆频率;θ0表示t=0时刻的初相位。给正弦函数加1,以确保该薄板的振幅始终为正,则t时刻小球与薄板的位置差可表示为:
由于小球位置不会低于薄板,式(8)应该始终是一个非负函数。当t>tk时,d (t)= 0的第一个解即为下次碰撞的时间。将式(6)和(7)代入式(8),并令d (t)为零可得:
碰撞时薄板的位置和球的位置是相同的,因此:
将式(10)代入式(9)可得:
结合式(5)和式(7)得:
利用式(11)和(12),选取如下参数[20]:振幅A=0.0012 cm,激振频率f=200 Hz,小球初始速度v0=8.17001 cm/s,初始相位θ0=0.12001,恢复系数α=0.9。编写程序并运行后,得到小球与薄板的碰撞关系如图2所示。
图2中,圆点代表小球与薄板的碰撞时刻,在理想模型下,小球与薄板的碰撞是瞬时的,并且碰撞过程中薄板不受碰撞的影响,保持正弦振动。小球与薄板碰撞间隔不是固定值,而是呈现出一定的分布状态。
本文设计并搭建了弹跳小球-薄板动力学行为实验平台,通过提取和处理小球碰撞薄板的声信号,分析激振频率、振幅和小球质量对碰撞间隔和碰撞强度的影响。实验场所为苏州大学轨道交通学院半消音实验室,其基底噪声小于20 dB,保证了实验数据采集的精确度。
实验中所使用的主要设备包括:音频频率发生器(SweepGen)、功率放大器、振动励磁机、铝制薄板、小球(碳酸钙)、声压传感器(声望)、DASPV10多功能数据采集仪(北京东方振动和噪声技术研究所)。实验平台示意图如图3所示。
薄板紧固在振动励磁机上,音频频率发生器产生不同频率和振幅的正弦信号,通过功率放大器连接到振动励磁机使得薄板保持正弦振动,进而触发小球弹跳,运用声压传感器和数据采集仪连接至计算机进行声信号采集。
首先验证设计实验的可行性,采用频率为180 Hz,音量为60 dB(改变音量来改变振幅)的正弦信号激振4 mm小球,DASP数据采集仪在计算机上进行自谱分析,如图4所示。同时,为进一步观察小球和薄板碰撞瞬间的波形,截取其中一小段进行观察,如图5所示。
图4所示的频谱图可知,采集到的薄板振动频率为180 Hz,与音频频率发生器给出的频率一致,这表明在实验过程中,薄板受到的激振频率没有失真。从图5中可以看出,当小球与薄板未进行碰撞时,采集的声压波形只有薄板的正弦振动;小球与薄板碰撞时,其声压波形异于仅有薄板振动时的波形,说明运用声压传感器能够很好地捕捉小球与薄板之间的碰撞行为,从而证实了本文实验方案的可行性。
其次进行了频率f分别为180、200、220 Hz,音量V分别为60、80 dB,小球直径D分别为4、5 mm情况下的实验。DASP数据采集仪在采集数据时,是将薄板的正弦振动和小球-薄板碰撞行为声压波形同时采集,不便于分析系统碰撞行为,因此对DASP采集的声压波形进行滤波,采用带通滤波器滤去薄板的正弦振动,得到小球-薄板碰撞声压波形图如图6所示。
图6(a)、(b)、(c)分别给出了小球直径为4 mm,音量为60 dB,激振频率分别为180、200、220 Hz时小球-薄板碰撞声压波形图。可见随着频率的增大,小球与薄板碰撞的波形间隔相对越来越疏,这表明小球与薄板的碰撞间隔越来越大,小球脱离薄板弹跳越来越高,在空中运动的时间越来越长。由式(12)亦可知,频率增大给小球提供了更大的反弹速度,进一步验证了本文的理论模型。比较图6(a)和(d)可知,在频率和音量一定的情况下,小球的质量影响着系统的动力学响应。这一点与理想情况下的理论模型不同,类似于已有文献的做法,为方便计算,本文理论模型中并未考虑小球的质量。但是,在本文实验中发现,随着小球质量的增大,碰撞波形间隔变密,小球-薄板的碰撞间隔变小,小球弹跳高度变低,反弹速度变小。因此,在细/宏观尺度下,小球质量不可忽略。图6(b)和(e)揭示了随着音量的增大即振幅的增大,小球与薄板的碰撞间隔增大,小球反弹速度提高,因此振幅增大同样增大了小球的反弹速度。
进一步分析带通滤波后的小球-薄板碰撞声压波形数据,得到如图7所示的小球-薄板碰撞间隔统计图,其中横坐标表示小球-薄板碰撞间隔与激振周期之比,纵坐标表示所占个数。
图7可知,小球与薄板的碰撞间隔与激振周期之比并不是一个固定值,而是在一定区间内呈现分布状态,并且具有单峰值。图7(a)~(c)给出了小球质量和音量(振幅)一定时,不同频率下的小球碰撞间隔与激振周期之比的统计图。可见随着频率的增大,其比值相应地沿着横坐标整体右移,同样说明了小球碰撞间隔的相对增大,并且单峰值对应的比值也随之增大。图7(b)和(d)表明,在其他条件一定的情况下,小球质量越大,比值沿横坐标左移,单峰值对应的比值减小。可见小球碰撞间隔缩短,质量的存在影响了小球的反弹速度。比较图7(a)和(e)可见,随着音量的增大,小球的碰撞间隔也增大,进而提高了小球的反弹速度。
进一步地,对小球-薄板碰撞时产生的声压进行了统计分析。如图8所示,横坐标表示碰撞时刻的声压,即两者碰撞时碰撞的强度,纵坐标表示各声压值所占个数。
图8中可以看出,小球与薄板碰撞产生的声压也并非一个固定值,而是在一定区间内呈现分布状态。声压值表示小球与薄板碰撞的强度,其值不是一个固定值有如下两方面的原因:一方面,小球每次与薄板的碰撞间隔不同,则小球每次下落碰撞速度不同,造成碰撞强度存在差异;另一方面,小球弹跳过程中薄板自身也在做正弦振动,小球与薄板相撞时,可能恰逢薄板往波谷运动,两者同向运动,碰撞强度较小,也可能恰逢薄板往波峰运动,两者相向运动,碰撞强度较大。分析图8(a)~(c)可见,随着频率的增大,小球与薄板的碰撞强度相对增强。图8(b)和(d)表明,小球质量越大,小球与薄板的碰撞强度越弱。比较图8(a)和(e)发现,随着音量的增大,小球与薄板的碰撞强度亦增大。
通过理论建模并设计搭建实验平台,研究了弹跳小球-薄板系统的动力学行为。不同于已有文献采用的实验方法,本文采用声压传感器和DASP数据采集仪捕获小球与薄板的碰撞瞬间,精确度更高。考虑了频率、振幅对系统的作用效果,具体分析了各参数对小球-薄板碰撞间隔和碰撞强度的影响。在实验中发现了理论模型中忽略的小球质量对系统动力学存在影响,这是因为实验研究的尺度在细/宏观范围,该范围内小球质量相比微/纳观范围而言不能忽略。分析结果表明,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度都不是一个固定值,而是在一定区间内呈现分布状态;随着频率和振幅的增大,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度也增大;增大小球质量,小球-薄板碰撞间隔与碰撞强度均减小,并且该变化是一种相对趋势的变化即均值的体现,而非严格的绝对变化。特别地,在实验中发现小球与薄板的碰撞时刻波形并不是瞬时的,而是有一段作用时间,这与小球-薄板系统相撞的耦合作用以及薄板受小球冲击的受迫振动的衰减有关。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272064)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972240)
  • 江苏省高等学校基础科学研究重大项目(23KJA580001)
  • 江苏省高等学校基础科学研究重大项目(22KJA460001)
  • 常州市科技计划项目(CE20235049)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.020
  • 接收时间:2024-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-25
  • 修回日期:2024-06-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272064)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972240)
江苏省高等学校基础科学研究重大项目(23KJA580001)
江苏省高等学校基础科学研究重大项目(22KJA460001)
常州市科技计划项目(CE20235049)
作者信息
    1.江苏联合职业技术学院苏州建设交通分院轨道交通工程学院,江苏 苏州 215104
    2.苏州大学轨道交通学院,江苏 苏州 215131
    3.常州工学院汽车工程学院,江苏 常州 213032

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李成(1983—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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