Article(id=1228295919897084585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685894400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-05, revisedDate=1692806400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778167937, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778167937, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778167937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778167937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295917908980268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778167464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949125482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=461, endPage=468, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295920102605482, articleId=1228295919897084585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Vibration characteristic experiments of rotor system with different crack parameters, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Four multi-disk rotors with the same structure size are used as the research basis. The precision wire cutting method is used to prefabricate transverse cracks of different depths at different positions of the four rotors. The vibration characteristics of the cracked rotor system with changed crack parameters are tested and the relationship between the dynamic response characteristics of the cracked rotor and the crack location and crack depth is analyzed. The test results show that the 2× resonance phenomenon in the 1/2 critical speed zone and the 3× resonance phenomenon in the 1/3 critical speed zone are the typical characteristics of the rotating shaft crack failure. The 2× resonance peak value increases rapidly after the crack depth reached a critical point. While the 3× resonance peak value,which is different from the results of existing studies,drops abruptly after the crack depth reached a critical point. Also,there is a correlation between the critical depth that triggered an abrupt change in the peak 2× and 3× resonance and whether the crack location is at the root of the disc.

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以具有相同结构尺寸的四根多盘转子作为研究对象,利用精密线切割的加工方式分别在四根转子的不同位置预制不同深度的横向裂纹。对裂纹参数发生改变的转子系统展开振动特性测试,并分析裂纹转子的动力学响应特征与裂纹位置和裂纹深度之间的关系。试验结果表明:1/2临界转速区的2×共振现象以及1/3临界转速区的3×共振现象是转轴裂纹故障的典型特征,其中2×共振峰值会在裂纹深度达到一个临界点后迅速增加;而区别于已有研究结果,3×共振峰值会在裂纹深度达到临界点后突降;同时,引发2×和3×共振峰值发生突变的临界深度与裂纹位置是否处于轮盘根部存在关联。

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刘占生(1962—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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韩冰(1993—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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韩冰(1993—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

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keyword=裂纹位置), Keyword(id=1228312947424952909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295919897084585, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=多盘转子系统)], refs=[Reference(id=1228312951912858345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295919897084585, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=90, issue=6, pageStart=1215, pageEnd=1245, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=KUSHWAHA N, PATEL V N, journalName=Archive of Applied Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUSHWAHA NPATEL V N. 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Journal of Vibration and Acoustics2009,131(4):041008., articleTitle=Experimental study on the nonlinear vibrations and n × amplitudes of a rotor with a transverse crack, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228312951661200087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295919897084585, awardId=2017-IV-0008-0045, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项资助项目(2017-IV-0008-0045), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228312943750742476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295919897084585, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228312943759131085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295919897084585, companyId=1228312943750742476, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China), 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Multi-disk rotor parameters

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物性参数与几何参数具体数值
转子长度/mm1000
转轴直径/mm40
轮盘直径/mm200
轮盘1、2厚度/mm50
轮盘3厚度/mm40
材料密度/(kg·m−3)7.85×103
弹性模量/Pa2.11×1011
泊松比0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1228312951380181705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295919897084585, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多盘转子参数

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物性参数与几何参数具体数值
转子长度/mm1000
转轴直径/mm40
轮盘直径/mm200
轮盘1、2厚度/mm50
轮盘3厚度/mm40
材料密度/(kg·m−3)7.85×103
弹性模量/Pa2.11×1011
泊松比0.3
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不同裂纹参数下的转子系统振动特性试验
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韩冰 , 刘占生 , 何鹏 , 颜培刚
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(3): 461-468
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(3): 461-468
不同裂纹参数下的转子系统振动特性试验
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韩冰 , 刘占生 , 何鹏, 颜培刚
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 韩冰(1993—),男,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘占生(1962—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Vibration characteristic experiments of rotor system with different crack parameters
Bing HAN , Zhansheng LIU , Peng HE, Peigang YAN
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.002
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以具有相同结构尺寸的四根多盘转子作为研究对象,利用精密线切割的加工方式分别在四根转子的不同位置预制不同深度的横向裂纹。对裂纹参数发生改变的转子系统展开振动特性测试,并分析裂纹转子的动力学响应特征与裂纹位置和裂纹深度之间的关系。试验结果表明:1/2临界转速区的2×共振现象以及1/3临界转速区的3×共振现象是转轴裂纹故障的典型特征,其中2×共振峰值会在裂纹深度达到一个临界点后迅速增加;而区别于已有研究结果,3×共振峰值会在裂纹深度达到临界点后突降;同时,引发2×和3×共振峰值发生突变的临界深度与裂纹位置是否处于轮盘根部存在关联。

转子动力学  /  振动特性试验  /  裂纹深度  /  裂纹位置  /  多盘转子系统

Four multi-disk rotors with the same structure size are used as the research basis. The precision wire cutting method is used to prefabricate transverse cracks of different depths at different positions of the four rotors. The vibration characteristics of the cracked rotor system with changed crack parameters are tested and the relationship between the dynamic response characteristics of the cracked rotor and the crack location and crack depth is analyzed. The test results show that the 2× resonance phenomenon in the 1/2 critical speed zone and the 3× resonance phenomenon in the 1/3 critical speed zone are the typical characteristics of the rotating shaft crack failure. The 2× resonance peak value increases rapidly after the crack depth reached a critical point. While the 3× resonance peak value,which is different from the results of existing studies,drops abruptly after the crack depth reached a critical point. Also,there is a correlation between the critical depth that triggered an abrupt change in the peak 2× and 3× resonance and whether the crack location is at the root of the disc.

rotor dynamics  /  vibration characteristic experiment  /  crack depth  /  crack position  /  multi-disk rotor system
韩冰, 刘占生, 何鹏, 颜培刚. 不同裂纹参数下的转子系统振动特性试验. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (3) : 461 -468 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.002
Bing HAN, Zhansheng LIU, Peng HE, Peigang YAN. Vibration characteristic experiments of rotor system with different crack parameters[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (3) : 461 -468 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.002
转子系统作为航空发动机及燃气轮机等大型旋转机械的核心,其在工作过程中将长期遭受气动力、热应力等多种载荷的反复冲击,由此极易引发转子产生疲劳裂纹。若能及时发现转轴裂纹故障的存在,并大致判断裂纹故障发生的位置和故障严重程度,可采取有效的防护措施以避免安全事故和经济损失。在众多裂纹检测方法中,基于转子振动信号的在线监测更具优势[1]
国内外相关领域的学者长期以来关注着裂纹转子动力学方向的有关研究[2-7]。 DARPE等[8]和AL-SHUDEIFAT等[9]分别在应变能释放率和中性轴理论体系下建立了裂纹转子的有限元模型,并指出转轴裂纹将使得转子刚度按照特定规律变化,由此导致裂纹转子出现亚临界共振现象。文献[10-14]也陆续在各自的研究工作中发现,裂纹转子存在超谐波频率成分。李常有等[15]和GUO等[16]的研究则表明了超谐波响应成分可作为转子裂纹故障的诊断依据。
实际生产生活当中一旦监测到转轴裂纹故障,应立即对机组进行维修。为避免维修过程中因盲目拆装机组而带来额外损失,需要在判断有无裂纹的基础上进一步给出裂纹深度和裂纹在转子上的位置。转子裂纹参数的精确识别具有较大的挑战性,不同的识别方法都建立在一定数量的故障样本基础之上[17-20],且样本数量影响着参数识别的误差。因此对于转轴裂纹故障定位、定量识别方法的推广应用而言,前期不同裂纹参数下的转子动力学响应数据的积累至关重要。 BACHSCHMID等[21]建立了含裂纹的320 MW大型发电机组转子有限元模型,通过仿真获得了不同裂纹位置和深度下的转子振动响应数据。文献[22-26]的研究同样体现了不同裂纹参数对裂纹转子动力学行为的影响。上述研究结果对转子裂纹故障参数的精确识别具有较大的参考意义,但仍有一些问题值得被进一步探讨。例如,当油膜力[27-28]、背景环境噪声[29]等多重干扰因素共同作用于裂纹转子时,转子的故障振动特征与裂纹参数之间是否依旧存在较强的关联性。除此之外,对动力设备性能的特殊需求以及现场工作条件等限制了转子的结构尺寸,这将使得部分裂纹转子的故障振动特征随裂纹参数的变化规律与以往的研究结果有所不同。
本文以具有相同结构和尺寸的四根多盘转子作为研究对象,利用精密线切割的方式在不同转子的不同位置处预制多个深度的横向裂纹,并对裂纹转子-滑动轴承系统的振动特性进行测试。大量试验结果表明,裂纹转子在亚临界转速区的2×和3×超谐波共振峰值与裂纹位置和裂纹深度存在相关性。同时,3×共振峰值并非随着裂纹深度的增加而单调递增。
试验过程中所使用的多盘转子系统动力学特性测试试验台如图1所示。制造转子所用金属材料为40Cr合金钢,转子的几何结构参数及物性参数如表1所示。已有文献指出横向裂纹较为常见,同时横向裂纹对转子的破坏性较大且严重影响着动力设备运行的安全性与可靠性[30],故对裂纹参数不断变化的横向裂纹转子系统的振动行为展开测试。
图2所示,本次试验共制造了四根相同规格尺寸的多盘转子。采用精密线切割的加工方式分别在四根转子的不同位置加工不同深度的横向裂纹,裂纹宽度为0.07 mm,裂纹具体位置以及与试验台相关的更多细节被展示在图3中。
完成试验台的搭建工作后,接通润滑油供油管路。380 V交流电机驱动转子均匀升速,整个升速阶段持续5 min,转子的最高转速为4000 r/min,采集转子整个升速阶段1#轴承座附近的振动位移信号。参考图23,虽然四根转子的结构尺寸是相同的,但所有转子的初始振动状态仍然无法保持一致。因为实际运行环境中存在大量的不确定干扰,同时制造转子的过程中也将产生一定的加工误差。为解决这一问题,所有的转子在被植入裂纹故障前都进行了动平衡,由此使得四根转子的初始振动大致保持在同一数量级。此外,在对每一根裂纹转子的振动特性展开测试的过程中,保持裂纹位置不变且裂纹深度逐渐增加。不同裂纹参数下转子的振动测试数据采集分析流程如图4所示。
裂纹局部截面如图5所示,定义无量纲裂纹相对深度,其中a为实际裂纹切割深度,2R为轴径,轴径取值如表1所示。图6给出了四根转子裂纹深度逐渐增加时,1×振动幅值随转速的变化情况。显然,1×响应在临界转速处出现峰值。依据经典有限元理论[31-33],若裂纹深度不断增加,则裂纹转子在临界转速处的1×共振峰值随之增加且临界转速略有提前。然而从图6中可以看出,临界转速大致分布在2900~3300 r/min且随裂纹深度的变化具有一定的随机性。虽然图6(a)和(b)表明,裂纹产生后临界转速处的1×响应峰值随裂纹深度的增加而单调递增,但图6(c)和(d)中却呈现出不一样的结果。由此可见,转子在实际运行过程中将面临油膜力、背景环境噪声、制造加工误差、材料物性分布不均以及其他无法确定的外部激励等多重因素的干扰,进而导致裂纹转子的临界转速和相应的1×共振峰值随裂纹参数的变化趋势与理论计算结果存在差别。基于此,无法将临界转速和相应的1×共振峰值作为转轴裂纹故障精确识别的指标。
图7展示了不同裂纹位置、不同裂纹深度工况下,裂纹转子的2×振动幅值随转速的变化规律。作为转轴裂纹故障的动力学特征之一,1/2临界转速区存在2×共振现象。尽管无裂纹状态下转子本身含有2×超谐波频率成分,但随着裂纹深度的增加,1/2临界转速区的2×振动幅值仍出现显著变化[34]
图8进一步给出不同转子在1/2临界转速区2×共振峰值随裂纹相对深度的变化情况。当裂纹深度较浅时,2×共振峰值在较小的范围内随机波动,裂纹深度的增加几乎很难对其造成影响。在裂纹深度达到某一个临界点后,2×共振峰值将进入快速增长阶段。然而,该临界深度对于裂纹位置不同的四根转子而言有所区别。如图8所示,裂纹位置1的临界点为裂纹深度超过转轴直径的20%,裂纹位置2、3、4的临界点为裂纹深度超过转轴直径的30%。参考图23,裂纹位置2、3、4处于轮盘根部,裂纹位置1则处在距离轮盘较远的轴段处。由于轮盘所在部位质量较为集中,相比于轴段部分轮盘根部不易变形,故裂纹处在位置1时转子的2×故障特征对裂纹深度的持续增加更敏感,即图8中黑色曲线更早进入快速增长阶段。
综合图78可知,如果对转子的振动行为进行在线监测的过程中发现转子在1/2临界转速区附近存在明显的2×共振现象,表明转轴含有裂纹故障且裂纹深度至少超过转轴直径的20%。同时,若2×共振峰值持续大幅度增长,则裂纹故障正在逐渐恶化且裂纹大致位于远离轮盘根部的轴段处。相反,若2×共振峰值处于持续小幅度增长,则裂纹大致位于轮盘根部,此时裂纹故障已至少恶化到转轴直径的30%。所以,通过分析表明转子在1/2临界转速区的2×共振现象不仅可用于识别转轴裂纹故障,其2×共振峰值还可作为裂纹故障定位、定量精确识别的指标。
图9给出了不同裂纹深度下,四根裂纹转子的3×振动幅值随转速变化的情况。通常,转子发生轴裂纹故障将引发1/3临界转速区的3×共振现象[34-36]。虽然无裂纹时转子存在3×超谐波频率成分,但裂纹深度的增加对1/3临界转速区的3×振动幅值仍然产生了一定的影响。然而3×成分本身是一个弱信号,极易被杂波所干扰。如图9(a)~(c)所示,裂纹转子在1/3临界转速区的3×共振特征不明显,甚至该转速区附近其他转速处的3×振幅都要大于此3×共振峰值。不同于图9(a)~(c)所代表的三根转子,图9(d)表明若裂纹处于位置4,则转子在1/3临界转速区存在明显的3×共振特征。
四根转子在1/3临界转速区的3×共振峰值随裂纹深度变化的差别被进一步反映在图10中,从中可以看出所有转子的3×共振峰值并未随裂纹深度的增加而单调递增,转子结构形式的不同以及外部干扰的综合作用使得当前研究结果与以往有所区别[2133-3437-38]。3×振动信号在裂纹故障早期不稳定,在裂纹深度达到一个临界点后,所有转子在1/3临界转速区的3×共振幅值发生突降。对于裂纹位置2、3、4而言,这一临界点为裂纹深度超过转轴直径的25%。区别于这三根转子,当裂纹处在位置1时,这一临界点为裂纹深度超过转轴直径的30%。如前所述,裂纹位置2、3、4位于轮盘根部,裂纹位置1位于远离轮盘的轴段处。显然,产生这一现象的原因类似于2×,即四根转子在1/2临界转速区的2×共振峰值进入快速增长阶段的临界深度不同。
由此可见,裂纹转子在亚临界转速区的3×超谐波响应峰值也可作为转轴裂纹故障定位、定量识别的参考指标。但在裂纹故障早期,3×信号不稳定,故利用1/3临界转速区的3×共振幅值较难识别微小裂纹。如果在对裂纹转子振动行为在线监测的过程中发现,1/3临界转速区的3×共振现象逐渐明显且3×共振幅值发生突降,则裂纹深度至少超过转轴直径的25%。此外图10中还表明,若达到突降点前3×共振幅值持续增加,则裂纹位于远离轮盘的轴段处,反之裂纹部位在轮盘根部。然而1/3临界转速区的3×超谐波响应成分是一个弱信号,故在裂纹故障诊断的过程中需综合1/2临界转速区的2×响应做出判断,以此提高诊断的精确度。
本文以具有相同规格尺寸的四根多盘转子作为研究对象,采用精密线切割的方法在各个转子的不同位置处预制不同深度的横向裂纹,并测量转子升速阶段的动力学特性。主要结论如下:
(1)转子的临界转速以及临界转速处的1×共振幅值随裂纹参数的变化过程呈现出一定的随机性,无法将其作为转轴裂纹故障精确定位、定量识别的参照指标。
(2)如果存在轴裂纹故障,则转子在经过1/2临界转速区时出现2×共振现象。在裂纹故障早期2×共振幅值随裂纹深度的变化表现出随机性,若裂纹深度达到临界点后2×共振幅值将进入快速增长期。当裂纹位置处在轮盘根部时,该临界深度为转轴直径的30%。当裂纹位置处在远离轮盘根部的轴段时,该临界深度为转轴直径的20%。据此,1/2临界转速区的2×共振幅值可作为转轴裂纹故障精确定位、定量识别的参考指标。
(3)轴裂纹故障将导致转子在经过1/3临界转速区时出现3×共振现象,3×信号较弱且在故障早期不稳定。随着裂纹深度逐渐增加至临界点,3×共振现象趋于明显。而区别于已有研究结果,3×共振幅值在裂纹深度达到临界点后发生突降。当裂纹位置处在轮盘根部时,该临界深度为转轴直径的25%。当裂纹位置处在远离轮盘根部的轴段时,该临界深度为转轴直径的30%。基于此,3×共振幅值可作为转轴裂纹故障精确定位、定量识别的参考指标。但3×振动信号属于弱信号,在判定故障时需结合1/2临界转速区的2×共振现象以提高精确度。
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.002
  • 接收时间:2023-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-05
  • 修回日期:2023-08-24
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国家科技重大专项资助项目(2017-IV-0008-0045)
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    哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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刘占生(1962—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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