Article(id=1228295918768812591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706025600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-24, revisedDate=1711987200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770778167669, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1741536000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770778167669, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770778167669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770778167669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228295917908980268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='449', pageEnd='662', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770778167464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770949125482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1229012967862235390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228295917908980268, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=637, endPage=644, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228295918970139185, articleId=1228295918768812591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanisms of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer under tension, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer is a typical body-centered cubic/ body-centered cubic nanolayered composite,which is very promising for the application in nuclear fusion devices. Based on atomistic molecular dynamic(MD)simulations,we investigate the mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanisms of W/Ta nanolayered composite under uniaxial tension,and further analyze the influence of modulation period on the mechanical response of W/Ta nanolayered composite. The results show that the W(110)/Ta(110)interface forms a misfit dislocation network,which can not only serve as the source for dislocation nucleation but also adsorb the dislocations in the metallic multilayer. The microstructure evolution analysis shows that,W/Ta nanolayered composite mainly experiences three deformation stages during stretching,i.e. linear elastic,plastic yield,and plastic flow stages. The dislocations firstly nucleate and propagate in the Ta layers,which leads to the sharp drop in the stress-strain curve. Subsequently,the dislocations in the Ta layers pass through the interfaces and enter into the W layers,and the propagation and slip of the dislocations in the W layers cause the yield of W layers. The yield of the sample is primarily determined by the Ta layers,and the plastic deformation in the flow stage is jointly governed by the dislocations and their evolution in both the W and Ta layers. With an increase of modulation period,the number of interfaces in the W/Ta metallic multilayer decreases,so that the nucleation of dislocations decreases as well as the amount of dislocations adsorbed by the interfaces decreases. In addition,the decreased number of the interface weakens the effect of hindering dislocations by interface. Therefore,the yield strength increases and the averaged plastic flow strength decreases.

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W/Ta纳米层状金属是一种典型的BCC/BCC结构的层状金属材料,在核聚变装置中具有广阔的应用前景。本文采用原子尺度分子动力学方法研究了W/Ta纳米层状金属在单轴拉伸过程中的力学性能和塑性变形行为,进一步分析了调制周期对W/Ta纳米层状金属力学响应的影响。结果表明,W(110)/Ta(110)界面上会形成网络状的失配位错结构,它不仅可以作为位错形核的源头,而且可以吸收层状金属结构中的位错。微结构演化分析表明,拉伸过程中主要经历三个变形阶段,即线弹性、塑性屈服和塑性流变阶段。位错首先在Ta层中形核扩展,导致应力急剧下降,随后Ta层中的位错穿越界面至W层中并增殖扩展,导致W层发生屈服。试样的塑性屈服主要由Ta层主导,流变阶段的塑性变形由W层和Ta层中的位错及其演化共同决定。调制周期越大,界面数量越少,Ta层中位错形核较少,同样位错被界面吸收的数量较少而且界面阻碍位错的效果减弱,因此屈服强度和平均塑性流变强度分别增加和降低。

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刘雪鹏(1991—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:
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journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, companyId=1228312952248397994, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.合肥工业大学航空结构件成形制造与装备安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228312954307801406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The atomic scale model of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer, figureFileSmall=24KAY94UC84FsjHzv0KCIA==, figureFileBig=9T6GkMCnzR7PIdQyE403Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312954433630534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图1, caption=W/Ta纳米层状金属的原子尺度模型, figureFileSmall=24KAY94UC84FsjHzv0KCIA==, figureFileBig=9T6GkMCnzR7PIdQyE403Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312955830333777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Interfacial structure of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer, figureFileSmall=NXP7tWj6bcr+FaJ0on9UJQ==, figureFileBig=vDjSeXL8XpaBX6GJfURu7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312955939385690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图2, caption=W/Ta纳米层状金属的界面结构, figureFileSmall=NXP7tWj6bcr+FaJ0on9UJQ==, figureFileBig=vDjSeXL8XpaBX6GJfURu7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956048437600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stress-strain curves of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer with different modulation periods under tension, figureFileSmall=BHjTECm+QmAa2QlEcPpzhQ==, figureFileBig=pDHHh79/QKinwsAlAt5jHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956153295209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同调制周期的W/Ta纳米层状金属的拉伸应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=BHjTECm+QmAa2QlEcPpzhQ==, figureFileBig=pDHHh79/QKinwsAlAt5jHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956325261686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The yield strength and mean plastic flow strength of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer with different modulation periods, figureFileSmall=zDkEOa6SYaK2TG9xtRnb9g==, figureFileBig=5jRI2021wgcp/jVDwGEY5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956438507900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同调制周期下W/Ta纳米层状金属的屈服强度和平均塑性流变强度的变化, figureFileSmall=zDkEOa6SYaK2TG9xtRnb9g==, figureFileBig=5jRI2021wgcp/jVDwGEY5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956522393985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Tension stress-strain curve of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer with λ = 13. 71 nm, figureFileSmall=UU2Fupw5nLidZOvCXISJKA==, figureFileBig=bCc7Nkc78AI7rJ+vG5bZqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956639834500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图5, caption=调制周期为λ = 13.71 nm的W/Ta纳米层状金属的拉伸应力-应变曲线, figureFileSmall=UU2Fupw5nLidZOvCXISJKA==, figureFileBig=bCc7Nkc78AI7rJ+vG5bZqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956753080714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Dislocation evolution of the W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer with λ = 13. 71 nm under tension, figureFileSmall=WnhSFIHTYhzjd9AICnzKPw==, figureFileBig=Iu42UKxhSJ/OocNe4FgseQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312956908269970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图6, caption=调制周期为λ = 13.71 nm的W/Ta纳米层状金属在拉伸过程中的微位错演化, figureFileSmall=WnhSFIHTYhzjd9AICnzKPw==, figureFileBig=Iu42UKxhSJ/OocNe4FgseQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312957038293406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Nucleation mechanism of dislocations in the Ta layer and W layer, figureFileSmall=M6FP8kLy44rTQvLEwT3clw==, figureFileBig=q9f6CExey8PRAn7ITt1CHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312957185094056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Ta层与W层中位错的形核机制, figureFileSmall=M6FP8kLy44rTQvLEwT3clw==, figureFileBig=q9f6CExey8PRAn7ITt1CHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228312957277368750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228295918768812591, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Tension stress-strain curves of single crystal W and single crystal Ta, 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W/Ta纳米层状金属的拉伸力学性能和塑性变形机制
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刘雪鹏 1, 2, 3 , 颜家豪 2, 3
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(3): 637-644
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(3): 637-644
W/Ta纳米层状金属的拉伸力学性能和塑性变形机制
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刘雪鹏1, 2, 3 , 颜家豪2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院工程力学系,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 2.合肥工业大学机械工程学院机械设计工程系,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 3.合肥工业大学航空结构件成形制造与装备安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230009

通讯作者:

刘雪鹏(1991—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:
Mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanisms of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer under tension
Xuepeng LIU1, 2, 3 , Jiahao YAN2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Engineering Mechanics,College of Civil Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
  • 2.Department of Mechanical Design Engineering,School of Mechanical Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
  • 3.Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
出版时间: 2025-03-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.021
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W/Ta纳米层状金属是一种典型的BCC/BCC结构的层状金属材料,在核聚变装置中具有广阔的应用前景。本文采用原子尺度分子动力学方法研究了W/Ta纳米层状金属在单轴拉伸过程中的力学性能和塑性变形行为,进一步分析了调制周期对W/Ta纳米层状金属力学响应的影响。结果表明,W(110)/Ta(110)界面上会形成网络状的失配位错结构,它不仅可以作为位错形核的源头,而且可以吸收层状金属结构中的位错。微结构演化分析表明,拉伸过程中主要经历三个变形阶段,即线弹性、塑性屈服和塑性流变阶段。位错首先在Ta层中形核扩展,导致应力急剧下降,随后Ta层中的位错穿越界面至W层中并增殖扩展,导致W层发生屈服。试样的塑性屈服主要由Ta层主导,流变阶段的塑性变形由W层和Ta层中的位错及其演化共同决定。调制周期越大,界面数量越少,Ta层中位错形核较少,同样位错被界面吸收的数量较少而且界面阻碍位错的效果减弱,因此屈服强度和平均塑性流变强度分别增加和降低。

纳米层状金属  /  分子动力学模拟  /  力学性能  /  塑性变形机制  /  调制周期

W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer is a typical body-centered cubic/ body-centered cubic nanolayered composite,which is very promising for the application in nuclear fusion devices. Based on atomistic molecular dynamic(MD)simulations,we investigate the mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanisms of W/Ta nanolayered composite under uniaxial tension,and further analyze the influence of modulation period on the mechanical response of W/Ta nanolayered composite. The results show that the W(110)/Ta(110)interface forms a misfit dislocation network,which can not only serve as the source for dislocation nucleation but also adsorb the dislocations in the metallic multilayer. The microstructure evolution analysis shows that,W/Ta nanolayered composite mainly experiences three deformation stages during stretching,i.e. linear elastic,plastic yield,and plastic flow stages. The dislocations firstly nucleate and propagate in the Ta layers,which leads to the sharp drop in the stress-strain curve. Subsequently,the dislocations in the Ta layers pass through the interfaces and enter into the W layers,and the propagation and slip of the dislocations in the W layers cause the yield of W layers. The yield of the sample is primarily determined by the Ta layers,and the plastic deformation in the flow stage is jointly governed by the dislocations and their evolution in both the W and Ta layers. With an increase of modulation period,the number of interfaces in the W/Ta metallic multilayer decreases,so that the nucleation of dislocations decreases as well as the amount of dislocations adsorbed by the interfaces decreases. In addition,the decreased number of the interface weakens the effect of hindering dislocations by interface. Therefore,the yield strength increases and the averaged plastic flow strength decreases.

nanoscale metallic multilayer  /  molecular dynamics simulation  /  mechanical properties  /  plastic deformation mechanism  /  modulation period
刘雪鹏, 颜家豪. W/Ta纳米层状金属的拉伸力学性能和塑性变形机制. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (3) : 637 -644 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.021
Xuepeng LIU, Jiahao YAN. Mechanical properties and plastic deformation mechanisms of W/Ta nanoscale metallic multilayer under tension[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (3) : 637 -644 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.021
纳米层状金属材料是由两种或多种纳米金属薄膜通过周期性堆垛而形成的多层结构复合材料。其中,纳米层状金属材料中每相邻两层组元构成一个周期,其厚度称为调制周期[1]。由于拥有高密度的异相界面,纳米层状金属材料表现出比普通单相纳米晶金属更为优异的强度和延展性[2]。此外,交替堆叠的设计能够综合各纳米组元层的优点,克服单一组元层的局限性,使得纳米层状金属材料呈现出优异的电学、磁学、光学、力学以及抗辐照性能[3-4]。因此纳米层状金属材料在航空航天、高端装备、国防军工、核工业和生物医学等高尖端技术领域都有广泛的应用前景[5-6]
力学性能作为衡量纳米层状金属材料性能的一项极其重要的指标,直接决定着纳米层状金属材料在工程应用中的服役表现[7]。 纳米层状金属材料的界面类型可以分为三种:共格界面、半共格界面和非共格界面[8]。大量实验和模拟研究表明,纳米层状金属材料的力学性能与材料内部位错、孪晶等缺陷的运动、增殖和湮灭密切相关[9]。通常来说,纳米层状金属材料的变形和破坏发生在纳米或原子尺度上。然而,受当前实验技术的限制,目前人们还很难在原子尺度下对纳米层状金属材料的塑性变形过程以及相关的微结构缺陷的演化特征进行实时观察。分子动力学模拟不仅能够直接观察材料在原子尺度下的微结构演化,还可以系统快速地设定结构参数、体系尺寸以及外部条件等,为研究纳米层状金属材料的力学性能和变形机制提供了新的思路。
近年来,世界各国的科学研究者针对纳米层状金属材料的力学性能和塑性变形机制进行了大量的分子动力学模拟研究。WENG等[10]研究了三种不同孪晶界面类型(共格、半共格和非共格界面)的Cu/Ni纳米层状金属材料的力学强化机制,结果表明共格孪晶界面通过塑性变形能够产生显著的强化效应。YIN等[11]研究了Cu/Al纳米层状金属结构在压缩加载下的界面结构演化和变形机制,发现Cu/Al纳米层状金属的压缩应力-应变曲线有两个主要的屈服点,其中第一个屈服点由界面失配位错分解导致,第二个屈服点与位错从Al层穿越至Cu层相关。AN等[12]研究了组元层厚和温度对Ti/Al纳米层状金属材料变形机制的影响规律,结果表明材料的屈服强度随着层厚和温度的降低而增加。WANG等[13]的模拟研究表明对Cu/Ni纳米层状金属材料的结构引入非均质性可以显著增强组元之间的协同变形性。在此基础上,系统研究了一种典型非均质Cu/Ta夹层纳米层状金属材料在单轴拉伸和压缩下的力学响应和层间协同变形性[14]。此外,研究人员采用分子动力学模拟对其他不同类型的纳米层状金属材料的力学性能和变形机制进行了研究,如Cu/Nb[15]、Ti/Ni[16]、Ni/Co[17]、Cu/Fe[18]等体系。然而,大多数的模拟研究主要集中于面心立方(FCC)/FCC或FCC/体心立方(BCC)结构的纳米层状金属材料,关于BCC/BCC结构的纳米层状金属材料力学特性以及变形机制的研究还较少。
钨具有高熔点、高热导性以及优异的抗辐照性能,被认为是国际热核实验反应堆(ITER)中最具前景的面向等离子体材料[19]。然而,钨属于过渡金属材料,具有低韧性的特点,表现出显著的室温脆性行为和较高的脆性-韧性转变温度,极大地限制了其在核聚变工程上的应用[20]。为了能够使钨很好地应用在核聚变装置中,必须提高钨的塑性变形能力。研究人员发现,W/Ta层状金属复合材料是解决这个问题的一条有效途径。ZHANG等[21]研究发现增加W层和Ta层的层厚比可以显著提高W/Ta层状金属材料的断裂韧性。此外,CHEN等[22]研究了W/Ta半共格界面上的氦泡形核和生长过程,发现界面失配位错对氦泡的形核和生长有显著的影响。W/Ta纳米层状金属材料作为一种典型的BCC/BCC结构的层状金属结构,目前人们对其力学响应及塑性变形机制研究得还很少。
基于此,本文将在室温下采用分子动力学模拟对W/Ta纳米层状金属进行单轴拉伸,研究纳米尺度下W/Ta纳米层状金属的力学性能和微观变形机制,并探讨调制周期对其力学响应的影响。
为了模拟W/Ta纳米层状金属在室温下的单轴拉伸行为,首先使用ATOMSK软件[23]构建W/Ta纳米层状金属的原子尺度模型。如图1(a)所示,晶体模型沿xyz三个方向的尺寸分别为6.6、18.6和54.9 nm,共包含约40万个原子。W层和Ta层在三维空间的晶向分别为x:[111]W||[111]Tayz。本文研究了5种不同调制周期(用符号λ表示)的W/Ta纳米层状金属,分别为λ = 9.14、10.97、13.71、18.29和27.43 nm,图1(b)给出了不同调制周期的W/Ta纳米层状金属的原子尺度模型。实际上,上述给出的调制周期λ均为近似值,钨和钽的真实层厚hwhTa可以通过公式计算得出,其中,aW=0.3165 nm和aTa =0.33 nm分别为单晶W和Ta的晶格常数。
为了得到W/Ta纳米层状金属在进行加载过程之前的平衡构型,首先采用共轭梯度算法在绝对零度下对体系进行能量最小化。随后,在等温等压(NPT)系综下对W/Ta纳米层状金属进行弛豫,弛豫过程中控制温度为300 K,且三个方向的压强均为0 Pa,时间步长设置为1 fs,弛豫时间为200 ps。结构弛豫达到热力学平衡后,在等温-等压(NPT)系综中以109/s的恒定应变速率对试样进行单向拉伸。如图1(b)所示,拉伸时加载方向平行于W/Ta界面,即沿着y方向,时间步长仍然为1 fs。为了能够模拟真实三维块体W/Ta纳米层状金属的力学性质,在结构弛豫和拉伸加载过程中三个方向均设置为周期边界条件。采用开源的分子动力学模拟软件包LAMMPS[24]对W/Ta纳米层状金属进行计算模拟。采用OVITO软件[25]对模型在拉伸过程中的微结构演化进行可视化和后处理分析。利用位错提取算法(DXA)[26]对模型内的位错进行识别和分析。采用共近邻分析方法(CNA)[27]区分不同晶体结构的原子。
在分子动力学模拟中,原子间相互作用势的选取至关重要,它直接影响模拟结果的准确性和可靠性。本文采用CHEN等[28]提出的修正的Finnis-Sinclair型W/Ta二元合金势函数来描述W/Ta纳米层状金属中原子间的相互作用,其研究工作表明,基于此势函数计算得出0 K下单晶Ta的晶格常数为3.304 Å,和实验值3.3039 Å[29] 吻合得很好。此外,该势函数能够准确地描述W/Ta半共格界面上氦泡的形核和生长过程[22]
纳米层状金属材料的界面对其力学行为和塑性变形机制方面起着非常重要的作用[30]。由于W层和Ta层具有不同的晶格常数,其晶格之间存在明显的失配,因此导致W/Ta纳米层状金属中的W层和Ta层之间形成了半共格界面。图2(a)给出了W/Ta纳米层状金属弛豫之后的半共格界面的失配位错结构,如图中所示,W/Ta纳米层状金属的半共格界面上形成了一个网络状的失配位错结构,其由三种不同的失配位错组成,它们的伯格斯矢量分别为。其中位错可以看成其他两种位错合成所得:图2(b)给出了W/Ta界面的原子平均正应力云图,从图中可以清晰地观察到位于位错附近的原子所承受的应力较大。
图3给出了5种不同调制周期的试样在300 K温度下的应力-应变曲线图。W/Ta纳米层状金属在拉伸过程中,首先进入弹性变形阶段。在初始的弹性变形阶段,W/Ta纳米层状金属的应力随应变线性增加,且5种不同试样的应力-应变曲线几乎是重合的。在达到最大应力(屈服强度)后,应力快速下降,表明试样开始进入塑性变形阶段。如图3所示,5种不同试样的应力-应变曲线具有类似的形状,且每条曲线上均只存在一个应力峰值(如图3中椭圆区域所示)。图4(a)给出了不同调制周期λ(9.14 nm ≤ λ ≤ 27.43 nm)的W/Ta纳米层状金属在单向拉伸下的屈服强度。不同调制周期λ的W/Ta纳米层状金属的屈服强度在16.7~18.4 GPa之间。当调制周期λ较小时,W/Ta纳米层状金属的屈服强度随着λ的增大而显著增大。但当λ大于13.71 nm时,W/Ta纳米层状金属的屈服强度随调制周期的增加而缓慢增加。这可能是由于调制周期较大时,W/Ta纳米层状金属塑性变形机制对λ的变化不敏感。当加载应变继续增加,试样进入塑性流变阶段。在此阶段,应力会随着应变的变化发生一定扰动,但始终围绕着一个均值进行波动。定义平均塑性流变强度为试样在塑性流变范围内的应力平均值。图4(b)给出了不同调制周期λ的W/Ta纳米层状金属的平均塑性流变强度。随着调制周期λ的增加,W/Ta纳米层状金属的平均塑性流变强度呈下降趋势。
选择调制周期λ = 13.71 nm的试样对W/Ta纳米层状金属在单向拉伸加载下的变形机制进行研究。图5给出了λ = 13.71 nm试样的拉伸应力-应变曲线图,其中A、B和C三点对应的应变分别为9.2%、9.5%和10.7%。以加载前的W/Ta纳米层状金属试样为参照,用DXA功能分析对变形过程进行监测。图6显示了λ = 13.71 nm的W/Ta纳米层状金属在300 K温度下单向拉伸时的位错演化过程。为了便于观测和分析,将W层和Ta层的位错赋予不同颜色加以区分。其中,Ta层中绿色的位错为1/2 <111>型位错,蓝色的位错为<100>型位错;W层中品红色的位错为1/2<111>型位错。在小应变范围内(0 ≤ ε ≤9.0%),W/Ta纳米层状金属处于弹性变形阶段,在W层和Ta层中均未观察到缺陷的产生。当应变增加到ε = 9.1%,少量的1/2<111>型位错开始在界面Ta层一侧形核(如图6(a)所示),表明Ta层开始进入塑性变形阶段,此时应力还没有下降。这主要是由于界面上的高应力导致界面上的位错分解为和[001]位错,如图7(a)所示。[001]位错不能滑移并且其核结构保持在原先的失配位错位置上,然而位错快速扩展至Ta层中,如图7(a)所示。图8给出了单晶W和Ta金属纳米线在300 K温度下单轴拉伸的应力-应变曲线。如图8所示,单晶W的抗拉屈服强度(32.2 GPa)显著高于单晶Ta(15.8 GPa),因此位错是先在半共格界面Ta层一侧形核并向其内部扩展。当应变增加到ε =9.2%(图5中的A点)时,Ta层中形核的位错明显增大(如图6(b)所示),试样的应力开始进入下降阶段(如图5所示)。随着应变继续增大,位错在Ta层中不断增殖扩展(如图6(c)所示),导致应力开始急剧下降。由于半共格界面的阻碍作用,此时Ta层中的位错不能穿过半共格W/Ta界面进入到W层。 DXA功能分析表明,Ta层内位错类型主要是1/2 <111>型位错以及少量的<100>型位错。当应变增大到9.5%(图5中的B点)时,新的1/2<111>位错开始在界面处的W层一侧出现(如图6(d)所示),表明W层开始发生塑性变形。为了更好地理解W层一侧位错的形成机制,显示了W层位错形成前后界面两侧的位错分布图。如图7(b)所示,当应变为ε = 9.4%时,界面处Ta层一侧存在1/2<111>型位错而W层一侧没有位错。当应变增加到ε = 9.5%时,界面W层一侧出现1/2<111>型位错而Ta层一侧的1/2<111>型位错消失。这表明界面处W层一侧产生的位错是由Ta层中的1/2<111>型位错穿越界面形成。
随着应变再继续增大,位错在W层中不断增殖扩展。此外,Ta层中的位错数量也持续增多,并且层内有一定数量的<100>型位错生成(如图6(e)所示)。W层和Ta层中位错的增值和扩展导致应力继续快速下降。当应变达到10.7%(图5中的C点)时,W/Ta纳米层状金属中各个组元层都存在着数量众多的位错(如图6(f)所示)。DXA功能分析表明W层中的位错主要是1/2 <111>型位错。当继续施加载荷,Ta层中的位错继续增殖扩展,而W层中的位错数量明显减少。从图6(e)和6(f)中的虚线方框可以发现,W层中的位错基本消失了。这主要是因为W层中的位错与界面相互作用,导致位错被界面吸收。为了更加直观地观察位错数量的变化,绘制了W层和Ta层中位错密度随应变的变化曲线,如图9所示,当应变从10%增加到10.7%,可以清晰地看到Ta层中的位错密度显著增加,而W层中的位错密度明显减小。虽然W层中的位错活动水平明显降低,但Ta层中位错数量的增加导致应力急剧下降,这表明W/Ta纳米层状金属的塑性屈服主要由Ta层主导。由于W和Ta都是BCC金属,它们的层错能较高,因此在拉伸变形过程中没有观察到层错的存在。
当应变达到10.7%(图5中的C点)时,试样开始进入塑性流变阶段。该阶段一个典型的特征是应力随着应变的变化在一定范围内上下波动。图6(f)~6(i)显示了W/Ta纳米层状金属在塑性流变阶段的位错演化过程。当应变从10.7%增加到15.5%时,W层和Ta层中的位错数量均明显减少(如图6(f)、6(g)图9所示)。从而导致应力-应变曲线中CD段的应力增加(如图5所示)。当应变在15.5%~21%范围内,W层和Ta层中的位错数量明显增加(如图6(g)、6(h)图9所示),从而导致应力-应变曲线中DE段的应力逐渐减小(如图5所示)。随着应变从21%继续增加到23%,W层和Ta层中的位错数量持续减少(如图6(h)、6(i)图9所示),从而导致应力-应变曲线中EF段的应力增大(如图5所示)。从这些结果可以看出,W/Ta纳米层状金属在流变阶段的塑性变形由W层和Ta层中的位错及其演化共同决定。
从前文的分析结果可知,W/Ta纳米层状金属的屈服强度和塑性流变强度随着调制周期λ的增加分别呈现增加和降低的趋势。为了理解这些现象,对比了不同调制周期的W/Ta纳米层状金属的位错结构。试样应力-应变曲线的最高点与Ta层中的位错形核扩展有关,而Ta层中的位错形核是由界面上的失配位错分解造成的。当调制周期λ增加时,W/Ta纳米层状金属的组元层数目变少,因此界面数量也减少;界面数量越少,Ta层中越难出现位错形核扩展,因此应力-应变曲线的最高点升高,即屈服强度增加。
图10给出了不同调制周期的W/Ta纳米层状金属在应变为19%的位错结构和数量。通过对比可知,当λ较大时,W/Ta纳米层状金属中的位错数量较多;然而当λ较小时,试样中的位错数量明显减少。这主要是因为当调制周期λ减少时,W/Ta纳米层状金属的组元层数目变多,进而导致界面数量也增多。从图6中可以看出,W层和Ta层中的位错与界面相互作用会导致层状结构中的位错数量被界面吸收和储藏。一方面,界面数量越多,W/Ta纳米层状金属中界面吸收的位错数量就越多,从而导致层状结构中的位错数量减少,因此流变应力增加。计算了三种典型调制周期(λ = 27.43、13.71和9.14 nm)的W/Ta纳米层状金属在塑性流变阶段的平均位错密度。对于λ = 27.43、13.71和9.14 nm的样品,其塑性流变阶段的平均位错密度分别为(0.41±0.064)×1017、(0.39±0.057)×1017和(0.31±0.059)×1017 m-2。这表明较小调制周期的W/Ta纳米层状金属在塑性流变阶段的位错数量明显少于较大调制周期样品的位错数量。另一方面,界面数量越多,其有效阻碍位错运动的效果越明显,从而对金属层状材料起到了强化作用。因此,随着调制周期λ的减少,W/Ta纳米层状金属的塑性流变强度增加。
本文采用分子动力学模拟研究了W/Ta纳米层状金属在拉伸时的力学性能和微结构演化规律,并探讨了调制周期对层状金属结构力学响应的影响。主要结论如下:
(1)W/Ta 纳米层状金属的界面上形成网络状的失配位错结构,主要由三种不同的位错组成。该半共格界面不仅可以作为位错形核的源头也可以作为储存器吸收层状结构中的位错。
(2)W/Ta 纳米层状金属在拉伸过程中表现出三个明显的变形阶段。首先是线弹性阶段;其次是塑性屈服阶段,该阶段始于位错在Ta层中的形核与扩展,引起应力显著下降,促使Ta层发生塑性变形。接着,位错从Ta层穿过界面进入W层,并在W层中增殖扩展,最终导致W层屈服。在此过程中,塑性屈服主要由Ta层主导;最后是塑性流变阶段,此阶段应力随应变的变化呈现一定波动,试样的变形行为由W层和Ta层中的位错运动及其演化共同决定。
(3)当调制周期增大时,界面数量的降低使得Ta层内位错形核减少。同时,界面在塑性变形阶段对位错的吸收能力下降,且其阻碍位错迁移的作用减弱。在这些因素共同作用下,W/Ta纳米层状金属的屈服强度与平均塑性流变强度呈现相反趋势:前者因位错运动受限而增强,而后者因界面对位错的吸收能力下降而降低。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272118)
  • 国家磁约束核聚变能发展研究专项项目(2022YFE03030003)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.021
  • 接收时间:2024-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24
  • 修回日期:2024-04-02
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12272118)
国家磁约束核聚变能发展研究专项项目(2022YFE03030003)
作者信息
    1.合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院工程力学系,安徽 合肥 230009
    2.合肥工业大学机械工程学院机械设计工程系,安徽 合肥 230009
    3.合肥工业大学航空结构件成形制造与装备安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230009

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刘雪鹏(1991—),男,博士,副研究员。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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